Aikace-aikacen nakasa kasaa simintin aluminum gami da aka za'ayi a baya kasashen waje. Ko da yake a shekarun 1960 ne kasar Sin ta fara gudanar da bincike da amfani da wannan fanni, amma ta samu ci gaba cikin sauri. An gudanar da ayyuka da yawa daga binciken injiniya zuwa aikace-aikacen aiki, kuma an samu wasu nasarori. Tare da ƙarin abubuwan da ba su da yawa na duniya, kayan aikin injiniya, kayan aikin simintin gyare-gyare da kayan lantarki na aluminum gami an inganta su sosai. sabbin kayan, wadatattun kayan gani, lantarki da abubuwan maganadisu na abubuwan da ba kasafai ba suma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da kayan da ba kasafai ba na duniya na dindindin, kayan da ba kasafai ake fitar da hasken duniya ba, kayan adana hydrogen na duniya da ba kasafai ba, da sauransu.
◆ ◆ Action inji na rare ƙasa a aluminum da aluminum gami ◆ ◆
Rare ƙasa yana da babban aikin sinadarai, ƙananan yuwuwar da tsari na musamman na lantarki, kuma yana iya hulɗa tare da kusan dukkanin abubuwan.lantanum), Ce (cerium), Y (yttrium) da Sc (scandium). Ana ƙara su sau da yawa a cikin ruwa na aluminum tare da gyare-gyare, wakilai na nucleating da masu rarrabawa, wanda zai iya tsarkake narkewa, inganta tsarin, tsaftace hatsi, da dai sauransu.
01Tsarkakewar ƙasa mai wuya
Kamar yadda babban adadin gas da oxide inclusions (yafi hydrogen, oxygen da nitrogen) za a kawo a lokacin narkewa da simintin gyare-gyare na aluminum gami, pinholes, fasa, inclusions da sauran lahani zai faru a cikin simintin (duba Hoto 1a), ragewa. Ƙarfin aluminum gami.The tsarkakewa sakamako na rare ƙasa ne yafi bayyana a fili rage hydrogen abun ciki a narkakkar aluminum, da rage pinhole kudi da porosity (duba Figure 1b), da rage inclusions da cutarwa abubuwa. Babban dalilin shi ne cewa rare ƙasa yana da babban dangantaka da hydrogen, wanda zai iya sha da kuma narkar da hydrogen a babban yawa da kuma samar da barga mahadi ba tare da forming kumfa, don haka muhimmanci rage hydrogen abun ciki da porosity na aluminum. ;Rare ƙasa da nitrogen form refractory mahadi, wanda mafi yawa an cire a cikin nau'i na slag a cikin smelting tsari, don cimma manufar tsarkakewa aluminum ruwa.
Ayyuka sun tabbatar da cewa ƙasa mai wuya tana da tasirin rage abun ciki na hydrogen, oxygen da sulfur a cikin aluminum da aluminum gami. Ƙara 0.1% ~ 0.3% RE a cikin ruwa na aluminum yana taimakawa wajen kawar da ƙazantattun abubuwa masu cutarwa, tsaftace ƙazanta ko canza yanayin halittar su, don tsaftacewa da rarraba hatsi a ko'ina; Bugu da ƙari, RE da ƙazanta masu cutarwa tare da ƙananan narkewa suna samar da mahadi na binary kamar su. RES, REAs, da REPb, waɗanda ke da ma'anar narkewa mai zurfi, ƙananan yawa, da kaddarorin sinadarai, kuma ana iya yin iyo har zuwa samar da slag da cire, don haka tsarkakewa aluminum ruwa;Sauran lafiya barbashi zama iri-iri nuclei na aluminum don tace hatsi.
Hoto 1 SEM Morphology na 7075 Alloy ba tare da RE da w (RE) = 0.3%
a. RE ba a ƙara;b. Ƙara w (RE) = 0.3%
02Metamorphism na kasa mai wuya
Rare ƙasa gyare-gyare ne yafi bayyana a cikin tace hatsi da dendrites, hana bayyanar m lamellar T2 lokaci, kawar da m m lokaci rarraba a cikin primary crystal da kafa mai siffar zobe lokaci, sabõda haka, tsiri da gutsuttsi mahadi a hatsi iyaka an rage muhimmanci. (duba Hoto 2) Gabaɗaya, radius na atom ɗin ƙasa mai wuya ya fi na atom ɗin aluminum girma, kuma kaddarorinsa suna da ɗan aiki. Narkewa a cikin ruwa na aluminum yana da sauƙi don cika lahani na alloy lokaci, wanda ke rage tashin hankali a kan mahaɗin tsakanin sababbin da tsofaffi, kuma yana inganta haɓakar ƙwayar crystal; A lokaci guda kuma, yana iya samar da farfajiya. fim mai aiki tsakanin hatsi da ruwa mai narkewa don hana haɓakar hatsin da aka samar da kuma tsaftace tsarin haɗin gwiwa (duba Hoto 2b).
Hoto 2 Microstructure na Alloys tare da Ƙarin RE daban-daban
a. RE adadin shine 0;b. RE ƙari shine 0.3%;c. RE ƙari shine 0.7%
Bayan an kara abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samu ba,Hatsin (Al) lokaci ya fara karami, wanda ya taka rawa wajen tace hatsi α(Al) ya rikide ya zama karamar fure ko siffar sanda, lokacin da abun cikin kasa mai wuya ya kai 0.3% α Girman hatsin (Al). ) lokaci shine mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma sannu a hankali yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara yawan abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba. Gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da cewa akwai wani lokaci na shiryawa don ƙarancin ƙasa metamorphism, kuma kawai lokacin da aka ajiye shi a cikin babban zafin jiki. na wani lokaci, ƙasa mai wuya za ta taka rawa mafi girma a cikin metamorphism. Bugu da ƙari, adadin crystal nuclei na mahadi da aka samar da aluminum da kuma kasa mai wuya yana ƙaruwa sosai lokacin da karfe ya yi crystallizes, wanda kuma ya sa tsarin gariyar ya kasance mai ladabi. Bincike ya nuna cewa ƙasa mai wuya tana da sakamako mai kyau na gyare-gyare akan alloy na aluminum.
03 Tasirin microalloying na kasa mai wuya
Rare ƙasa yafi wanzu a aluminum da aluminum gami a cikin uku siffofin: m bayani a cikin matrixα (Al); Segregation a lokaci iyaka, hatsi iyaka da dendrite iyaka; M bayani a ko a cikin nau'i na fili.The ƙarfafa sakamakon rare duniya a Alloys na aluminium sun haɗa da ƙarfafa gyaran ƙwayar hatsi, ƙarfafa bayani mai iyaka da ƙarfafa kashi na biyu na mahadi na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba.
Kasancewar nau'in ƙasa mai wuya a cikin aluminium da aluminium alloy yana da alaƙa da kusanci da adadin adadin sa. Gabaɗaya, lokacin da abun ciki na RE ya kasance ƙasa da 0.1%, aikin RE shine yafi ƙarfafa hatsi mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi; , wanda aka rarraba a cikin hatsi ko hatsi iyaka, da kuma babban adadin dislocations, lafiya hatsi spheroidized Tsarin da tarwatsa rare ƙasa mahadi bayyana, wanda zai haifar da tasirin micro alloying kamar ƙarfafa lokaci na biyu.
◆ ◆ Effect of rare earth on Properties na aluminum and aluminum gami ◆◆
01 Tasirin ƙasa mai wuya akan cikakkun kayan aikin injiniya na gami
Ƙarfin ƙarfi, taurin, elongation, karye tauri, juriya da sauran ingantattun kayan aikin injiniya na gami za a iya inganta su ta hanyar ƙara adadin da ya dace na ƙasa mai wuya.bdaga 205.9 MPa zuwa 274 MPa, da HB daga 80 zuwa 108; Ƙara 0.42% Sc zuwa 7005 alloyσbya karu daga 314MPa zuwa 414MPa,σ0.2ya karu daga 282MPa zuwa 378MPa, filastik ya karu daga 6.8% zuwa 10.1%, kuma an inganta kwanciyar hankali mai zafi sosai; La da Ce na iya inganta haɓakar haɗin gwiwa. Ƙara 0.14% ~ 0.64% La zuwa Al-6Mg-0.5Mn gami yana ƙaruwa da superplasticity daga 430% zuwa 800% ~ 1000%; Nazari na yau da kullun na Al Si alloy ya nuna cewa ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa da ƙarfi na ƙarshe na gami na iya zama mai girma. inganta ta ƙara adadin da ya dace na Sc.Fig. 3 yana nuna bayyanar SEM na karaya mai ƙarfi na Al-Si7-Mg0.8alloy, wanda ke nuna cewa shi ne na hali gaggautsa cleavage karaya ba tare da RE, yayin da bayan 0.3% RE da aka kara, bayyananne dimple tsarin bayyana a cikin karaya, wanda ya nuna cewa yana da kyau tauri da ductility.
Hoto na 3 Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru
a. Ba a shiga RE;b. Ƙara 0.3% RE
02Tasirin Rare Duniya akan Halayen Zazzabi Mai Girma na Alloys
Ƙara wani adadin adadinkasa kasaa cikin aluminum gami iya yadda ya kamata inganta high-zazzabi hadawan abu da iskar shaka juriya na aluminum gami.Adding 1% ~ 1.5% gauraye rare ƙasa zuwa simintin Al Si eutectic gami ƙara high zafin jiki ƙarfi da 33%, da high zafin jiki karye ƙarfi (300 ℃, 1000 hours) ta 44%, kuma juriya da juriya da yanayin zafi suna inganta sosai; Ƙara La, Ce, Y da mischmetal don jefa Al Cu Alloys iya inganta high-zazzabi Properties na gami; The sauri solidified Al-8.4% Fe-3.4% Ce gami iya aiki na dogon lokaci a kasa 400 ℃, ƙwarai inganta aiki zafin jiki na aluminum gami; Sc aka kara zuwa ga Al. Mg Si alloy don samar da Al3Sc barbashi waɗanda ba su da sauƙi a murƙushewa a babban zafin jiki kuma suna haɗuwa tare da matrix don daidaita iyakar hatsi, ta yadda alloy ɗin ya kiyaye tsarin da ba a sake buɗewa ba yayin da ake cirewa, kuma yana haɓaka haɓakar yanayin zafi na gami.
03 Tasirin Rare Duniya akan Halayen gani na Alloys
Ƙara rare ƙasa a cikin aluminum gami iya canza tsarin ta surface oxide film, yin surface mafi haske da kyau.Lokacin da 0.12% ~ 0.25% RE aka kara zuwa ga aluminum gami, da reflectivity na oxidized da canza launin profile 6063 ne har zuwa 92%; Lokacin da aka ƙara 0.1% ~ 0.3% RE zuwa Al Mg Cast aluminum gami, gami na iya samun mafi kyawun ƙarewar farfajiya da karko mai sheki.
04 Tasirin Rare Duniya akan Abubuwan Lantarki na Alloys
Ƙara RE zuwa aluminium mai tsabta yana da cutarwa ga ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwa, amma za'a iya inganta haɓakawa zuwa wani matsayi ta hanyar ƙara RE zuwa ga masana'antu mai tsabta na aluminum da Al Mg Si. za a iya inganta ta 2% ~ 3% ta ƙara 0.2% RE. Ƙara karamin adadin yttrium arziki rare ƙasa a cikin Al Zr gami zai iya inganta conductivity na gami, wanda aka soma da mafi yawan. Masana'antar waya ta cikin gida;Ƙara ƙasa mai ƙarancin ƙarfi zuwa aluminium mai tsafta don yin capacitor na Al RE. Lokacin amfani da samfuran 25kV, ma'aunin capacitance yana ninka sau biyu, ƙarfin kowace naúrar yana ƙaruwa sau 5, an rage nauyi ta 47%, kuma ƙarar capacitor yana raguwa sosai.
05Tasirin Rare Duniya akan Juriya na Lalata na Alloy
A wasu wurare na sabis, musamman ma a gaban ions chloride, allunan suna da haɗari ga lalata, lalatawar crevice, damuwa da damuwa da gajiya mai lalacewa.Domin inganta haɓakar juriya na aluminum gami, an gudanar da bincike da yawa. An gano cewa ƙara da ya dace adadin ƙasa da ba kasafai zuwa aluminum gami zai iya yadda ya kamata inganta su lalata juriya.The samfurori sanya ta ƙara daban-daban adadin gauraye rare kasa (0.1% ~ 0.5%) zuwa aluminum an soaked a brine da wucin gadi ruwan teku na uku a jere. shekaru. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙara ƙananan ƙananan ƙasa zuwa aluminum na iya inganta juriya na aluminum, kuma juriya na lalata a cikin brine da ruwa na wucin gadi shine 24% da 32% mafi girma fiye da na aluminum, bi da bi; Yin amfani da hanyar tururi na sinadarai da kuma ƙarawa. rare ƙasa Multi-bangaren penetrant (La, Ce, da dai sauransu), Layer na rare duniya hira fim za a iya kafa a saman 2024 gami, yin surface lantarki m na aluminum gami zama uniform, da kuma inganta juriya ga intergranular lalata da danniya lalata; Ƙara La zuwa high Mg aluminum gami iya muhimmanci inganta anti marine lalata ikon gami; Ƙara 1.5% ~ 2.5% Nd zuwa aluminum gami iya inganta high-zazzabi. yi, iska tightness da lalata juriya na gami, wanda aka yadu amfani da aerospace kayan.
◆ ◆ Shirye-shiryen fasaha na kasa da kasa aluminum gami ◆ ◆
Ƙasar da ba kasafai ake ƙarawa ba a cikin nau'ikan abubuwan ganowa a cikin allunan aluminium da sauran gami. Ƙasar da ba kasafai ba tana da babban aikin sinadari, babban wurin narkewa, kuma yana da sauƙi a sanya iskar oxygen da ƙone shi a yanayin zafi mai yawa. Wannan ya haifar da wasu matsaloli a cikin shirye-shiryen da aikace-aikace na ƙananan aluminum aluminum alloys.A cikin bincike na gwaji na dogon lokaci, mutane suna ci gaba da bincika hanyoyin shirye-shiryen na ƙananan aluminum aluminum gami. Hanyar hadawa, narkakken gishirin hanyar lantarki da hanyar rage aluminothermic.
01 Hanyar hadawa
Hanyar narkewar da aka gauraya ita ce, a zuba kasa da ba kasafai ba ko gauraye da ba kasafai ba a cikin ruwa mai tsananin zafi a cikin ruwa mai zafin jiki na aluminium gwargwadon yadda za a yi gwangwanin gwangwani ko aikace-aikace, sannan a narkar da babban allo da sauran aluminum gwargwadon lissafin alawus tare, gabaɗaya a tace. .
02 Electrolysis
The narkakkar gishiri electrolysis Hanyar ne don ƙara rare duniya oxide ko m duniya gishiri a cikin masana'antu aluminum electrolytic cell da electrolyze tare da aluminum oxide don samar da rare duniya aluminum gami.Molten gishiri electrolysis Hanyar ya ci gaba da sauri sauri a kasar Sin. Gabaɗaya, akwai hanyoyi guda biyu, wato hanyar ruwa cathode da hanyar eutectoid electrolytic. A halin yanzu, an ɓullo da cewa za a iya ƙara daɗaɗɗen mahadi na ƙasa kai tsaye zuwa sel na aluminum electrolytic na masana'antu, kuma ana iya samar da alloy na aluminum na duniya ta hanyar electrolysis na chloride narke ta hanyar eutectoid.
03 Hanyar rage aluminothermic
Saboda aluminum yana da ƙarfin raguwa mai ƙarfi, kuma aluminum na iya samar da nau'i-nau'i na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki tare da ƙasa mai wuya, ana iya amfani da aluminum azaman wakili mai ragewa don shirya abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa na aluminum.
RE2O3+ 6Al→2 GASKIYA2+ Al2O3
Daga cikin su, rare duniya oxide ko rare ƙasa arziki slag za a iya amfani da matsayin rare ƙasa albarkatun kasa; The rage wakili na iya zama masana'antu tsarki aluminum ko silicon aluminum; The rage zafin jiki ne 1400 ℃ ~ 1600 ℃. A farkon mataki, shi da aka dauka. fita a ƙarƙashin yanayin kasancewar wakili na dumama da juyi, da yawan zafin jiki na raguwa zai haifar da matsaloli masu yawa; A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masu bincike sun ɓullo da sabuwar hanyar rage aluminothermic. A ƙananan zafin jiki (780 ℃), an kammala aikin rage aluminothermic a cikin tsarin sodium fluoride da sodium chloride, wanda ke guje wa matsalolin da babban zafin jiki na asali ya haifar.
◆ ◆ Aikace-aikacen ci gaban da rare duniya aluminum gami ◆ ◆
01 Aikace-aikace na kasa da kasa aluminum gami a ikon masana'antu
Saboda da abũbuwan amfãni daga mai kyau conductivity, babban halin yanzu dauke iya aiki, high ƙarfi, sa juriya, sauki aiki da kuma dogon sabis rayuwa, rare duniya aluminum gami za a iya amfani da su ƙera igiyoyi, sama watsa Lines, waya cores, slide wayoyi da bakin ciki wayoyi ga dalilai na musamman.Ƙara ƙaramin adadin RE a cikin tsarin Al Si alloy zai iya inganta haɓakawa, wanda shine saboda silicon a cikin aluminum alloy wani nau'i ne na ƙazanta tare da babban abun ciki, wanda ke da tasiri mai girma akan kayan lantarki. Ƙara adadin da ya dace na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba zai iya inganta yanayin ilimin halittar jiki da kuma rarraba siliki a cikin gami, wanda zai iya inganta ingantaccen kaddarorin lantarki na aluminium; Ƙara ƙaramin adadin yttrium ko yttrium mai yalwaci gauraye ƙasa mai wuya a cikin waya mai jurewa ta aluminum. ba zai iya kawai kula da kyakkyawan yanayin zafin jiki ba amma har ma inganta haɓakawa; Rare ƙasa na iya inganta ƙarfin ƙarfi, juriya mai zafi da juriya na lalata tsarin aluminum. Cables da conductors da aka yi daga ƙasan aluminum gami da ba kasafai ba na iya ƙara tazarar hasumiya ta kebul da tsawaita rayuwar igiyoyi.
02Aikace-aikace na ƙasa mai ƙarancin aluminum gami a cikin masana'antar gini
6063 aluminum gami ne mafi yadu amfani a cikin yi masana'antu. Ƙara 0.15% ~ 0.25% ƙasa mai wuya na iya inganta haɓakar tsarin simintin gyare-gyare da tsarin aiki, kuma zai iya inganta aikin extrusion, tasirin maganin zafi, kaddarorin inji, juriya na lalata, aikin jiyya na surface da launi launi. yafi rarraba a cikin 6063 aluminum alloyα-Al neutralizes da lokaci iyaka, hatsi iyaka da interdendritic, kuma an narkar da su a mahadi ko wanzu a cikin nau'i na mahadi zuwa. tsaftace tsarin dendrite da hatsi, don haka girman eutectic da ba a narkar da shi ba da girman dimple a cikin dimple yanki ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta, rarraba ya zama iri ɗaya, kuma yawancin ya karu, don haka an inganta nau'o'in kaddarorin gabobin. digiri daban-daban. Alal misali, ƙarfin bayanin martaba ya karu da fiye da 20%, an haɓaka elongation ta 50%, kuma an rage yawan lalata ta fiye da sau biyu, kauri na fim din oxide yana ƙaruwa da 5% ~ 8%, kuma kayan canza launi yana ƙaruwa da kusan 3%.Saboda haka, RE-6063 bayanan ginin alloy ana amfani da su sosai.
03Aikace-aikace na ƙasa mai ƙarancin aluminum gami a cikin samfuran yau da kullun
Ƙara alama rare ƙasa zuwa tsarki aluminum da Al Mg jerin aluminum gami ga kullum amfani aluminum kayayyakin iya muhimmanci inganta inji Properties, zurfin zane dukiya da lalata resistance.The kullum bukatun kamar aluminum tukwane, aluminum pans, aluminum faranti, aluminum abincin rana kwalaye, aluminum furniture goyon bayan, aluminum kekuna, da kuma gida kayan aiki sassa sanya na Al Mg RE gami da fiye da sau biyu da lalata juriya, 10% ~ 15% nauyi rage, 10% ~ 20% yawan amfanin ƙasa, 10% ~ 15% samar da rage farashin, kuma mafi zurfin zane da zurfin aiki yi idan aka kwatanta da aluminum gami kayayyakin ba tare da rare earth.At now, da kullum bukatun na rare duniya aluminum gami da aka yadu amfani, da kuma kayayyakin sun karu sosai, da kuma ana sayar da su sosai a kasuwannin cikin gida da na waje.
04 Aikace-aikace na kasa da kasa aluminum gami a wasu fannoni
Ƙara ƴan dubbai na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin mafi yawan amfani da Al Si jerin simintin simintin gyare-gyare na iya haɓaka aikin injin na'ura mai mahimmanci. An yi amfani da nau'ikan samfuran da yawa a cikin jirgin sama, jiragen ruwa, motoci, injunan diesel, babura da motocin sulke (piston, gearbox, cylinder, kayan aiki da sauran sassa) A cikin bincike da aikace-aikacen, an gano cewa Sc shine mafi inganci kashi zuwa inganta tsari da kaddarorin aluminum gami. Yana da ƙarfin watsawa mai ƙarfi, ƙarfafa haɓakar haɓakar hatsi, ƙarfafa bayani da ƙarfafa tasirin ƙarfafa microalloy akan aluminum, kuma yana iya haɓaka ƙarfin, taurin, filastik, tauri, juriya mai lalata, juriya mai zafi, da sauransu na gami.Sc Al jerin gami da aka yi amfani da su a ciki. manyan masana'antun fasaha irin su sararin samaniya, jiragen ruwa, jiragen kasa masu sauri, motocin haske, da dai sauransu.C557Al Mg Zr Sc series scandium aluminum gami ƙera ta NASA tana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da zafin jiki da ƙarancin zafin jiki kuma an yi amfani da ita a cikin fuselage na jirgin sama da sassan tsarin jirgin;Alayin 0146Al Cu Li Sc da Rasha ta ƙera an yi amfani da shi a kan tankin mai na cryogenic na kumbo.
Daga juzu'i na 33, fitowa ta 1 na Rare Duniya na Wang Hui, Yang An da Yun Qi
Lokacin aikawa: Jul-05-2023