Hafniumna iya samar da allurai tare da wasu karafa, mafi yawan wakilcin su shine hafnium tantalum alloy, irin su pentacarbide tetratantalum da hafnium (Ta4HfC5), wanda ke da babban narkewa. Matsakaicin narkewa na pentacarbide tetratantalum da hafnium na iya kaiwa 4215 ℃, yana mai da shi abin da aka sani a halin yanzu tare da mafi girman wurin narkewa.
Hafnium, tare da alamar sinadarai Hf, wani ƙarfe ne na ƙarfe wanda ke cikin nau'in ƙarfe na canji. Siffar sa na farko shine launin toka na azurfa kuma yana da kyalli na ƙarfe. Yana da taurin Mohs na 5.5, wurin narkewa na 2233 ℃, kuma filastik ne. Hafnium na iya samar da suturar oxide a cikin iska, kuma kaddarorinsa sun tsaya tsayin daka a cikin zafin jiki. Hafnium mai foda na iya kunna wuta ba tare da bata lokaci ba a cikin iska, kuma yana iya amsawa da iskar oxygen da nitrogen a yanayin zafi mai yawa. Hafnium baya amsawa da ruwa, tsarma acid kamar hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, da maganin alkaline mai ƙarfi. Yana narkewa a cikin acid mai ƙarfi irin su aqua regia da hydrofluoric acid, kuma yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata.
SinadarinzafiAn gano shi a cikin 1923. Hafnium yana da ƙananan abun ciki a cikin ɓawon burodi na duniya, kawai 0.00045%. Gabaɗaya ana haɗa shi da ƙarfe zirconium kuma ba shi da ma'auni daban. Ana iya samun Hafnium a mafi yawan ma'adinan zirconium, irin su beryllium zircon, zircon, da sauran ma'adanai. Na farko nau'ikan Ores suna da babban abun ciki na Hafnium amma ƙananan ajiyar kaya, da kuma zircon shine babban tushen tushen Hafnium. A ma'aunin duniya, jimillar albarkatun hafnium sun haura tan miliyan 1. Kasashen da ke da babban tanadi sun hada da Afirka ta Kudu, Australia, Amurka, Brazil, Indiya, da sauran yankuna. Ana kuma rarraba ma'adinan Hafnium a Guangxi da sauran yankuna na kasar Sin.
A shekara ta 1925, masana kimiyya biyu daga Sweden da Netherlands sun gano sinadarin hafnium kuma sun shirya ƙarfe hafnium ta hanyar amfani da hanyar hadaddun gishiri mai juzu'i da kuma hanyar rage sodium karfe. Hafnium yana da sifofi kristal guda biyu kuma yana nuna marufi mai yawa hexagonal a yanayin zafi ƙasa da 1300 ℃（ α- Lokacin da zafin jiki ya wuce 1300 ℃, yana nunawa azaman siffa mai siffar siffar jiki (β- Equation). Har ila yau, Hafnium yana da tsayayyen isotopes guda shida, wato hafnium 174, hafnium 176, hafnium 177, hafnium 178, hafnium 179, da hafnium 180. A duniya baki daya, Amurka da Faransa sune kan gaba wajen samar da karfen hafnium.
Babban mahadi na hafnium sun haɗa dahafnium dioxidee (HfO2), hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4), da hafnium hydroxide (H4HfO4). Ana iya amfani da Hafnium dioxide da hafnium tetrachloride don samar da ƙarfezafi, hafnium dioxideHakanan za'a iya amfani dashi don shirya hafnium gami, kuma ana iya amfani da hafnium hydroxide don shirya mahaɗan hafnium daban-daban. Hafnium na iya samar da allurai tare da wasu karafa, wanda mafi yawan wakilcin su shine hafnium tantalum gami, irin su pentacarbide tetratantalum da hafnium (Ta4HfC5), wanda ke da babban wurin narkewa. Matsakaicin narkewa na pentacarbide tetratantalum da hafnium na iya kaiwa 4215 ℃, yana mai da shi abin da aka sani a halin yanzu tare da mafi girman wurin narkewa.
Dangane da rahoton "Binciken Zurfafa Kasuwa na 2022-2026 da Ba da Shawarwari Daban Zuba Jari kan Masana'antar Hafnium Masana'antu" wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Masana'antu ta Xinjie ta fitar, ana iya amfani da hafnium na ƙarfe don kera filament fitilun fitilu, cathodes na X-ray, da dielectrics gate ɗin sarrafawa. ; Hafnium tungsten gami da hafnium molybdenum gami da hafnium molybdenum gami za a iya amfani da su ƙera high-voltage fitarwa tube electrodes, yayin da hafnium tantalum gami za a iya amfani da su samar da juriya kayayyakin da kayan aiki karfe; Carbide (HfC) za a iya amfani da roka nozzles da jirgin sama gaba da kariya yadudduka, yayin da hafnium boride (HfB2) za a iya amfani da a matsayin high-zazzabi gami; Bugu da kari, karfe hafnium yana da babban sashin shayarwar neutron kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman kayan sarrafawa da na'urar kariya don injin atomatik.
Manazarta masana'antu daga Xinsijie ya bayyana cewa, saboda fa'idodin da ke tattare da juriya na iskar oxygen, juriya na lalata, juriya mai zafi, da sauƙin sarrafawa, hafnium yana da nau'ikan aikace-aikacen ƙasa da yawa a cikin karafa, gami, mahadi, da sauran fannoni, kamar kayan lantarki. kayan juriya masu zafi, kayan gami da ƙarfi, da kayan makamashin atomic. Tare da saurin ci gaban masana'antu irin su sabbin kayan aiki, bayanan lantarki, da sararin samaniya, filayen aikace-aikacen hafnium suna ci gaba da haɓakawa, kuma sabbin samfuran suna fitowa koyaushe. Abubuwan ci gaba na gaba suna da ban sha'awa.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-27-2023