Ana iya amfani da amfani da ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin ƙasa don tantance matakin masana'anta. Duk wani maɗaukaki, madaidaici, kuma kayan haɓakawa, abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, da kayan aiki ba za a iya raba su da ƙananan ƙarfe ba. Me yasa karfe daya ke sa wasu sun fi ku juriya da lalata? Shin kayan aikin injin iri ɗaya ne wanda wasu sun fi ku ɗorewa kuma daidai? Shin kuma kristal guda ɗaya ne wanda wasu za su iya kaiwa yanayin zafi mai girma na 1650 ° C? Me yasa gilashin wani ke da irin wannan babban ma'anar refractive? Me yasa Toyota zai iya cimma mafi girman ingancin zafin mota a duniya na 41%? Wadannan duk suna da alaƙa da aikace-aikacen karafa da ba kasafai ba.
Rare ƙasa karafa, wanda kuma aka sani da rare earth elements, su ne gama kai lokaci na 17 abubuwa nascandium, yttrium, da jerin lanthanide a cikin rukuni na lokaci-lokaci na IIIB, wanda R ko RE ke wakilta. Scandium da yttrium ana la'akari da abubuwan da ba su da yawa a duniya saboda galibi suna zama tare da abubuwan lanthanide a cikin ma'adinan ma'adinai kuma suna da sinadarai iri ɗaya.
Ba kamar sunansa ba, yawan abubuwan da ba kasafai ba (ban da promethium) a cikin ɓawon burodi yana da girma sosai, tare da matsayi na 25 na cerium a cikin yawan abubuwan ɓawon burodi, yana lissafin 0.0068% (kusa da jan karfe). Koyaya, saboda kaddarorinsa na geochemical, abubuwan da ba kasafai suke samun wadatuwa a duniya ba da kyar suke samun wadatuwa zuwa matakin tattalin arziki. Sunan abubuwan da ba a taɓa samun su ba ya samo asali ne daga ƙarancinsu. Ma'adinan ƙasa na farko da ɗan adam ya gano shi ne silicon beryllium yttrium ore da aka hako daga mahakar ma'adinai a ƙauyen Iterbi, Sweden, inda yawancin sunaye na ƙasa da ba kasafai suka samo asali ba.
Sunayensu da alamomin sinadarai suneSc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Yb, da Lu. Lambobin atomic ɗin su sune 21 (Sc), 39 (Y), 57 (La) zuwa 71 (Lu).
Tarihin Gano Abubuwan Abubuwan Duniya Rare
A shekara ta 1787, CA Arrhenius na Sweden ya sami wani baƙar fata da ba a saba gani ba a cikin ƙaramin garin Ytterby kusa da Stockholm. A cikin 1794, Finnish J. Gadolin ya ware wani sabon abu daga gare ta. Bayan shekaru uku (1797), AG Ekeberg na Sweden ya tabbatar da wannan binciken kuma ya sanyawa sabon sinadari yttria (yttrium earth) sunan wurin da aka gano shi. Daga baya, don ƙwaƙwalwar Gadolinite, ana kiran wannan nau'in tama mai suna gadolinite. A shekara ta 1803, masanan Jamusanci MH Klaproth, masanin kimiyar Sweden JJ Berzelius, da W. Hisinger sun gano wani sabon abu - ceria - daga tama (cerium silicate ore). A cikin 1839, Swede CG Mosander ya gano lanthanum. A cikin 1843, Musander ya sake gano terbium da erbium. A cikin 1878, Swiss Marinac ya gano ytterbium. A cikin 1879, Faransanci sun gano samarium, Yaren mutanen Sweden sun gano holium da thulium, da Sweden sun gano scandium. A cikin 1880, Swiss Marinac ya gano gadolinium. A cikin 1885, A. von Wels Bach na Austriya ya gano praseodymium da neodymium. A cikin 1886, Bouvabadrand ya gano dysprosium. A cikin 1901, mutumin Faransa EA Demarcay ya gano europium. A cikin 1907, mutumin Faransa G. Urban ya gano luteum. A cikin 1947, Amurkawa irin su JA Marinsky sun sami promethium daga samfuran uranium fission. Ya ɗauki sama da shekaru 150 daga rabuwar yttrium duniya da Gadolin ya yi a 1794 zuwa samar da promethium a 1947.
Aikace-aikacen Abubuwan Abubuwan Duniya Rare
Rare abubuwan duniyaana san su da "bitamin masana'antu" kuma suna da ingantattun abubuwan maganadisu, na gani, da lantarki, suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen haɓaka aikin samfur, haɓaka nau'ikan samfura, da haɓaka haɓakar samarwa. Saboda girman tasirin sa da ƙarancin sa, ƙasan da ba kasafai ba sun zama wani muhimmin kashi don haɓaka tsarin samfur, haɓaka abun ciki na fasaha, da haɓaka ci gaban fasahar masana'antu. An yi amfani da su sosai a fannoni kamar ƙarfe, soja, petrochemical, yumbun gilashi, aikin noma, da sabbin kayayyaki.
Masana'antar Karfe
Rare ƙasaan yi amfani da shi a fagen ƙarfe fiye da shekaru 30, kuma ya samar da ingantattun fasahohi da matakai. Aiwatar da ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin ƙarfe da karafa marasa ƙarfe babban fili ne mai faɗi da fa'ida mai fa'ida. Bugu da kari na kasa da kasa karafa, fluorides, da silicides zuwa karfe iya taka rawa a refining, desulfurization, neutralizing low narkewa batu cutarwa impurities, da kuma inganta aiki yi na karfe; Rare ƙasa silicon baƙin ƙarfe gami da rare ƙasa silicon magnesium gami ana amfani da spheroidizing jamiái don samar da kasa ductile baƙin ƙarfe rare. Saboda dacewarsu na musamman don samar da hadaddun ɓangarorin ƙarfe na ductile tare da buƙatu na musamman, ana amfani da irin wannan nau'in baƙin ƙarfe a cikin masana'antun masana'antu kamar motoci, tarakta, da injunan diesel; Ƙara karafan ƙasa da ba kasafai ba zuwa ga abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba irin su magnesium, aluminum, jan karfe, zinc, da nickel na iya inganta halayen zahiri da sinadarai na gami, tare da haɓaka zafin ɗakinsa da kaddarorin injina masu zafi.
Filin Soja
Saboda kyawawan kaddarorinsa na zahiri kamar photoelectricity da magnetism, ƙasan da ba kasafai ba na iya ƙirƙirar sabbin abubuwa iri-iri tare da kaddarorin daban-daban kuma suna haɓaka inganci da aikin sauran samfuran. Saboda haka, an san shi da "zinari na masana'antu". Da fari dai, ƙari na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba na iya haɓaka dabarun dabara na ƙarfe, gami da aluminium, gami da magnesium, gami da gami da titanium da ake amfani da su wajen kera tankuna, jiragen sama, da makamai masu linzami. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da ƙasan da ba kasafai ba a matsayin mai mai don manyan aikace-aikacen fasaha da yawa kamar na'urorin lantarki, lasers, masana'antar nukiliya, da haɓaka aiki. Da zarar an yi amfani da fasahar duniya da ba kasafai ake amfani da ita wajen aikin soja ba, to babu makawa za ta kawo wani gagarumin ci gaba a fasahar soja. A wata ma'ana, babban iko na sojojin Amurka a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na gida da yawa bayan yakin cacar baka, da kuma ikonsa na kashe abokan gaba ba tare da wani hukunci ba, ya samo asali ne daga fasahar duniya da ba kasafai ba, kamar Superman.
Masana'antar Petrochemical
Za a iya amfani da abubuwan da ba safai ba a cikin ƙasa don yin ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin masana'antar petrochemical, tare da fa'idodi kamar babban aiki, zaɓi mai kyau, da ƙarfin juriya ga guba mai nauyi. Saboda haka, sun maye gurbin aluminum silicate catalysts ga man fetur catalytic matakai fasa; A cikin aikin samar da ammonia roba, ana amfani da ƙaramin nitrate na ƙasa da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi azaman cocatalyst, kuma ƙarfin sarrafa iskar gas ɗinsa ya ninka na nickel aluminum mai haɓakawa da girma sau 1.5; A kan aiwatar da synthesizing cis-1,4-polybutadiene roba da isoprene roba, da samfurin samu ta yin amfani da wani rare duniya cycloalkanoate triisobutyl aluminum mai kara kuzari yana da kyau kwarai yi, tare da abũbuwan amfãni kamar m kayan aiki m rataye, barga aiki, da kuma short post-jiyya tsari. ; Hakanan za'a iya amfani da abubuwan da ba su da yawa a cikin ƙasa oxides a matsayin masu haɓakawa don tsarkake iskar gas daga injunan konewa na ciki, kuma ana iya amfani da cerium naphthenate azaman wakili mai bushewa.
Gilashi- yumbura
Aikace-aikacen abubuwan da ba kasafai ba a duniya a masana'antar gilashi da yumbu na kasar Sin ya karu da matsakaicin kashi 25% tun daga shekarar 1988, wanda ya kai kusan tan 1600 a shekarar 1998. Gilashin gilashin da ba kasafai ba ne kawai kayan yau da kullun na masana'antu da rayuwar yau da kullun ba, amma har ma babban memba na high-tech filin. Rare ƙasa oxides ko sarrafa rare ƙasa maida hankali za a iya amfani da ko'ina a matsayin polishing powders ga Tantancewar gilashin, spectacle ruwan tabarau, hoto tubes, oscilloscope tubes, lebur gilashi, filastik, da karfe tableware; A cikin aiwatar da gilashin narkewa, za a iya amfani da cerium dioxide don samun tasiri mai karfi akan ƙarfe, rage abun ciki na baƙin ƙarfe a cikin gilashin da kuma cimma burin cire launin kore daga gilashin; Ƙara ƙananan oxides na ƙasa na iya samar da gilashin gani da gilashi na musamman don dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da gilashin da zai iya sha hasken ultraviolet, gilashin acid da zafi mai zafi, gilashin X-ray, da dai sauransu; Ƙara abubuwan da ba kasafai ba a duniya zuwa yumbu da glaze na ain na iya rage rarrabuwar glazes kuma sanya samfuran su gabatar da launuka daban-daban da masu sheki, yana sa ana amfani da su sosai a masana'antar yumbu.
Noma
Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa abubuwan da ba su da yawa a duniya na iya ƙara yawan chlorophyll na shuke-shuke, haɓaka photosynthesis, haɓaka ci gaban tushen, da ƙara haɓakar abubuwan gina jiki ta tushen. Abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya suma na iya inganta ci gaban iri, da kara yawan fitowar iri, da inganta ci gaban seedling. Baya ga manyan ayyukan da aka ambata a sama, tana kuma da ikon haɓaka juriya na cututtuka, juriya na sanyi, da juriya na fari na wasu amfanin gona. Nazarin da yawa sun kuma nuna cewa yin amfani da abubuwan da suka dace na abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya na iya haɓaka sha, canzawa, da amfani da abubuwan gina jiki ta tsire-tsire. Fesa abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya na iya haɓaka abun ciki na Vc, jimlar abun ciki na sukari, da rabon acid acid na apple da 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus, haɓaka canza launin 'ya'yan itace da farkon ripening. Kuma yana iya kashe ƙarfin numfashi yayin ajiya kuma yana rage lalacewa.
Sabon filin kayan
Rare duniya neodymium baƙin ƙarfe boron m maganadisu abu, tare da high remanence, high coercivity, da kuma high Magnetic makamashi samfurin, ana amfani da ko'ina a cikin lantarki da Aerospace masana'antu da kuma tuki iska injin turbines (musamman dace da teku ikon shuke-shuke); Nau'in Garnet ferrite guda lu'ulu'u da polycrystals da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗuwa da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙasa da ferric oxide ana iya amfani da su a cikin injin lantarki da masana'antar lantarki; Yttrium aluminum garnet da neodymium gilashin da aka yi da babban-tsarki neodymium oxide za a iya amfani dashi azaman kayan laser mai ƙarfi; Rare earth hexaborides za a iya amfani da matsayin cathode kayan don electron watsi; Lanthanum nickel karfe sabon haɓaka kayan ajiyar hydrogen ne a cikin 1970s; Lanthanum chromate abu ne mai zafi mai zafi; A halin yanzu, ƙasashe a duniya sun sami ci gaba a cikin haɓaka kayan haɓakawa ta hanyar amfani da barium tushen oxides waɗanda aka gyara tare da abubuwan barium yttrium jan ƙarfe na oxygen, waɗanda ke iya samun superconductor a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na nitrogen. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a wuraren hasken haske ta hanyoyi kamar foda mai walƙiya, ƙãra foda mai kyalli, foda mai launi uku na farko, da kuma kwafin foda (amma saboda tsadar farashin da ya haifar da hauhawar farashin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba). aikace-aikacen su a cikin hasken wuta suna raguwa sannu a hankali), da kuma samfuran lantarki kamar su talabijin da allunan tsinkaya; A cikin aikin noma, sanya adadin nitrate na ƙasa da ba kasafai ba a cikin amfanin gona na iya ƙara yawan amfanin gona da kashi 5-10%; A cikin masana'antar masana'anta mai haske, chlorides na ƙasa da ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba a ko'ina a cikin gashin gashi, rini na Jawo, rini na ulu, da rini na kafet; Za a iya amfani da abubuwan da ba safai ba a cikin ƙasa a cikin injina masu juyawa don canza manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa zuwa mahadi marasa guba yayin sharar injin.
Sauran aikace-aikace
Hakanan ana amfani da abubuwan da ba kasafai ba a kan samfuran dijital daban-daban, gami da audiovisual, daukar hoto, da na'urorin sadarwa, saduwa da buƙatu da yawa kamar ƙarami, sauri, haske, tsawon lokacin amfani, da adana makamashi. A lokaci guda, an kuma yi amfani da shi a fannoni da yawa kamar makamashin kore, kiwon lafiya, tsaftace ruwa, da sufuri.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-16-2023