Element na Holmium da Hanyoyin Gano Gaba ɗaya
A cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan sinadaran, akwai wani sinadari da ake kiraholmium, wanda ƙarfe ne da ba kasafai ba. Wannan sinadari yana da ƙarfi a cikin ɗaki kuma yana da babban wurin narkewa da wurin tafasa. Koyaya, wannan ba shine mafi kyawun ɓangaren sinadarin holium ba. Ainihin fara'arsa ta ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa lokacin da yake zumudi, yana fitar da kyakkyawan haske kore. Sinadarin holium a cikin wannan yanayi mai cike da nishadi yana kama da dutse mai walƙiya mai walƙiya, kyakkyawa da ban mamaki. Mutane suna da ɗan gajeren tarihin fahimi na sinadarin holium. A cikin 1879, masanin kimiyar Sweden Per Theodor Klebe ya fara gano sinadarin holium kuma ya sa masa suna garinsu. Yayin da yake nazarin erbium maras tsarki, da kansa ya gano holium ta hanyar cirewayttriumkumascandium. Ya kira sunan ruwan ruwan ruwan Holmia (sunan Latin don Stockholm) da kuma koren Tulia. Daga nan ya yi nasarar raba dysprosium don raba holmium mai tsafta. A cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan sinadarai, holmium yana da wasu kaddarori na musamman da amfani. Holmium wani abu ne na duniya da ba kasafai yake da karfin maganadisu ba, don haka galibi ana amfani da shi wajen kera kayan maganadisu. A lokaci guda kuma, holmium yana da babban maƙasudin refractive, yana mai da shi kyakkyawan abu don kera kayan aikin gani da fiber na gani. Bugu da kari, holmium kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannonin magani, makamashi, da kare muhalli. A yau, bari mu shiga cikin wannan nau'in sihiri tare da aikace-aikace da yawa - holmium. Bincika asirinta kuma ku ji babban gudummawar da yake bayarwa ga al'ummar ɗan adam.
Filin aikace-aikace na sinadarin holium
Holmium wani sinadari ne mai lambar atomic 67 kuma yana cikin jerin lanthanide. Mai zuwa shine cikakken gabatarwa ga wasu filayen aikace-aikace na sinadarin holium:
1. Holmium magnet:Holmium yana da kyawawan kaddarorin maganadisu kuma ana amfani dashi ko'ina azaman abu don yin maganadiso. Musamman ma a cikin bincike mai girma na zafin jiki, ana amfani da holmium maganadiso azaman kayan aiki don haɓaka filin magnetic na superconductor.
2. Gilashin Holmium:Holmium na iya ba da gilashin kaddarorin gani na musamman kuma ana amfani dashi don yin laser na gilashin holmium. Ana amfani da Laser na Holmium a cikin magunguna da masana'antu, kuma ana iya amfani da su don magance cututtukan ido, yanke karafa da sauran kayan aiki, da sauransu.
3. Masana'antar makamashin nukiliya:Holmium's isotope holmium-165 yana da babban ɓangaren kama neutron kuma ana amfani dashi don sarrafa juzu'in neutron da rarraba wutar lantarki na makaman nukiliya.
4. Na'urorin gani: Har ila yau, Holmium yana da wasu aikace-aikace a cikin na'urorin gani, kamar na'urorin lantarki na gani, hotuna, masu daidaitawa, da dai sauransu a cikin sadarwar fiber na gani.
5. Kayan Fluorescent:Ana iya amfani da mahadi na Holmium azaman kayan kyalli don kera fitilu masu kyalli, allon nunin kyalli da alamun kyalli.6. Karfe:Ana iya ƙara Holmium zuwa wasu karafa don yin gami don haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na thermal, juriyar lalata da aikin walda na ƙarfe. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi don kera injinan jirgin sama, injinan mota da kayan aikin sinadarai. Holmium yana da mahimman aikace-aikace a cikin maganadisu, lasers gilashi, masana'antar makamashin nukiliya, na'urorin gani, kayan kyalli da gami da ƙarfe.
Kaddarorin jiki na sinadarin holium
1. Tsarin Atom: Tsarin atomic na holmium ya ƙunshi electrons 67. A tsarinsa na lantarki, akwai electrons 2 a Layer na farko, 8 electrons a Layer na biyu, 18 electrons a Layer na uku, da kuma 29 electrons a Layer na hudu. Saboda haka, akwai nau'i-nau'i na electrons guda 2 a cikin mafi girman Layer.
2. Yawa da taurin: Girman holmium shine 8.78 g/cm3, wanda shine ɗan ƙaramin yawa. Taurinsa yana kusan 5.4 Mohs.
3. Wurin narkewa da wurin tafasa: Wurin narkewar holium ya kai kimanin digiri 1474 ma’aunin celcius kuma wurin tafasar ya kai ma’aunin Celsius 2695.
4. Magnetism: Holmium karfe ne mai kyau da maganadisu. Yana nuna feromagnetism a ƙananan zafin jiki, amma a hankali yana rasa magnetism a yanayin zafi mai girma. Maganar maganadisu na holmium yana sa ya zama mahimmanci a aikace-aikacen maganadisu da kuma a cikin bincike mai zurfi na yanayin zafi.
5. Halayen bakan: Holmium yana nuna fayyace shaye-shaye da layukan fitar da ruwa a cikin bakan da ake iya gani. Layukan fitar da shi galibi suna cikin jeri na kore da ja, wanda ke haifar da mahadi na holium yawanci suna da launin kore ko ja.
6. Thermal watsin: Holmium yana da in mun gwada da high thermal conductivity na kimanin 16.2 W/m · Kelvin. Wannan yana sa holmium mai daraja a wasu aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ingantaccen ƙarfin zafin jiki. Holmium karfe ne mai yawa, tauri da maganadisu. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin maganadisu, superconductors masu zafi, spectroscopy da thermal conductivity.
Abubuwan sinadaran holmium
1. Reactivity: Holmium karfe ne tsayayye wanda yake amsawa sannu a hankali tare da yawancin abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba da acid. Ba ya amsa da iska da ruwa a cikin dakin da zafin jiki, amma idan ya yi zafi zuwa yanayin zafi mai yawa, yana amsawa da iskar oxygen a cikin iska don samar da holmium oxide.
2. Solubility: Holmium yana da kyawawa mai kyau a cikin maganin acidic kuma yana iya amsawa tare da sulfuric acid, nitric acid da hydrochloric acid don samar da gishiri na holmium daidai.
3. Yanayin Oxidation: Yanayin oxidation na holmium yawanci shine +3. Yana iya samar da mahadi iri-iri, kamar oxides (Ho2O3chlorides (HoCl3Sulfates (Ho2 (SO4) 3), da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, holmium kuma yana iya gabatar da jihohin oxidation kamar +2, +4 da +5, amma waɗannan jihohin oxidation ba su da yawa.
4. Complexes: Holmium na iya samar da nau'o'in hadaddun, wanda aka fi sani da su shine hadaddun da ke kan ions na holmium (III). Wadannan hadaddun suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin nazarin sinadarai, masu kara kuzari da bincike na kwayoyin halitta.
5. Reactivity: Holmium yawanci yakan nuna in mun gwada da m reactivity a cikin sinadaran halayen. Yana iya shiga cikin nau'ikan halayen sinadarai da yawa kamar halayen haɓakar iskar shaka-raguwa, halayen daidaitawa, da hadaddun halayen. Holmium karfe ne mai tsayin daka, kuma kaddarorin sinadaransa galibi suna nunawa a cikin ingantacciyar reactivity, kyakkyawan solubility, jihohi daban-daban na hadawan abu da iskar shaka, da samuwar gidaje daban-daban. Waɗannan halayen suna yin amfani da holmium ko'ina a cikin halayen sinadarai, haɗin gwiwar sunadarai, da bincike na biochemical.
Abubuwan Halittu na Holmium
Abubuwan nazarin halittu na Holmium ba a ɗan yi nazari kaɗan ba, kuma bayanin da muka sani ya zuwa yanzu yana da iyaka. Wadannan su ne wasu daga cikin kaddarorin holium a cikin kwayoyin halitta:
1. Bioavailability: Holmium ba shi da ɗanɗano a cikin yanayi, don haka abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta sun ragu sosai. Holmium yana da rashin lafiyar bioavailability, wato ikon kwayoyin halitta na iya sha da kuma shayar holmium yana da iyaka, wanda yana daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa ba a fahimci ayyuka da tasirin holmium a jikin mutum ba.
2. Aikin Jiki: Ko da yake akwai iyakacin sanin ayyukan physiological na holmium, bincike ya nuna cewa holmium na iya shiga cikin wasu muhimman matakai na sinadarai a jikin mutum. Nazarin kimiyya ya nuna cewa holmium na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da lafiyar kashi da tsoka, amma takamaiman tsarin har yanzu ba a san shi ba.
3. Guba: Saboda ƙarancin bioavailability, holmium yana da ƙarancin guba ga jikin ɗan adam. A cikin binciken dabbobi na dakin gwaje-gwaje, fallasa ga yawan adadin mahadi na holmium na iya haifar da lahani ga hanta da koda, amma bincike na yanzu game da tsananin guba na holmium yana da iyaka. Har yanzu ba a fahimci kaddarorin nazarin halittu na holmium a cikin halittu masu rai ba. Binciken na yanzu yana mai da hankali kan yuwuwar ayyukan ilimin lissafi da tasirinsa mai guba akan rayayyun halittu. Tare da ci gaba da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, bincike kan kaddarorin halittu na holmium zai ci gaba da zurfafawa.
Rarraba dabi'a na holmium
Rarraba holmium a yanayi ba kasafai bane, kuma yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke da karancin abun ciki a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Mai zuwa shine rabon holium a yanayi:
1. Rarraba a cikin ɓawon ƙasa: Abubuwan da ke cikin ɓawon burodi na holmium ya kai kusan 1.3ppm (bangaro a kowace miliyan), wanda ba kasafai ba ne a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Duk da ƙarancin abun ciki, ana iya samun holmium a cikin wasu duwatsu da ma'adanai, irin su ma'adinan da ke ɗauke da ƙananan abubuwa na ƙasa.
2. Kasancewa a cikin ma'adanai: Holmium galibi yana wanzuwa a cikin ma'adanai a cikin nau'in oxides, kamar holmium oxide (Ho2O3). Ho2O3 arare duniya oxidema'adinai wanda ya ƙunshi babban adadin holmium.
3. Haɗe-haɗe a yanayi: Holmium yawanci yana kasancewa tare da wasu abubuwan da ba kasafai suke yin kasa ba da wani sashe na abubuwan lanthanide. Yana iya zama a cikin yanayi a cikin nau'i na oxides, sulfates, carbonates, da dai sauransu.
4. Matsayin wurin rarrabawa: Rarraba holium ya yi daidai a duk duniya, amma samar da shi yana da iyaka. Wasu ƙasashe suna da wasu albarkatun holmium tama, irin su China, Australia, Brazil, da sauransu. Ko da yake abun cikin yana da ƙasa, yana tare da wasu abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samun su a duniya ba kuma ana iya samun su a wasu takamaiman mahalli na ƙasa. Saboda ƙarancinsa da ƙuntatawa na rarrabawa, hakar ma'adinai da amfani da holmium yana da ɗan wahala.
Cirewa da narkewar Element na Holmium
Holmium wani sinadari ne na duniya da ba kasafai ba, kuma tsarin hakar ma'adinai da hakar sa yayi kama da sauran abubuwan da ba kasafai ba. Mai zuwa shine cikakken gabatarwa ga tsarin hakar ma'adinai da hakar sinadarin holium:
1. Neman ma'adinin holmium: Ana iya samun Holmium a cikin ma'adinan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba, kuma ma'adinan holmium na gama gari sun haɗa da oxide ores da carbonate ores. Wadannan ma'adanai na iya kasancewa a cikin ma'adinan ma'adinai na karkashin kasa ko budadden ramin.
2. Murkushewa da nika tama: Bayan hakar ma'adinan, ana buƙatar niƙa ta holium a niƙa cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma a ƙara tacewa.
3. Tushen ruwa: Rabewar ma'adinin holium da sauran ƙazanta ta hanyar yin iyo. A cikin aikin motsa jiki, ana amfani da diluent da wakili na kumfa don sanya holmium tama ta shawagi a saman ruwa, sannan a gudanar da jiyya ta jiki da sinadarai.
4. Ruwan ruwa: Bayan yin iyo, za a yi amfani da sinadarin holmium don yin maganin hydration don mayar da shi gishirin holmium. Maganin hydration yawanci ya ƙunshi amsa tama tare da maganin dilute acid don samar da maganin gishiri na holmium acid.
5. Hazo da tacewa: Ta hanyar daidaita yanayin halayen, holmium a cikin maganin gishiri na holmium acid yana tasowa. Sannan, tace hazo don raba tsaftataccen ruwan holmium.
6. Calcination: Holmium precipitates yana buƙatar shan maganin calcination. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi dumama holmium hazo zuwa babban zafin jiki don canza shi zuwa holmium oxide.
7. Ragewa: Holmium oxide yana shan maganin ragewa don canzawa zuwa karfe holium. Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da masu ragewa (irin su hydrogen) don raguwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai girma. 8. Refining: Ragewar holium na ƙarfe na iya ƙunsar wasu ƙazanta kuma yana buƙatar tsaftacewa da tsarkakewa. Hanyoyin tacewa sun haɗa da hakar sauran ƙarfi, electrolysis, da rage sinadarai. Bayan matakan da ke sama, high-tsarkikarfe holiumza a iya samu. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan ƙarfe na holmium don shirye-shiryen gami, kayan maganadisu, masana'antar makamashin nukiliya, da na'urorin laser. Yana da kyau a lura cewa aikin hakar ma'adinai da hakar abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya yana da matukar wahala kuma yana buƙatar fasaha da kayan aiki na ci gaba don cimma samar da inganci da ƙarancin farashi.
Hanyoyin gano sinadarin holium
1. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): Atomic absorption spectrometry shine hanyar bincike mai ƙididdigewa da aka saba amfani da ita wanda ke amfani da sifofin sha na takamaiman tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa don tantance ƙimar holmium a cikin samfurin. Yana sarrafa samfurin da za'a gwada a cikin harshen wuta, sannan yana auna ƙarfin ɗaukar holmium a cikin samfurin ta na'urar gani. Wannan hanya ta dace don gano holmium a mafi girma.
2. Inductively coupled plasma Optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry hanya ce mai matukar kulawa da zaɓe wacce aka yi amfani da ita sosai wajen nazarin abubuwa da yawa. Yana sarrafa samfurin kuma ya samar da plasma don auna takamaiman tsayin daka da ƙarfin iskar holmium a cikin na'urar gani.
3. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry hanya ce ta nazari mai zurfi da tsayin daka wacce za'a iya amfani da ita don tantance rabon isotope da binciken abubuwan ganowa. Yana sarrafa samfurin kuma ya samar da plasma don auna ma'auni-zuwa-caji na holmium a cikin ma'auni mai yawa.
4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): X-ray fluorescence spectrometry yana amfani da nau'in haske mai haske wanda samfurin ya samar bayan an yi farin ciki ta hanyar X-ray don nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwa. Yana iya sauri da rashin lalacewa ta ƙayyade abun ciki na holmium a cikin samfurin. Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin sosai a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da filayen masana'antu don ƙididdige ƙididdigewa da sarrafa ingancin holium. Zaɓin hanyar da ta dace ya dogara da dalilai kamar nau'in samfurin, iyakar ganowa da ake buƙata da daidaiton ganowa.
takamaiman aikace-aikace na holmium atomic hanyar sha
A cikin ma'auni, hanyar sha atom ɗin tana da daidaito mai girma da hankali, kuma tana ba da ingantacciyar hanya don nazarin kaddarorin sinadarai, abun da ke ciki da abun ciki na abubuwa.Na gaba, muna amfani da hanyar sha atom don auna abun cikin holmium. Takamaiman matakai sune kamar haka: Shirya samfurin da za a auna. Shirya samfurin da za a auna a cikin bayani, wanda gabaɗaya yana buƙatar a narkar da shi tare da gauraye acid don auna na gaba. Zaɓi ma'auni mai ɗaukar atomic mai dacewa. Dangane da kaddarorin samfurin da za a auna da kewayon abun ciki na holmium da za a auna, zaɓi ma'aunin abin da ya dace da shayarwar atomic. Daidaita ma'auni na spectrometer sha atom. Dangane da nau'in da za a auna da samfurin kayan aiki, daidaita ma'auni na ma'aunin ma'aunin atom ɗin, gami da tushen haske, atomizer, ganowa, da sauransu. Auna ɗaukar holmium. Sanya samfurin da za a auna a cikin atomizer, kuma fitar da hasken haske na takamaiman tsayin daka ta hanyar hasken. Sinadarin holium da za a auna zai shafe waɗannan hasken hasken kuma ya haifar da canjin matakin makamashi. Auna ɗaukar holmium ta hanyar ganowa. Yi lissafin abubuwan da ke cikin holmium. Dangane da abin sha da daidaitaccen lanƙwasa, ana ƙididdige abun ciki na holmium. Wadannan su ne takamaiman sigogi da kayan aiki ke amfani da su don auna holium.
Holmium (Ho) misali: holmium oxide (jin nazari).
Hanyar: Daidaitaccen nauyin 1.1455g Ho2O3, narke a cikin 20mL 5Mole hydrochloric acid, tsarma zuwa 1L da ruwa, maida hankali na Ho a cikin wannan bayani shine 1000μg / ml. Ajiye a cikin kwalban polyethylene nesa da haske.
Nau'in harshen wuta: nitrous oxide-acetylene, harshen wuta mai wadata
Sigar bincike: Tsawon tsayi (nm) 410.4 bandwidth Spectral (nm) 0.2
Filter Coefficient 0.6 Shawarar fitilar halin yanzu (mA) 6
Babban ƙarfin lantarki mara kyau (v) 384.5
Tsayin kan konewa (mm) 12
Lokacin Haɗin kai (S) 3
Matsin iska da kwarara (MP, ml/min) 0.25, 5000
Nitrous oxide matsa lamba da kwarara (MP, ml/min) 0.22, 5000
Acetylene matsa lamba da kwarara (MP, ml/min) 0.1, 4500
Matsakaicin daidaituwa na layi 0.9980
Halayen Halaye (μg/ml) 0.841
Hanyar lissafi Hanyar ci gaba Magani acidity 0.5%
Teburin auna HCl:
Hanyar daidaitawa:
Tsangwama: Holmium an sanya shi a cikin wani yanki na ion a cikin harshen wuta na nitrous oxide-acetylene. Ƙara potassium nitrate ko potassium chloride zuwa ƙaddamarwar potassium ta ƙarshe na 2000μg/ml zai iya hana ionization na holmium. A cikin ainihin aikin, ya zama dole don zaɓar hanyar ma'auni mai dacewa bisa ga takamaiman bukatun shafin. Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin sosai a cikin bincike da gano cadmium a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da masana'antu.
Holmium ya nuna babban yuwuwar a fagage da yawa tare da kaddarorin sa na musamman da fa'idar amfani. Ta hanyar fahimtar tarihi, tsarin ganowa,mahimmanci da aikace-aikacen holmium, za mu iya fahimtar mahimmanci da darajar wannan sihirtaccen kashi. Bari mu sa ido ga holium yana kawo ƙarin abubuwan ban mamaki da ci gaba ga al'ummar ɗan adam a nan gaba tare da ba da babbar gudummawa don haɓaka ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha da ci gaba mai dorewa.
Don ƙarin bayani ko tambaya Holmium barka da zuwatuntube mu
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Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-13-2024