Hakaneum, karfe hf, Atomic lambar 72, Atomic Sight 178.49, shine ƙarfe mai canjin azurfa na azurfa na azurfa na azurfa na azurfa.
Hafnium has six naturally stable isotopes: hafnium 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, and 180. Hafnium does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, and strong alkaline solutions, but is soluble in hydrofluoric acid and aqua regia. Sunan mahaifa ya fito ne daga Latin sunan garin Copenhagen City.
A cikin 1925, Cheensish Chisty Hervey da Dutch Cursicist Keturrus ta samo tsarkakakken lu'ulu'u mai cike da murjani mai ƙarfi. Hafnium ya ƙunshi 0.00045% na ɓawon burodi na ƙasa kuma galibi yana da alaƙa da Zirconium cikin yanayi.
Sunan Samfuta: Hafanium
Alamar abu: HF
Atomic nauyi: 178.49
Nau'in abu: Tsarin ƙarfe
Kayan jiki:
Hakaneumkarfe ne na azurfa mai launin toka tare da ƙarfe na ƙarfe; Akwai bambance-bambancen karfe guda biyu na ƙarfe na Hafnium: α Hafnium wani yanki ne cike da bambanci (1750 ℃) tare da yawan canji zazzabi fiye da Zirconium. M karfe Hafnium yana da bambance-bambancen Allotrope a babban yanayin zafi. Karfe Hafnium yana da babban sashen tsayayyar mahaifa kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan sarrafawa don masu gyara masu amfani.
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan lu'ulu'u biyu: hexagonal m packing a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa 1300 α- daidaituwa; A yanayin zafi sama da 1300 ℃, jiki ne ya haɗu da cubic (β- daidaituwa). Karfe da zinariya da ke da yawa kuma ya zama ɗaukakawa a cikin kasancewar sa. Barci a cikin iska, duhu kawai a farfajiya lokacin da aka ƙone. Harshen wasan kwaikwayon na iya kunna filayen wasa. Kaddarorin kama da Zirconium. Ba ya amsa da ruwa, tsarma acid, ko sansanonin karfi a cikin Aqua Regia da Hydrofluoric acid. Akasari cikin mahadi tare da + verence. Hafnium Aloy (Ta4hfc5) sanannu ne don samun mafi girman menu (kimanin 4215 ℃).
Tsarin Crystal: Crystal Crystal shine Hexagonal
Lambar CAS: 7440-58-6
Maɗaukaki: 2227 ℃
Tafasa misali: 4602 ℃
Kayan sunadarai:
Kayan sunadarai na Hafnium sun yi kama da na Zirconium, kuma yana da kyawawan juriya na lalata kuma ba a sauƙaƙa cikawar mafita; A sauƙaƙe narkewa a cikin hydrofluoristic acid don samar da wadatattun wuraren zama. A babban yanayin zafi, Hafanium kuma zai iya kaifi da gas kamar oxygen da nitrogen don samar da oxides da nitries.
Hafnium sau da yawa yana da + 4 da varce cikin mahadi. Babban fili shineHafanium oxideHFO2. Akwai bambance-bambancen guda uku na oxide:Hafanium oxideSamu ta hanyar ci gaba da lissafin tsarin Hafnium sulfate da chloride oxide ne mai bambance bambancen monoclinic; Hafanide HaFnitsi ya samu ta hanyar dumama hydroxide na Hafnium a kusan 400 ℃ wani bambance ne na tetragonal; Idan kalla a sama 1000 ℃, za a iya samun bambance-bambancen Cubic. Wani fili neHafanium Tetrachlanede, wanda shine albarkatun kasa don shirya m karfe Hafnium kuma za'a iya shirya shi ta hanyar maido da gas na hafnine a kan cakuda hafon. Hafanium Tetrachlotide yana zuwa cikin hulɗa da ruwa kuma nan da nan hydrelyzes cikin tsayayyen HFO (4h2o) 2 + ions. HFO2 + ions ya wanzu a cikin mahimman mahadi na Hafnium, kuma zai iya lu'ulu'u wanda aka fasalta hafcl2 1h2 lu'ulu'u a cikin hafrochlorIde maganin acidium tetrachloride.
Hafnium 4-Valent Hafnium kuma yana iya yiwuwa don samar da hade tare da Fluoride, wanda ya kunshi K2hff6, K3hff7, (NH4) 2hff7. An yi amfani da waɗannan wuraren da aka yi amfani da waɗannan don rabuwa da zirconi biyu da Hafnium.
Hanyoyi gama gari:
Hafnium Dioxide: Hafanium Dioxide; Hafanium Dioxide; Tsarin kwayoyin halitta: HFO2 [4]; Dukiya: Farar fata tare da tsarin lu'ulu'u uku: monoclinic, tetragonal, da kuma cubic. Da yawa suna 10.3, 10, kuma 10.43g / cm3, bi da bi. Mallaka Mayan 2780-29k. Tafasa matsayi 5400k. Ciyar da yaduwar tasowa 5.8 × 10-6 / ℃. Insoluble cikin ruwa, hydrochloric acid, da nitric acid, amma narkewa cikin mai da hankali sulfuric acid da hydrofluoric acid. An samar da shi ta hanyar lalata ko hydrolysis na mahadi kamar hafnium sulfate da hafnium oxychloride. Raw kayan don samar da karfe Hafnium da kayan ado na kayan kwalliya. Amfani da shi azaman kayan ado, kayan kwalliyar kayan ado, da masu conlysts. [5] Matsayin makamashi na Atomic HFO shine samfurin da aka samu lokaci guda lokacin da masana'antun makamashin atomy matakin ZRO. Farawa daga chloring na biyu, tafiyar tsarkakewa, raguwa, da kuma babu ruwa distillation kusan iri ɗaya ne ga na Zirconium.
Hafanium Tetrachlanede: Hafnium (iv) chloride, Hafanium tetrach tetrachlloride plulasulular forculla hfcl4 kwayoyin nauyi nauyi 320.30 Hanya: Weight Crystalline Block. M danshi. Solumle a cikin acetone da methanol. Hydrolyze cikin ruwa don samar da Hafnium oxychloride (hfocl2). Zafi zuwa 250 ℃ da ƙura. Haushi ga idanu, tsarin na numfashi, da fata.
Hafnium hydroxide: Hafnium hydroxide (Hafanium Hydroxide (H4HFO4), yawanci yana gabatarwa azaman oxide Hfo2 acid, a sauƙaƙe cikin ammoniya, kuma da wuya narkewa a cikin sodium hydroxide. Zafi zuwa 100 ℃) Yanke Hafnium Hefroxide HFO (oh) 2. Farin Hafnium Hefroxide Ana iya amfani dashi don samar da wasu mahadi na Hafanium.
Tarihin bincike
Tarihin ganowa:
A cikin 1923, Cheens Chisty Hervey da Dutch ya gano Hafnium a Norway, ya sanya masa suna Hafaninia, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Latin Hafaninia, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Latin Hafaninia, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Latin Hafaninia. A cikin 1925, Hervey da CORTOUIIUS Yin amfani da hanyar Frainal Crystallization mai hadaddun gishiri don samun tsarkakakken salts mai tsabta; Kuma rage Hafnium gishiri tare da kayan ƙarfe don samun tsarkakken ƙarfe Hafnium. Hervey ya shirya wani samfurin da yawa miligram na tsarkakakken Hafnium.
Gwaje-gwajen sinadarai akan zirmonium da Hafnium:
A cikin gwaji Farfesa Carl Collins ne ya gudanar a Jami'ar Texas a 1998, an yi ikirarin cewa ya fi karfin gaske sama da yadda aka samar da wasu bayanan sunadarai guda biyar da suka fi karfin gwiwa. [8] HF178M2 (Hafnium 178m2) yana da mafi dadewa a tsakanin 'yan zaune tsakanin' yan shekaru 31, sakamakon shi na zahiri na kimanin tiriliyan kusan tiriliyan. Rahoton Collins ya bayyana cewa daya gram na tsarkakakken HF178m2 (Hafnium 178m2) ya ƙunshi kusan 830 na fashewar fashewar 300 na fashewar TNT. Rahoton Collins yana nuna cewa duk makamashi a cikin wannan amsawar an fito da shi ta hanyar mai sauri, wanda ya saki makamashi mai sauri, wanda saki da ke da sauri, wanda saki 178m2 na iya amsawa a matsanancin haɗuwa. [9] Pentagon ya sanya kudade don bincike. A cikin gwaji, siginar sigina-da-amo ya kasance ƙasa sosai (tare da wasu ƙa'idoji masu ba da shawara game da yanayin da aka yi da'awar cewa, da kuma Collins bai ba da hujja mai ƙarfi don tabbatar da wanzuwar wannan amsawar ba. Indutared gamma ray to saki makamashi daga HF17m2 (Hafnium 178m2) [15], amma wasu ayyukan ba za a iya cimma hakan ba. [16] HF178m2 (Hafnium 178m2) ya yi imani sosai da al'ummar ilimi kada ya zama tushen makamashi
Filin aikace-aikacen:
Hafnium yana da matukar amfani saboda iyawarta na samar da wayoyin lantarki, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a matsayin filament a fitilun wutar lantarki. Amfani da shi azaman Katako na ƙusa, da allurar Hafnium da Tungenen ko Molybdenum ana amfani da su azaman electrodes don ɗakunan ruwa na lantarki. Anyi amfani da shi a cikin Katorewa da Taddancin Magunguna na Katurarru don X-haskoki. Hafnium Hafnium muhimmin abu ne a masana'antar makamashi makamashi saboda filayenta, mai sauƙin sarrafawa, ingantaccen zazzabi, da juriya da zazzabi. Hafanium yana da babban sashi-sashe-tseutron da ke kamuwa da shi kuma shine kyakkyawan neutron na iya zama, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman mai sarrafawa da na'urar kariya don masu amfani da atomic. Za'a iya amfani da Hafnium foda a matsayin propellant don roka. Katolika na Kature na X-ray za a iya kerarre cikin masana'antar lantarki. Hafanium Alhoy na iya zama a matsayin mai kare kariyar kariya ga roka nozzles da girgizawa re-saukar jirgin ruwa, yayin da HF ta fara amfani da kayan karfe da kayan juriya. Ana amfani da Hafanium azaman ƙarin kayan maye a cikin Allos masu tsayayya da zafi, irin su Togsenum, da kuma Tantalum. Za'a iya amfani da HFC azaman ƙari ga Alloy Alloy saboda babban ƙarfi da kuma narke maki. Matsayin Melting na 4TachfC shine kusan 4215 ℃, sanya shi fili tare da mafi girman melting Point. Za'a iya amfani da Hafnium azaman samun samun sau da yawa a yawancin tsarin hauhawar farashin kaya. Hafanium Getere na iya cire gas mara amfani kamar oxygen da nitrogen a cikin tsarin. Ana amfani da Hafanium azaman ƙari a cikin mai a cikin mai don hana polatilization mai a cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haɗarin, kuma yana da masu samar da kayan maye, kuma suna da yawan kadarorin da ke haɗarin da suka yi. Sabili da haka, ana amfani dashi gaba ɗaya a masana'antar hydraulic mai. Man hydraulic mai.
Hafnium Edemble shima aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sabuwar Intel 35 nandoprota. Saboda ma'adinan silicon dioxide (Sio2) da kuma iyawarta na rage inganta aikin transistor, masu tsara kayan sarrafawa suna amfani da silicon dioxide kamar kayan aikin dioxide. Lokacin da Intel ya gabatar da tsarin masana'antu 65 na Nano, ko da yake ya yi kokarin rage yawan zarra 1.2. Sabili da haka, idan ana ci gaba da amfani da kayan yau da kullun kuma ana ci gaba da yin kauri, lalacewar allurar ƙofar da ke da mahimmanci ga iyakokin sa. Don magance wannan mummunan batun, Intel yana shirin amfani da kauri ka'idodin k kachs (kayan Hafnium) a matsayin silicon dioxide, wanda ya samu nasarar rage yadudduka fiye da sau 10. Idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da suka gabata na fasahar 65NM, tsarin bidiyo na 45nm na ke ƙaruwa da yawa na sau biyu, yana barin karuwa a cikin adadin transara ko ragewa a cikin mai sarrafa. Bugu da kari, da wutar da ake bukata don musayar juyawa yana ƙasa da ƙasa, rage yawan wutar lantarki ta kusan 30%. Haɗin ciki an haɗa shi da murfin ƙarfe mai ƙarfi tare da ƙananan Keverric, yana haɓaka haɓakar ƙira da rage yawan wutar lantarki, da sauri da sauri
Rarraba ma'adinai:
Hafanium yana da babbar matsala ta karuwa kamar bismuth, Cadmium, da kuma daidai da abun ciki ga Beryllium, Jami'ar, da uranium. Duk ma'adanai dauke da zirconia sun ƙunshi Hafnium. Zircon da aka yi amfani da shi a masana'antu ya ƙunshi 0.5-2% Hafnium 0.5-2%. Zircin Berylium (Alvite) a cikin Zirconium na sakandare na iya ƙunsar har zuwa 15% Hafnium. Akwai kuma irin nau'in ƙwayar metamorphic, Cyrtsolite, wanda ya ƙunshi sama da 5% HFO. Rayayyun ma'adanai na ƙarshe suna da ƙarami kuma ba a ci su a masana'antu ba. Hafnium galibi ana murmurewa yayin samar da Zirconium.
Ya wanzu a yawancin iyalin eres. [19] Domin babu kadan abun ciki a cikin ɓawon burodi. Yana da sau da yawa coxists tare da zirconilah kuma bashi da daban.
Hanyar shiri:
1. Zai iya shirya ta magnesium rage da rage ragewar Hafnium Tetrachloride ko lalata lalata na Hafnium Iodide. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da HFCL4 da K2hff6 azaman kayan abinci. Aiwatar da samar da lantarki a cikin Nacl KLL HFCL4 ko K2hff6 narke ya yi kama da na lantarki na lantarki samar da Zirconium.
2. Hafnium Coexists tare da Zirconium, kuma babu wani albarkatun kasa don Hafnium. Raw kayan don masana'antu Hafnium shine danyira Hafnium oxide rabuwa yayin aiwatar da masana'antu zirconia. Cire Hafanium iri-iri na musayar ion musayar, sannan kuma yi amfani da wannan hanyar a matsayin zirndium don shirya m karfe Hafanium daga wannan Hafanifium.
3. Ana iya shirya shi ta hanyar hadin gwiwa ta hanyar Hafanium Tetrachloride (HFCL4) tare da raguwar sodium.
Hanyoyin farko don raba Zirconium da Hafanium sun fashe da lu'ulu'u ne mai rikitarwa na masu murɗa gishiri da gropfory hazo. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna da ɓarna don aiki kuma suna iyakance ga amfani da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sabbin fasahar raba Zirconita da Hafanium, irin su hakar distillation, ion musayar, da musayar wani, tare da haɓaka haɓaka da yawa. Tsarin tsari na yau da kullun suna amfani da tsarin cyclohexanate da tsarin cychohexanate da tsararren tsarin nitric acid. Abubuwan da aka samu ta hanyar hanyoyin da ke sama duk hafnium hefroxide ne, kuma za a iya samun ingantattun Hafnifide da tsufan hafniy-haƙide ta hanyar lissafi. Za'a iya samun babbar hanyar hafnium ta ion musayar.
A masana'antu, samar da karfe Hafnium sau da yawa ya ƙunshi duka tsarin Kerran da aikin mai ba da bashi. Tsarin Kitr ɗin ya ƙunshi rage rage hafnium tetrachloride ta amfani da metallic magnesium:
2mg + hfcl4- → 2mgcl2 + hf
Hanyar mai bada bashi, wanda kuma aka sani da hanyar Iodize, ana amfani dashi don tsarkaka soso kamar Hafnium kuma sami m karfe Hafnium.
5. Smelting na Hafnium yana da asali kamar na Zirconium:
Mataki na farko shine bazuwar hanyoyi guda ɗaya, wanda ya shafi hanyoyi guda uku: chloration na zircon don samun (ZR, HF) CL. Alkali ke narkar da zircon. Zircon ya narke tare da Naoh a kusa da 600, kuma sama da 90% na (ZR, HF) o, wanda aka narkar da shi cikin ruwa don cirewa. Na (ZR, HF) O ana iya amfani dashi azaman asalin mafita don raba Zirconium da Hafanium bayan an narkar da shi a Hno. Koyaya, kasancewar sio colloids yana haifar da rabuwa da rabuwa da wuya. Sifer tare da ksif da jiƙa a cikin ruwa don samun k (zr, hf) f mafita. Maganin zai iya raba Zirconium da Hafnium ta hanyar crystallization;
Mataki na biyu shine rabuwa da Zirconium da Hafanium, wanda za'a iya samu ta amfani da hanyoyin rabuwa na Hydrochloric Aiwatar da tsarin da Hno-TBP (Triproyl Phosphate). Fasaha na frogractionari-mataki ta amfani da bambanci a cikin matsanancin matsin lamba tsakanin HFCl da ZRCLERSICETS, wanda zai iya adana tsari na biyu, wanda zai iya adana tsari na Chrloration da rage farashi na sakandare kuma rage farashi. Koyaya, saboda matsalar lalata matsakaicin (ZR, HF) CL da HCL, ba shi da sauƙi don nemo kayan aikin ZRCL da HFCL da HFCL, yana haɓaka farashin tsarkakewa. A cikin 1970s, har yanzu yana cikin tsaka-tsakin lokacin gwajin shuka;
Mataki na uku shine makarantar sakandare na HFO don samun hfCl na raguwa;
Mataki na huɗu shine tsarkake Hfcl da raguwar Magnesium. Wannan tsari daidai yake da tsarkakewa da rage SRCC, kuma sakamakon Semi-da samfurin ya gama shi ne m sponge hafnium;
Mataki na biyar shine a fitar da matattarar siye da karfi ta hanyar cire MGCL da kuma dawo da kayan da ya dace da soso na ƙarfe. Idan mai rage wakili yana amfani da sodium maimakon magnesium, ya kamata a canza mataki na biyar zuwa nutsar ruwa
Hanyar ajiya:
Adana a cikin shago mai sanyi da ventilated. Kiyaye daga mai walƙiya da kafofin zafi. Ya kamata a adana dabam daga oxidants, acid, Halgenens, da sauransu, kuma guji hadawa da kara. Amfani da fashewar fashewar fashewar da wuraren iska. Hana amfani da kayan aikin injin da kayan aikin da suke cikin fannonin. Yakamata a sanye da yankin ajiya tare da abubuwan da suka dace don dauke da leaks.
Lokaci: Satumba 25-2023