Hafnium, Karfe Hf, atomic lamba 72, atomic nauyi 178.49, wani m azurfa launin toka karfe mika mulki.
Hafnium yana da tsayayyen isotopes guda shida: hafnium 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, and 180. Hafnium baya amsawa tare da dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, da maganin alkaline mai ƙarfi, amma yana narkewa a cikin hydrofluoric acid da aqua regia. Sunan kashi ya fito ne daga sunan Latin na Copenhagen City.
A shekara ta 1925, masanin kimiyar Sweden Hervey da masanin kimiya na kasar Holland Koster sun sami tsantsar gishirin hafnium ta hanyar karkatar da sinadarai masu tarin yawa, kuma sun rage shi da sinadarin sodium na karfe don samun hafnium mai tsafta. Hafnium ya ƙunshi 0.00045% na ɓawon ƙasa kuma galibi ana danganta shi da zirconium a yanayi.
Sunan samfurin: hafnium
Alamar alama: Hf
Nauyin atomatik: 178.49
Nau'in Abu: ƙarfe ƙarfe
Kaddarorin jiki:
Hafniumkarfe ne na azurfa mai launin toka mai kyalli; Akwai nau'ikan hafnium na ƙarfe guda biyu: α Hafnium bambancen hexagonal ne kusa da cushe (1750 ℃) tare da mafi girman canjin canji fiye da zirconium. Metal hafnium yana da bambance-bambancen allotrope a babban yanayin zafi. Metal hafnium yana da babban ɓangaren shaye-shaye na neutron kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman kayan sarrafawa don reactors.
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan sifofi guda biyu: marufi mai yawa hexagonal a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 1300 ℃（ α- Equation; A yanayin zafi sama da 1300 ℃, jiki ne mai siffar sukari (β- Equation). Ƙarfe mai filastik wanda ke taurare kuma ya zama maras kyau a gaban ƙazanta. Tsaye a cikin iska, kawai yana yin duhu a saman idan ya ƙone. Za a iya kunna filaments ta hanyar harshen ashana. Abubuwan kama da zirconium. Ba ya amsawa da ruwa, tsarma acid, ko tushe mai ƙarfi, amma yana da sauƙin narkewa a cikin aqua regia da hydrofluoric acid. Yafi a cikin mahadi tare da a+4 valence. Hafnium gami (Ta4HfC5) an san yana da mafi girman wurin narkewa (kimanin 4215 ℃).
Tsarin Crystal: Tantanin halitta na crystal yana da hexagonal
Lambar CAS: 7440-58-6
Matsakaicin narkewa: 2227 ℃
Tushen tafasa: 4602 ℃
Abubuwan sinadarai:
Abubuwan sinadarai na hafnium suna da kama da na zirconium, kuma yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata kuma ba shi da sauƙin lalata ta hanyar maganin alkali na acid na yau da kullun; Sauƙi mai narkewa a cikin hydrofluoric acid don samar da hadaddun fluorinated. A yanayin zafi mai zafi, hafnium na iya haɗa kai tsaye tare da iskar gas kamar oxygen da nitrogen don samar da oxides da nitrides.
Hafnium sau da yawa yana da valence +4 a cikin mahadi. Babban fili shinehafnium oxideHfO2. Akwai nau'ikan hafnium oxide guda uku daban-daban:hafnium oxidesamu ta ci gaba da calcination na hafnium sulfate da chloride oxide bambance-bambancen monoclinic; Hafnium oxide da aka samu ta dumama hydroxide na hafnium a kusa da 400 ℃ shine bambancin tetragonal; Idan an ƙididdige shi sama da 1000 ℃, ana iya samun bambancin cubic. Wani fili shinehafnium tetrachloride, wanda shine albarkatun kasa don shirya hafnium karfe kuma ana iya shirya ta hanyar amsa iskar chlorine akan cakuda hafnium oxide da carbon. Hafnium tetrachloride ya shiga cikin hulɗa da ruwa kuma nan da nan ya yi hydrolyzes zuwa ions HfO (4H2O) 2+ mai ƙarfi sosai. HfO2+ions suna wanzuwa a yawancin mahadi na hafnium, kuma suna iya yin crystalliize allura mai siffa hydrated hafnium oxychloride HfOCl2 · 8H2O lu'ulu'u a cikin hydrochloric acid acidified hafnium tetrachloride bayani.
4-valent hafnium kuma yana da wuyar samar da hadaddun abubuwa tare da fluoride, wanda ya ƙunshi K2HfF6, K3HfF7, (NH4) 2HfF6, da (NH4) 3HfF7. An yi amfani da waɗannan rukunin gidaje don rabuwa da zirconium da hafnium.
Abubuwan gama gari:
Hafnium dioxide: suna Hafnium dioxide; Hafnium dioxide; Tsarin kwayoyin halitta: HfO2 [4]; Dukiya: Farin foda tare da sifofin crystal guda uku: monoclinic, tetragonal, da cubic. Matsakaicin 10.3, 10.1, da 10.43g/cm3, bi da bi. Matsayin narkewa 2780-2920K. Tushen tafasa 5400K. Ƙididdigar faɗaɗawar thermal 5.8 × 10-6/℃. Ba a narkewa a cikin ruwa, hydrochloric acid, da acid nitric, amma mai narkewa a cikin sulfuric acid da hydrofluoric acid. Samuwar ta hanyar bazuwar thermal ko hydrolysis na mahadi kamar hafnium sulfate da hafnium oxychloride. Raw kayan don samar da karfe hafnium da hafnium gami. An yi amfani da shi azaman kayan tarwatsawa, kayan shafa na rediyoaktif, da masu kara kuzari. [5] Matsayin makamashin atomic HfO samfur ne da aka samu lokaci guda lokacin kera matakin makamashin atomic ZrO. An fara daga chlorination na biyu, hanyoyin tsarkakewa, raguwa, da ɗigon ruwa sun kusan kama da na zirconium.
Hafnium tetrachloride: Hafnium (IV) chloride, Hafnium tetrachloride kwayoyin halitta dabara HfCl4 Kwayoyin nauyi 320.30 Hali: Farin crystalline block. M ga danshi. Mai narkewa a cikin acetone da methanol. Hydrolyze cikin ruwa don samar da hafnium oxychloride (HfOCl2). Yi zafi zuwa 250 ℃ kuma ku kwashe. Mai ban haushi ga idanu, tsarin numfashi, da fata.
Hafnium hydroxide: Hafnium hydroxide (H4HfO4), yawanci yana samuwa a matsayin hydrated oxide HfO2 · nH2O, ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa, mai sauƙi a cikin inorganic acid, wanda ba zai iya narkewa a cikin ammonia, kuma da wuya ya iya narkewa a cikin sodium hydroxide. Zafi zuwa 100 ℃ don samar da hafnium hydroxide HfO (OH) 2. Ana iya samun farin hafnium hydroxide hazo ta hanyar amsa gishiri hafnium (IV) tare da ruwan ammonia. Ana iya amfani dashi don samar da wasu mahadi na hafnium.
Tarihin Bincike
Tarihin Ganowa:
A shekara ta 1923, masanin kimiyar Sweden Hervey da masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Holland D. Koster sun gano hafnium a cikin zircon da aka samar a Norway da Greenland, suka sanya masa suna hafnium, wanda ya samo asali daga sunan Latin Hafnia na Copenhagen. A cikin 1925, Hervey da Coster sun raba zirconium da titanium ta hanyar amfani da hanyar ɓangarorin crystallization na hadaddun salts masu fluorinated don samun tsantsar gishirin hafnium; Kuma rage gishirin hafnium tare da sodium na ƙarfe don samun hafnium ƙarfe mai tsafta. Hervey ya shirya samfurin milligrams da yawa na hafnium mai tsafta.
Gwajin sinadarai akan zirconium da hafnium:
A cikin wani gwaji da Farfesa Carl Collins ya yi a Jami'ar Texas a 1998, an yi iƙirarin cewa gamma irradiated hafnium 178m2 (isomer hafnium-178m2 [7]) na iya sakin makamashi mai girma, wanda shine umarni biyar mafi girma fiye da halayen sinadarai amma umarni uku na girma ƙasa da halayen nukiliya. [8] Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) yana da tsawon rayuwa mafi tsayi tsakanin irin wannan isotopes masu tsayi: Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) yana da rabin rayuwar shekaru 31, yana haifar da aikin rediyo na halitta na kusan tiriliyan 1.6 Becquerels. Rahoton Collins ya bayyana cewa gram daya na tsaftar Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) ya ƙunshi kusan megajoules 1330, wanda yayi daidai da makamashin da fashewar bama-bamai na TNT mai nauyin kilogiram 300 ke fitarwa. Rahoton Collins ya nuna cewa duk makamashin da ke cikin wannan yanayin ana fitar da shi ne ta hanyar hasken X-ray ko gamma, wanda ke sakin makamashi cikin sauri sosai, kuma Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) har yanzu na iya mayar da martani a cikin matsananciyar hankali. [9] Pentagon ta ware kudade don bincike. A cikin gwajin, siginar siginar-zuwa-amo ya ragu sosai (tare da manyan kurakurai), kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, duk da gwaje-gwaje da yawa na masana kimiyya daga kungiyoyi da yawa ciki har da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA) da kuma JASON Defence Advisory. Rukuni [13], babu wani masanin kimiyya da ya iya cimma wannan dauki a karkashin yanayin da Collins ya yi da'awar, kuma Collins bai bayar da kwakkwarar hujja don tabbatar da wanzuwar wannan dauki ba, Collins ya ba da shawarar hanyar yin amfani da iskar gamma da aka jawo don sakin makamashi daga Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) [15], amma sauran masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya cimma wannan amsa ba. [16] Hf178m2 (hafnium 178m2) an yarda da shi sosai a cikin al'ummar ilimi don kada ya zama tushen kuzari.
Filin aikace-aikace:
Hafnium na da matukar amfani saboda karfinsa na fitar da electrons, kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a matsayin filament a cikin fitulun wuta. Ana amfani da su azaman cathode don bututun X-ray, da gami da hafnium da tungsten ko molybdenum ana amfani dasu azaman na'urorin lantarki don bututun fitarwa mai ƙarfi. Yawanci ana amfani dashi a masana'antar masana'antar kera waya ta tungsten don haskoki na X-ray. Hafnium mai tsabta abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar makamashin atomic saboda filastik, sauƙin sarrafawa, juriya mai zafi, da juriya na lalata. Hafnium yana da babban yanki na kamun neutron mai zafi kuma shine madaidaicin abin sha na neutron, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman sandar sarrafawa da na'urar kariya don injin atomatik. Ana iya amfani da foda Hafnium a matsayin mai haɓakawa don roka. Ana iya kera cathode na tubes na X-ray a cikin masana'antar lantarki. Hafnium alloy na iya zama madaidaicin kariya na gaba don nozzles na roka da sake shigar da jirgin sama, yayin da Hf Ta gami za a iya amfani da shi don kera karfen kayan aiki da kayan juriya. Ana amfani da Hafnium azaman ƙari a cikin allurai masu jure zafi, kamar tungsten, molybdenum, da tantalum. Ana iya amfani da HfC azaman ƙari don ƙaƙƙarfan gami saboda babban taurinsa da maƙarƙashiya. Matsayin narkewa na 4TaCHfC yana kusan 4215 ℃, yana mai da shi fili tare da mafi girman sanannen narkewa. Ana iya amfani da Hafnium azaman mai shiga cikin tsarin hauhawar farashin kaya da yawa. Hafnium getters na iya cire iskar da ba dole ba kamar oxygen da nitrogen da ke cikin tsarin. Ana amfani da Hafnium sau da yawa azaman ƙari a cikin mai don hana haɓakar mai na hydraulic yayin manyan ayyuka masu haɗari, kuma yana da ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwan haɓakawa. Sabili da haka, ana amfani da shi gabaɗaya a cikin man hydraulic masana'antu. Likitan mai hydraulic.
Hakanan ana amfani da sinadarin Hafnium a cikin sabbin na'urori masu sarrafawa na Intel 45. Saboda masana'anta na silicon dioxide (SiO2) da ikonsa na rage kauri don ci gaba da haɓaka aikin transistor, masana'antun sarrafa kayan aikin suna amfani da silicon dioxide azaman kayan aikin dielectrics na ƙofar. Lokacin da Intel ya gabatar da tsarin kera nanometer 65, duk da cewa ya yi iyakacin kokarin rage kaurin dielectric gate silicon dioxide zuwa nanometer 1.2, daidai da yadudduka na atom 5, wahalar amfani da wutar lantarki da zubar da zafi kuma zai karu lokacin da transistor. an rage shi zuwa girman zarra, wanda ke haifar da sharar gida a halin yanzu da makamashin zafi mara amfani. Don haka, idan aka ci gaba da yin amfani da kayan da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu kuma an ƙara rage kauri, zubar da dielectric ɗin ƙofar zai ƙaru sosai, Yana saukar da fasahar transistor zuwa iyakarta. Don magance wannan matsala mai mahimmanci, Intel yana shirin yin amfani da kayan K masu kauri (kayan tushen hafnium) azaman dielectrics na ƙofar maimakon silicon dioxide, wanda ya sami nasarar rage ɗigon ruwa sama da sau 10. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙarni na baya na fasaha na 65nm, tsarin 45nm na Intel yana ƙara yawan transistor da kusan sau biyu, yana ba da damar haɓaka jimlar adadin transistor ko rage girman processor. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarfin da ake buƙata don sauyawa transistor ya ragu, yana rage yawan wutar lantarki da kusan 30%. Haɗin ciki an yi shi da waya ta jan ƙarfe tare da ƙaramin k dielectric, ingantaccen ingantaccen aiki da rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki, kuma saurin sauyawa yana kusan 20% sauri.
Rarraba ma'adinai:
Hafnium yana da mafi girman ɓawon ƙarfe fiye da ƙarfe da ake amfani da su kamar su bismuth, cadmium, da mercury, kuma yayi daidai da abun ciki zuwa beryllium, germanium, da uranium. Duk ma'adanai masu ɗauke da zirconium sun ƙunshi hafnium. Zircon da ake amfani dashi a masana'antu ya ƙunshi 0.5-2% hafnium. Beryllium zircon (Alvite) a cikin zirconium tama na biyu zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 15% hafnium. Hakanan akwai nau'in zircon metamorphic, cyrtolite, wanda ya ƙunshi sama da 5% HfO. Ma'adinan ma'adinan biyu na ƙarshe kaɗan ne kuma har yanzu ba a karɓi su cikin masana'antu ba. Hafnium yana samuwa da yawa yayin samar da zirconium.
Yana samuwa a cikin mafi yawan zirconium ores. [18] [19] Domin akwai kadan abun ciki a cikin ɓawon burodi. Yana sau da yawa tare da zirconium kuma ba shi da ma'adinai daban.
Hanyar shiri:
1. Ana iya shirya shi ta hanyar rage magnesium na hafnium tetrachloride ko thermal bazuwar hafnium iodide. Hakanan ana iya amfani da HfCl4 da K2HfF6 azaman albarkatun ƙasa. Tsarin samar da lantarki a cikin NaCl KCl HfCl4 ko K2HfF6 narke yayi kama da na samar da lantarki na zirconium.
2. Hafnium yana tare da zirconium, kuma babu wani ɗanyen abu dabam na hafnium. Danyen abu don kera hafnium shine ɗanyen hafnium oxide wanda aka rabu yayin aiwatar da kera zirconium. Cire hafnium oxide ta amfani da resin musayar ion, sannan a yi amfani da hanyar da aka yi da zirconium don shirya hafnium ƙarfe daga wannan hafnium oxide.
3. Ana iya shirya shi ta hanyar dumama hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4) tare da sodium ta hanyar raguwa.
Hanyoyi na farko don ware zirconium da hafnium sune ɓangarorin crystallization na hadaddun gishirin fluorinated da hazo mai juzu'i na phosphates. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna da wahalar aiki kuma sun iyakance ga amfani da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sabbin fasahohi don raba zirconium da hafnium, irin su distillation juzu'i, hakar sauran ƙarfi, musanya ion, da tallan juzu'i, sun bayyana ɗaya bayan ɗaya, tare da haɓakar sauran ƙarfi yana da amfani. Tsarukan rabuwa guda biyu da aka saba amfani da su sune tsarin thiocyanate cyclohexanone da tsarin tributyl phosphate nitric acid. Abubuwan da aka samo ta hanyoyin da ke sama duk hafnium hydroxide ne, kuma ana iya samun hafnium oxide mai tsabta ta hanyar ƙididdigewa. Ana iya samun hafnium mai girma ta hanyar musayar ion.
A cikin masana'antu, samar da hafnium ƙarfe yakan haɗa da tsarin Kroll da tsarin Debor Aker. Tsarin Kroll ya ƙunshi rage hafnium tetrachloride ta amfani da magnesium na ƙarfe:
2Mg+HfCl4- → 2MgCl2+Hf
Hanyar Debor Aker, wanda kuma aka sani da hanyar iodization, ana amfani da ita don tsarkake soso kamar hafnium da samun hafnium ƙarfe mara nauyi.
5. Narkewar hafnium daidai yake da na zirconium:
Mataki na farko shine bazuwar ma'adinai, wanda ya ƙunshi hanyoyi guda uku: chlorination na zircon don samun (Zr, Hf) Cl. Alkalin narkewar zircon. Zircon yana narkewa tare da NaOH a kusan 600, kuma sama da 90% na (Zr, Hf) O yana canzawa zuwa Na (Zr, Hf) O, tare da SiO ya zama NaSiO, wanda ke narkar da cikin ruwa don cirewa. Na (Zr, Hf) O za a iya amfani dashi azaman mafita na asali don raba zirconium da hafnium bayan an narkar da su a cikin HNO. Duk da haka, kasancewar SiO colloids yana sa rarrabuwar hakar ƙarfi mai wahala. Sinter tare da KSiF kuma jiƙa cikin ruwa don samun maganin K (Zr, Hf) F. Maganin zai iya raba zirconium da hafnium ta hanyar crystallization fractional;
Mataki na biyu shine rabuwar zirconium da hafnium, wanda za'a iya samu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin rabuwa da ƙarfi ta hanyar amfani da tsarin hydrochloric acid MIBK (methyl isobutyl ketone) da tsarin HNO-TBP (tributyl phosphate). Fasahar juzu'i mai yawa ta amfani da bambanci a matsa lamba na tururi tsakanin HfCl da ZrCl narke a ƙarƙashin matsanancin matsin lamba (sama da yanayi 20) wanda zai iya adana tsarin chlorination na biyu kuma ya rage farashi. Koyaya, saboda matsalar lalata na (Zr, Hf) Cl da HCl, ba shi da sauƙi a sami kayan ginshiƙan juzu'i masu dacewa, kuma zai rage ingancin ZrCl da HfCl, haɓaka farashin tsarkakewa. A cikin 1970s, har yanzu yana cikin tsaka-tsakin gwaji na shuka;
Mataki na uku shine chlorination na biyu na HfO don samun ɗanyen HfCl don ragewa;
Mataki na hudu shine tsarkakewar HfCl da rage magnesium. Wannan tsari daidai yake da tsarkakewa da raguwa na ZrCl, kuma samfurin da aka gama da shi shine hafnium soso mai laushi;
Mataki na biyar shine a zubar da danyen soso hafnium don cire MgCl da dawo da wuce gona da iri na magnesium, wanda ya haifar da gamammiyar samfurin soso na hafnium. Idan wakili mai rage yana amfani da sodium maimakon magnesium, mataki na biyar ya kamata a canza shi zuwa nutsewar ruwa
Hanyar ajiya:
Ajiye a cikin ɗakin ajiya mai sanyi da iska. Ka nisantar da tartsatsin wuta da tushen zafi. Ya kamata a adana shi daban daga oxidants, acids, halogens, da dai sauransu, kuma a guji hadawa ajiya. Amfani da hasken wuta mai hana fashewa da wuraren samun iska. Hana amfani da kayan aikin injiniya da kayan aikin da ke da saurin tartsatsi. Wurin ajiya ya kamata a sanye shi da kayan da suka dace don ɗaukar ɗigogi.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-25-2023