AMisali na kowa shine cewa idan mai shine jinin masana'antu, tokasa kasashine bitamin na masana'antu.
Rare ƙasashi ne taƙaitaccen rukuni na karafa.Rare DuniyaElements,REE) an gano su daya bayan daya tun karshen karni na 18. Akwai nau'ikan REE guda 17, gami da lanthanides 15 a cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci na abubuwan sinadarai-lantanum(La)cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm), da sauransu A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da shi sosai a fannoni da yawa kamar kayan lantarki, sinadarai da kuma ƙarfe. Kusan kowace shekara 3-5, masana kimiyya za su iya gano sabbin abubuwan amfani da ƙasa da ba kasafai suke amfani da su ba, kuma ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ƙirƙira shida ba za a iya raba su ba.kasa kasa.
Kasar Sin tana da arziki a cikikasa kasama'adanai, matsayi na farko a cikin duniya uku: na farko a cikin albarkatun albarkatun kasa, yana kimanin kashi 23%; Fitowar ita ce ta farko, wanda ya kai kashi 80% zuwa 90% na kayayyakin da ba kasafai ake samun su a duniya ba; Girman tallace-tallace shine na farko, tare da kashi 60% zuwa 70% na samfuran ƙasa da ba kasafai ake fitarwa waje ba. A sa'i daya kuma, kasar Sin ita ce kasa daya tilo da za ta iya samar da dukkan nau'o'in karafa 17 na kasa da ba kasafai ba, musamman matsakaita da nauyi.kasa raretare da yin amfani da soja mai ban sha'awa. Rabon China yana da kishi.
Rduniya newata hanya ce mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, wadda aka sani da "masana'antu monosodium glutamate" da "mahaifiyar sababbin kayan aiki", kuma ana amfani da ita sosai a fannin kimiyya da fasaha da masana'antu na soja. A cewar ma'aikatar masana'antu da fasahar watsa labaru, kayan aiki irin sukasa kasam maganadisu, luminescence, hydrogen ajiya da catalysis sun zama makawa albarkatun kasa ga high-tech masana'antu kamar ci-gaba kayan aiki masana'antu, sabon makamashi da kunno kai masana'antu.It kuma an yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin Electronics, petrochemical masana'antu, karfe, inji, sabon makamashi, haske. masana'antu, kare muhalli, noma da sauransu. .
A farkon 1983, Japan ta gabatar da tsarin tanadin dabaru don ma'adanai masu ƙarancin ƙarfi, da 83% na cikin gida.kasa rareya zo daga China.
Dubi Amurka kuma, takasa kasaajiyar ya kasance na biyu kawai ga China, amma takasa rareduk haske nekasa rare, wanda aka raba zuwa nauyikasa rareda haske rare kasa. Mai nauyikasa raresuna da tsada sosai, kuma ƙasan da ba kasafai ke da haske ba ba su da tattalin arziki a gare ni, wanda aka mayar da shi na bogikasa kasas da mutane a cikin masana'antu. 80% na Amurkakasa kasashigo da kaya daga China.
Kwamared Deng Xiaoping ya taba cewa: "Akwai mai a Gabas ta Tsakiya kumakasa rareA kasar Sin." Ma'anar kalmominsa a bayyane take. Ƙasar da ba kasafai ba ce kawai "MSG" da ake bukata don 1/5 kayayyakin fasahar zamani a duniya ba, har ma yana da karfin ciniki ga kasar Sin a teburin tattaunawa a duniya. Kare da kuma amfani da kimiyyakasa kasaalbarkatun, Ya zama wata ƙasa dabarun kira ga mutane da yawa masu girman kai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don hana mai darajakasa kasaalbarkatun da ake sayar da su a makance da fitar da su zuwa kasashen yamma. A shekarar 1992, Deng Xiaoping ya bayyana karara matsayin kasar Sin a matsayin babban matsayikasa kasakasa.
Jerin amfani na 17 rare earths
1.lantanumana amfani dashi a kayan gami da fina-finan noma
2.Ceriumana amfani da shi sosai a gilashin mota
3 praseodymiumana amfani da shi sosai a cikin yumbu pigments
4.Neodymiumana amfani da shi sosai a cikin kayan sararin samaniya
5 .Promethium yana samar da makamashin taimako don tauraron dan adam
6.Aikace-aikacenSamariumAbubuwan da aka bayar na Atomic Energy Reactor
7Europiummasana'anta ruwan tabarau da ruwa crystal nuni
8.Gadoliniumga likita maganadisu rawa Hoto
9.Terbiumana amfani da shi wajen sarrafa regulator na jirgin sama
10.Erbiumana amfani da shi a cikin zangon laser a cikin harkokin soja
11.Dysprosiumana amfani da shi azaman tushen haske don fim da bugu
12 .Holmiumana amfani da shi don kera na'urorin sadarwa na gani
13 .Thuliumana amfani da shi don ganewar asibiti da kuma kula da ciwace-ciwacen daji
14.Ytterbiumƙari don abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta
15.Aikace-aikacenLutiuma fasahar baturi makamashi
16.Yttriumyana sanya wayoyi da karfin jirgin sama kayan aikin
17.Scandiumana yawan amfani dashi don yin gami
Cikakkun bayanai sune kamar haka:
1
Lanthanum(LA)
A cikin Gulf War, na'urar hangen nesa na dare tare dakasa kasakashilantanumya zama babban tushen tankunan Amurka. Hoton da ke sama ya nunalanthanum chloridefoda (Data map)
LanthanumAna amfani da ko'ina a cikin kayan piezoelectric, kayan electrothermal, kayan thermoelectric, kayan magnetoresistive, kayan luminescent (blue foda), kayan ajiya na hydrogen, gilashin gani, kayan laser, kayan gami daban-daban, da sauransu.LanthanumHakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin abubuwan haɓaka don shirya samfuran sinadarai da yawa, masana kimiyya sun ambatalantanum"Super calcium" don tasirinsa akan amfanin gona.
2
Cerium(CE)
Ceriumza a iya amfani da a matsayin mai kara kuzari, baka electrode da musamman gilashi.Cerium gamiyana da juriya ga zafi mai zafi kuma ana iya amfani dashi don yin sassan jigilar jet (Taswirar bayanai)
(1)Cerium, a matsayin gilashin ƙararrawa, zai iya ɗaukar ultraviolet da infrared haskoki, kuma an yi amfani dashi sosai a cikin gilashin mota.Ba zai iya hana haskoki na ultraviolet kawai ba, amma kuma ya rage yawan zafin jiki a cikin motar, don ajiye wutar lantarki don kwantar da iska.Tun daga 1997. , an ƙara ceria zuwa duk gilashin mota a Japan. A cikin 1996, an yi amfani da aƙalla tan 2000 na ceria a gilashin mota, kuma fiye da ton 1000 a Amurka.
(2) A halin yanzu.ceriumAna amfani da shi a cikin abin da zai iya hana fitar da iskar hayaki mai yawa a cikin iska. Amfani daCeriuma Amurka lissafin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar yawan amfani dakasa kasa.
(3) Ana iya amfani da Cerium sulfide a cikin launi maimakon gubar, cadmium da sauran karafa masu illa ga muhalli da dan Adam. Ana iya amfani dashi don canza launin robobi, sutura, tawada da masana'antar takarda. A halin yanzu, babban kamfani shine Rhone Planck na Faransa.
(4) AZ: LiSAF Laser Laser ne m-jihar Laser ci gaba da Amurka. Ana iya amfani da shi don gano makamai masu rai da magani ta hanyar lura da maida hankali na tryptophan.Ceriumana amfani da shi sosai a fagage da yawa. Kusan duk aikace-aikacen duniya da ba kasafai ba sun ƙunshicerium.Kamar polishing foda, hydrogen ajiya kayan, thermoelectric kayan,ceriumtungsten lantarki, yumbu capacitors, piezoelectric yumbu,cerium siliki carbideabrasives, man fetur albarkatun kasa, fetur catalysts, wasu m Magnetic kayan, daban-daban gami karfe da kuma wadanda ba Ferrous karafa.
3
Praseodymium(PR)
(1)Praseodymiumana amfani da shi sosai wajen gina yumbu da yumbu na yau da kullun. Ana iya haɗa shi da yumbu glaze don yin glaze mai launi, kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman launin ruwan kasa. Alamun launin rawaya ne mai haske tare da launi mai tsafta da kyan gani.
(2) Ana amfani da shi don kera magnetai na dindindin.Amfani da arhapraseodymiumkumaneodymium karfemaimakon TsarkakewaNeodymium karfeDon yin abubuwan maganadisu na dindindin, juriyar iskar oxygen da kaddarorin injinan suna ingantawa, kuma ana iya sarrafa shi zuwa nau'ikan maganadisu daban-daban. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin na'urorin lantarki da injina daban-daban.
(3) An yi amfani da shi a cikin fashewar kuzarin mai. Za'a iya inganta ayyukan, zaɓi da kwanciyar hankali na mai kara kuzari ta hanyar ƙara haɓakawa.praseodymiumkumaneodymiumcikin Y zeolite molecular sieve don shirya mai kara kuzari. Kasar Sin ta fara amfani da masana'antu a shekarun 1970, kuma yawan amfani da shi yana karuwa.
(4)PraseodymiumHakanan za'a iya amfani dashi don goge goge.praseodymiumana amfani dashi sosai a filin fiber na gani.
4
Neodymium(nd)
Me yasa za'a fara samo tankin M1? Tankin yana sanye da Nd: YAG Laser rangefinder, wanda zai iya kaiwa kusan mita 4000 a cikin hasken rana (Taswirar bayanai)
Tare da haihuwarpraseodymium,neodymiumya shigo ciki. Zuwan neodymium ya kunnakasa kasafilin, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a filin da ba kasafai ba, kuma ya yi tasiri gakasa kasakasuwa.
Neodymiumya zama wuri mai zafi a kasuwa tsawon shekaru da yawa saboda matsayinsa na musamman a fagenkasa rare.Mafi girman mai amfani daneodymium karfeshine NdFeB kayan maganadisu na dindindin. Zuwan NdFeB maganadisu na dindindin ya sanya sabon kuzari a cikin filin fasaha na duniya da ba kasafai ba. NdFeB maganadisu ana kiransa "sarkin na dindindin maganadiso" saboda da high Magnetic makamashi samfurin.It ana amfani da ko'ina a Electronics, inji da sauran masana'antu domin ta kyakkyawan yi. Nasarar ci gaban Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ya nuna cewa magnetic Properties na NdFeB maganadiso a kasar Sin sun shiga matakin duniya.Neodymium is kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba. Ƙara 1.5-2.5% neodymium a cikin magnesium ko aluminum gami zai iya inganta aikin zafin jiki mai girma, haɓakar iska da juriya na lalata. Bugu da ƙari, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet yana samar da katako na laser gajere, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai wajen waldawa da yanke kayan bakin ciki tare da kauri a kasa 10mm a masana'antu. A cikin jiyya, Nd: Ana amfani da laser YAG don cire tiyata ko kashe raunuka maimakon fatar fata.NeodymiumHakanan ana amfani dashi don canza launin gilashin da kayan yumbu kuma azaman ƙari don samfuran roba.
5
Promethium (Pm)
Promethium wani nau'in rediyo ne na wucin gadi wanda masu sarrafa makamashin nukiliya ke samarwa (taswirar bayanai)
(1) Ana iya amfani dashi azaman tushen zafi. Samar da makamashin taimako don gano injin da kuma tauraron dan adam.
(2) Pm147 yana fitar da ƙananan makamashi β-rays, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don kera batirin kumfa. Kamar yadda ake samar da wutar lantarki na kayan jagora na makamai masu linzami da agogo. Irin wannan baturi ƙarami ne kuma ana iya amfani dashi akai-akai har tsawon shekaru da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, ana kuma amfani da promethium a cikin kayan aikin X-ray mai ɗaukar hoto, shirye-shiryen phosphor, auna kauri da fitilar fitila.
6
Samarium(Sm)
Metal samarium(taswirar bayanai)
Smrawaya ne mai haske, kuma shine albarkatun kasa na Sm-Co na dindindin maganadisu, kuma Sm-Co maganadisu shine farkon magnet ɗin duniya da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi a masana'antu ba. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan maganadisu na dindindin: tsarin SmCo5 da tsarin Sm2Co17. A farkon 1970s, an ƙirƙira tsarin SmCo5, kuma an ƙirƙiri tsarin Sm2Co17 a cikin lokacin baya. Yanzu bukatar na karshen an ba da fifiko. Tsabtace tasamarium oxideamfani asamariMagnet na cobalt bai buƙatar yin tsayi da yawa ba. La'akari da farashin, Yafi amfani game da 95% na kayayyakin. Bugu da kari,samarium oxideHakanan ana amfani dashi a cikin capacitors na yumbura da masu haɓakawa. Bugu da kari,samariyana da kaddarorin nukiliya, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman kayan gini, kayan kariya da kayan sarrafawa don injinan makamashin nukiliya, ta yadda za a iya amfani da babban makamashin da ke haifar da fission na nukiliya cikin aminci.
7
Europium(Eu)
Europium oxidefoda (taswirar bayanai)
Europium oxidegalibi ana amfani dashi don phosphor (taswirar bayanai)
A cikin 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay ya gano wani sabon abu daga "samari", mai sunaEuropium. Wataƙila ana kiran wannan da kalmar Turai.Europium oxideyawanci ana amfani da foda mai kyalli. Ana amfani da Eu3+ azaman mai kunnawa jan phosphor, kuma Eu2+ ana amfani dashi azaman shuɗi phosphor. Yanzu Y2O2S:Eu3+ shine mafi kyawun phosphor a cikin ingantaccen haske, kwanciyar hankali na rufi da farashin sake amfani da shi. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da shi sosai saboda haɓaka fasahar fasaha kamar haɓaka haɓakar haske da bambanci.Europium oxidean kuma yi amfani da shi azaman ƙarar phosphor don sabon tsarin gano cutar X-ray a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.Europium oxideHakanan za'a iya amfani dashi don kera ruwan tabarau masu launi da matattarar gani, don na'urorin ajiyar kumfa na Magnetic, Hakanan yana iya nuna iyawar sa a cikin kayan sarrafawa, kayan kariya da kayan tsarin kayan injin atomatik.
8
Gadolinium(Gd)
Gadoliniumkuma isotopes ɗin sa sune mafi inganci masu ɗaukar neutron kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman masu hana makaman nukiliya. (taswirar bayanai)
(1) Rukunin paramagnetic mai narkewar ruwa na iya haɓaka siginar hoto na NMR na jikin ɗan adam a cikin jiyya.
(2) Ana iya amfani da sulfur oxide ɗinsa azaman grid na oscilloscope tube da allon X-ray tare da haske na musamman.
(3)Gadolinium in GadoliniumGallium Garnet shine manufa guda ɗaya don ƙwaƙwalwar kumfa.
(4) Ana iya amfani da shi azaman matsakaici mai ƙarfi na maganadisu ba tare da ƙuntatawa na sake zagayowar Camot ba.
(5) Ana amfani da shi azaman mai hanawa don sarrafa matakin amsawar sarkar makamashin nukiliya don tabbatar da amincin halayen nukiliya.
(6) Ana amfani dashi azaman ƙari nasamariMagnet na cobalt don tabbatar da cewa aikin ba ya canzawa tare da zafin jiki.
9
Terbium(Tb)
Terbium oxidefoda (taswirar bayanai)
Aikace-aikace naterbiumgalibi ya shafi fannin fasahar kere-kere, wanda wani aiki ne mai cike da fasaha da ilimi, da kuma aikin da ke da fa'idar tattalin arziki mai ban mamaki, tare da kyakkyawan ci gaba.
(1) Ana amfani da Phosphors azaman masu kunnawa na foda kore a cikin phosphor tricolor, kamar terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix daterbium-aiki cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, wanda duk ke fitar da koren haske a cikin yanayin farin ciki.
(2) Magneto-Otical ajiya kayan. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, terbium magneto-optical kayan sun kai sikelin samar da taro. Ana amfani da fayafai na Magneto-optical fayafai da aka yi da fina-finan amorphous Tb-Fe azaman abubuwan ajiyar kwamfuta, kuma ƙarfin ajiya yana ƙaruwa sau 10 ~ 15.
(3) Magneto-Optical gilashin,terbium-mai dauke da gilashin jujjuyawa na Faraday shine mabuɗin kayan aiki don kera rotators, masu keɓancewa da masu kashewa waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a cikin fasahar laser. Musamman, ci gaban TerFenol ya buɗe sabon aikace-aikacen Terfenol, wanda shine sabon abu da aka gano a cikin 1970s. Rabin wannan gami ya ƙunshiterbiumkumadysprosium, wani lokacin tare daholmiumsauran kuma baƙin ƙarfe ne.Ames Laboratory ne ya fara kera wannan alloy a Iowa, Amurka. Lokacin da aka sanya Terfenol a cikin filin maganadisu, girmansa yana canzawa fiye da na kayan maganadisu na yau da kullun, wanda zai iya yin wasu takamaiman motsi na inji mai yiwuwa. Terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe ne yafi amfani a sonar da farko, kuma an yi amfani da ko'ina a da yawa filayen a halin yanzu.Daga man allura tsarin, ruwa bawul iko, micro-matsayi, to inji actuators, inji da regulators for jirgin sama telescopes.
10
Dysprosium(Dy)
Metal dysprosium(taswirar bayanai)
(1) A matsayin ƙari na NdFeB maganadisu na dindindin, yana ƙara kusan 2 ~ 3%dysprosiumzuwa wannan maganadisu na iya inganta ƙarfin tilastawa. A baya, da bukatardysprosiumba babba ba ne, amma tare da karuwar buƙatun maganadisu na NdFeB, ya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci, kuma matakin dole ne ya kasance kusan 95 ~ 99.9%, kuma buƙatun kuma ya ƙaru da sauri.
(2)Dysprosiumana amfani dashi azaman mai kunna phosphor. Trivalentdysprosiumion ne mai ban sha'awa mai kunnawa na kayan luminescent tricolor tare da cibiyar haske ɗaya. Yana da akasari ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu na ɓadaki biyu, ɗayan shine hasken wutar haske, ɗayan shine hasken wuta mai haske. The luminescent kayan doped tare dadysprosiumza a iya amfani da su azaman tricolor phosphor.
(3)Dysprosiumshi ne zama dole karfe albarkatun kasa shirya Terfenol gami a magnetostrictive gami, wanda zai iya gane wasu daidai ayyukan inji motsi.
(4)Dysprosium karfeza a iya amfani da matsayin magneto-Optical ajiya kayan tare da babban rikodi gudun da karatu hankali.
(5) Amfani da shi a cikin shirye-shiryendysprosiumfitilu, kayan aiki da ake amfani da su a cikidysprosiumfitilu shine dysprosium iodide, wanda yana da fa'idodi na babban haske, launi mai kyau, yanayin zafi mai launi, ƙaramin girman, barga arc da sauransu, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen haske don fim da bugu.
(6)Dysprosiumana amfani da shi don auna bakan makamashi na neutron ko azaman abin sha a cikin masana'antar makamashin atomic saboda babban yanki mai kama da neutron.
(7)Dy3Al5O12 kuma za'a iya amfani dashi azaman kayan aikin maganadisu don firiji na maganadisu. Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha, da aikace-aikace filayen nadysprosiumza a ci gaba da fadadawa da fadadawa.
11
Holmium(Ho)
Ho-Fe alloy(taswirar bayanai)
A halin yanzu, filin aikace-aikacen ƙarfe yana buƙatar haɓaka haɓaka, kuma amfani ba shi da girma sosai. Kwanan nan, daRare DuniyaCibiyar Bincike ta Baotou Karfe ta karbi babban zafin jiki da fasaha mai tsabta mai tsabta, kuma ya haɓaka ƙarfe mai tsabta Qin Ho /> RE> 99.9% tare da ƙananan abun ciki na marasa-kasa kasakazanta.
A halin yanzu, babban amfani da makullai sune:
(1) A matsayin ƙari na fitilar halogen na ƙarfe, fitilar halogen na ƙarfe wani nau'in fitilar iskar gas ne, wanda aka haɓaka akan fitilar mercury mai ƙarfi, kuma yanayinsa shine kwan fitila yana cike da nau'ikan.kasa kasah halide. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da iodide na ƙasa da ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba, waɗanda ke fitar da layukan gani daban-daban lokacin fitar da iskar gas. Abun aiki da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin fitilar baƙin ƙarfe shine qiniodide, ana iya samun babban taro na atom ɗin ƙarfe a cikin yankin arc, don haka inganta ingantaccen aikin radiation.
(2) Ana iya amfani da ƙarfe azaman ƙari don yin rikodin ƙarfe ko garnet na aluminum
(3) Khin-doped aluminum garnet (Ho: YAG) na iya fitar da 2um Laser, kuma yawan shan Laser 2um ta kyallen jikin mutum yana da girma, kusan umarni uku masu girma fiye da na Hd: YAG. Sabili da haka, lokacin amfani da Ho: YAG Laser don aikin likita, ba kawai zai iya inganta ingantaccen aiki da daidaito ba, har ma ya rage yankin lalacewar thermal zuwa ƙaramin girman. Ƙaƙwalwar kyauta ta hanyar kulle crystal na iya kawar da mai ba tare da haifar da zafi mai yawa ba, Domin rage lalacewar thermal ga kyallen takarda masu kyau, an ruwaito cewa w-laser na glaucoma a Amurka zai iya rage zafin tiyata. na 2um Laser crystal a kasar Sin ya kai matakin kasa da kasa, don haka wajibi ne a bunkasa da kuma samar da irin wannan nau'i na Laser crystal.
(4) Hakanan za'a iya ƙara ƙaramin adadin Cr cikin magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D don rage filin waje da ake buƙata don magnetization jikewa.
(5) Bugu da ƙari, za a iya amfani da fiber doped baƙin ƙarfe don yin fiber Laser, fiber amplifier, fiber sensor da sauran na'urorin sadarwa na gani, wanda zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin saurin sadarwar fiber na gani a yau.
12
Erbium(ER)
Erbium oxidefoda (bayanin bayanai)
(1) Hasken haske na Er3 + a 1550nm yana da mahimmanci na musamman, saboda wannan tsayin daka yana samuwa a mafi ƙarancin asarar fiber na gani a cikin sadarwar fiber na gani. Bayan an yi farin ciki da hasken 980nm da 1480nm, koto (Er3 +) yana wucewa daga ƙasa ƙasa 4115/2 zuwa yanayin makamashi mai ƙarfi 4I13 / 2. Lokacin da Er3 + a cikin babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya koma yanayin ƙasa, yana fitar da haske 1550nm. Ma'adini fiber na iya watsa haske na daban-daban wavelengths, duk da haka, da Tantancewar attenuation kudi na 1550nm band ne mafi ƙasƙanci (0.15 dB / km), wanda shi ne kusan ƙananan iyaka attenuation rate.Saboda haka, da Tantancewar asarar Tantancewar fiber sadarwa ne m lokacin da. ana amfani da shi azaman siginar sigina a 1550 nm. Ta wannan hanyar, idan an gauraye ma'aunin koto a cikin matrix da ya dace, amplifier na iya rama asarar da ke cikin tsarin sadarwa bisa ga ka'idar laser, Don haka, a cikin hanyar sadarwar sadarwa wacce ke buƙatar haɓaka siginar gani na 1550nm, bait doped fiber amplifier shine ainihin na'urar gani. A halin yanzu, bait doped silica fiber amplifier an sayar da shi.An ba da rahoton cewa don guje wa sha mara amfani, adadin doped a cikin fiber na gani ya kai dubun zuwa ɗaruruwan ppm. Saurin haɓaka sadarwar fiber na gani zai buɗe sabbin filayen aikace-aikace. .
(2) (2) Bugu da kari, koto doped Laser crystal da fitarwa 1730nm Laser da 1550nm Laser amintattu ne ga idanun ɗan adam, kyakkyawan aikin watsa yanayi, ƙarfin shigar da hayaki na fagen fama, tsaro mai kyau, ba sauƙin ganowa ta hanyar abokan gaba, da kuma bambanci na radiation na hare-haren soja yana da girma. An yi shi ya zama abin gano na'ura mai ɗaukar hoto na Laser wanda ke da aminci ga idanun ɗan adam wajen amfani da sojoji.
(3) (3) Er3 + za a iya ƙara a cikin gilashin don yin rare duniya gilashin Laser abu, wanda shi ne m Laser abu tare da mafi girma fitarwa bugun jini makamashi da kuma mafi girma fitarwa ikon.
(4) Er3 + kuma ana iya amfani dashi azaman ion mai aiki a cikikasa kasaupconversion Laser kayan.
(5) (5) Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da koto don lalata launi da canza launin gilashin gilashi da gilashin crystal.
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Thulium(TM)
Bayan da aka lalatar da shi a cikin injin nukiliya.thuliumyana samar da isotope wanda zai iya fitar da X-ray, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman tushen X-ray mai ɗaukar hoto (Taswirar bayanai)
(1)Thuliumana amfani da shi azaman tushen ray na injin X-ray mai ɗaukar hoto. Bayan da aka kunna wuta a cikin injin nukiliya, TM yana samar da wani nau'in isotope wanda zai iya fitar da X-ray, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don yin iska mai ɗaukar jini. Irin wannan na'urar rediyo na iya canza yu-169 zuwa TM-170 a ƙarƙashin aikin katako mai tsayi da na tsakiya, kuma yana haskaka X-ray don haskaka jini da rage fararen jini. Wadannan fararen jini ne ke haifar da kin dashen gabobin, don rage kin amincewar gabobi da wuri.
(2) (2)ThuliumHakanan za'a iya amfani dashi a asibiti ganewar asali da kuma kula da ciwon daji saboda babban kusanci ga ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ƙasa mai nauyi mai nauyi ta fi dacewa fiye da haske.kasa kasa, musamman alakar Yu ita ce mafi girma.
(3) (3) Ana amfani da X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (blue) azaman activator a cikin phosphor na X-ray sensitization allon don inganta na gani ji na gani, don haka rage fallasa da cutar da X-ray ga mutane × Adadin radiation shine 50%, wanda yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci a aikace-aikacen likita.
(4) (4) Ana iya amfani da fitilar halide na ƙarfe azaman ƙari a cikin sabon tushen haske.
(5) (5) Tm3 + za a iya ƙara a cikin gilashin don yin rare duniya gilashin Laser abu, wanda shi ne m-jihar Laser abu da most fitarwa bugun jini da mafi girma fitarwa power.Tm3 + kuma za a iya amfani da matsayin kunnawa ion. na rare duniya upconversion Laser kayan.
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Ytterbium(Yb)
Ytterbium karfe(taswirar bayanai)
(1) Kamar yadda thermal garkuwa shafi material.The sakamakon nuna cewa madubi iya inganta lalata juriya na electrodeposited tutiya shafi a fili, da kuma hatsi girman shafi da madubi ne karami fiye da na shafi ba tare da madubi.
(2) Kamar yadda magnetostrictive abu.Wannan abu yana da halaye na giant magnetostriction, wato, fadadawa a cikin Magnetic filin. The gami da yafi hada da madubi / ferrite gami da dysprosium / ferrite gami, da kuma wani rabo na manganese da aka kara don samar da. giant magnetostriction.
(3) Abun madubi da ake amfani dashi don auna matsi. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa halayen madubi yana da girma a cikin kewayon matsi, wanda ke buɗe sabuwar hanya don aikace-aikacen madubi a ma'aunin matsi.
(4) Cika tushen resin don kogon molars don maye gurbin amalgam na azurfa da aka saba amfani da su a baya.
(5) Malaman kasar Japan sun yi nasarar kammala shirye-shiryen da aka yi da madubi-doped vanadium baht garnet da aka saka layin waveguide Laser, wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban fasahar Laser. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da madubi don kunna mai kunnawa foda, yumbu na rediyo, kayan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta na lantarki (maganin kumfa) ƙari, ƙwayar fiber gilashi da ƙari na gilashin gani, da dai sauransu.
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Lutetium(Lu)
Lutetium oxidefoda (taswirar bayanai)
Yttrium lutium silicate crystal (taswirar bayanai)
(1) sanya wasu allurai na musamman. Misali, ana iya amfani da gawa na lutium aluminium don nazarin kunna aikin neutron.
(2) Kwanciyar hankaliLutiumnuclides suna taka rawar gani a cikin fashewar man fetur, alkylation, hydrogenation da polymerization.
(3) Ƙarin ƙarfe na yttrium ko yttrium aluminum garnet na iya inganta wasu kaddarorin.
(4) Raw kayan na Magnetic kumfa tafki.
(5) Ƙa'idar aiki mai haɗaka, lutium-doped aluminum yttrium neodymium tetraborate, yana cikin filin fasaha na maganin gishiri mai sanyaya ci gaban crystal. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa lutium-doped NYAB crystal ya fi NYAB crystal a cikin daidaituwar gani da aikin laser.
(6) An gano cewaLutiumyana da yuwuwar aikace-aikace a cikin nunin electrochromic da ƙananan na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto. Bugu da kari,LutiumHakanan ana amfani dashi a fasahar batirin makamashi da mai kunna phosphor.
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Yttrium(y)
YttriumAna amfani da shi sosai, yttrium aluminum garnet za a iya amfani dashi azaman kayan laser, yttrium iron garnet ana amfani dashi don fasahar microwave da canjin makamashi mai sauti, da europium-doped yttrium vanadate da europium-doped.yttrium oxideana amfani da su azaman phosphor don saitin TV masu launi. (taswirar bayanai)
(1) Additives ga karfe da kuma wadanda ba na ƙarfe gami. FeCr gami yawanci ya ƙunshi 0.5-4%yttrium, wanda zai iya bunkasa juriya na iskar shaka da ductility na wadannan bakin karfe; Ana inganta cikakkun kaddarorin gami na MB26 a bayyane ta hanyar ƙara daidai adadin gauraye mai-arziƙin yttrium.kasa kasa, wanda zai iya maye gurbin wasu ƙananan ƙarfe na aluminum masu ƙarfi kuma za a yi amfani da su a cikin abubuwan damuwa na jirgin sama. Ƙara ƙaramin adadin yttrium-arziƙikasa kasaa cikin Al-Zr gami, Ana iya inganta halayen wannan gami; Yawancin masana'antun waya a kasar Sin sun karbe wannan gami. Ƙara yttrium a cikin gami da jan ƙarfe yana inganta haɓaka aiki da ƙarfin injina.
(2) Silicon nitride yumbu kayan da ke dauke da 6%yttriumkuma ana iya amfani da 2% aluminum don haɓaka sassan injin.
(3) Nd: Y: Al: Garnet Laser beam tare da ikon 400 watts ana amfani da shi don hakowa, yanke da walda manyan abubuwa.
(4) Allon microscope na lantarki wanda ya ƙunshi Y-Al garnet guda crystal yana da haske mai haske, ƙarancin ƙarancin haske mai tarwatsewa, da kyakkyawan juriya na zafin jiki da juriya na inji.
(5) Mai girmayttriumTsarin gami wanda ya ƙunshi 90% yttrium ana iya amfani dashi a cikin jirgin sama da sauran wuraren da ke buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi da babban wurin narkewa.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-zazzabi proton conductive abu, wanda ke jan hankali da yawa a halin yanzu, yana da matukar muhimmanci ga samar da man fetur Kwayoyin, electrolytic Kwayoyin da gas na'urori masu auna sigina bukatar high hydrogen solubility. Bugu da kari,yttriumHakanan ana amfani da shi azaman kayan fesa mai zafi mai zafi, mai diluent don man atom, ƙari ga kayan maganadisu na dindindin, da mai shiga cikin masana'antar lantarki.
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Scandium(Sc)
Metal scandium(taswirar bayanai)
Idan aka kwatanta da yttrium da abubuwan lanthanide, scandium yana da ƙaramin radius na ionic musamman da ƙarancin alkalinity na hydroxide. Saboda haka, lokacinscandiumand rare earth elements are mix together.scandiumzai fara hazo lokacin da aka bi da shi tare da ammonia (ko alkali mai tsarma sosai), don haka ana iya raba shi da sauƙi.kasa kasaabubuwa ta hanyar "hazo juzu'i". Wata hanya ita ce yin amfani da polarization bazuwar nitrate don rabuwa. Scandium nitrate shine mafi sauƙi don bazuwa, don haka cimma manufar rabuwa.
Ana iya samun Sc ta hanyar electrolysis.Scl3, KCl da LiCl suna narkar da su a lokacin gyaran gyare-gyare na scandium, kuma narkar da zinc ana amfani da shi azaman cathode don electrolysis, don haka.scandiumAn haɗe shi akan electrode na zinc, sa'an nan kuma zinc yana ƙafe don samunscandium. Bugu da kari,scandiumana samun sauƙin dawowa lokacin sarrafa ma'adinai don samar da uranium, thorium da abubuwan lanthanide. M dawo da alaƙascandiumdaga tungsten da tin tama shima yana daya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin samunsascandium.Scandiumyafi a trivalent jihar a cikin fili, wanda aka sauƙi oxidized cikinSc2O3a cikin iska kuma ya rasa haskensa na ƙarfe ya juya ya zama launin toka mai duhu.
Babban amfani nascandiumsu ne:
(1)Scandiumzai iya amsawa da ruwan zafi don saki hydrogen, kuma yana narkewa a cikin acid, don haka yana da karfi mai ragewa.
(2)Scandium oxidekuma hydroxide alkaline ne kawai, amma tokar gishirin sa da kyar ba za a iya yin ruwa ba. Scandium chloride farin crystal ne, mai narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana lalata iska.
(3) A cikin masana'antar ƙarfe.scandiumana amfani da su sau da yawa don yin allurai (haɗin kayan haɗi) don inganta ƙarfin, taurin, juriya na zafi da aikin kayan aiki. Misali, ƙara ƙaramin adadinscandiumdon narke baƙin ƙarfe zai iya inganta haɓakar simintin ƙarfe mai mahimmanci, yayin ƙara ƙaramin adadinscandiumzuwa aluminum na iya inganta ƙarfinsa da juriya na zafi.
(4) A cikin masana'antar lantarki,scandiumza a iya amfani dashi azaman na'urorin semiconductor daban-daban. Misali, aikace-aikace na scandium sulfite a cikin semiconductor ya jawo hankali a gida da waje, da ferrite dauke da.scandiumHar ila yau, yana da alƙawarin a cikin ma'aunin maganadisu na kwamfuta.
(5) A cikin masana'antar sinadarai.scandiumAna amfani da fili a matsayin dihydrogenation na barasa da wakili na bushewa, wanda shine ingantaccen mai kara kuzari don samar da ethylene da chlorine daga sharar acid hydrochloric.
(6) A cikin masana'antar gilashi, gilashin gilashi na musamman da ke dauke da suscandiumza a iya kerawa.
(7) A cikin masana'antar hasken wutar lantarki.scandiumda fitulun sodium da aka yi da suscandiumkuma sodium suna da abũbuwan amfãni na babban inganci da ingantaccen launi mai haske.
(8)Scandiumya wanzu a cikin sigar 45Sc a yanayi. Bugu da kari, akwai tara isotopes na rediyoaktifScandium, wato 40~44Sc da 46~49Sc. Daga cikin su, 46Sc, a matsayin mai ganowa, an yi amfani da shi a masana'antar sinadarai, ƙarfe da kuma nazarin teku. A cikin magani, akwai mutane a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke yin karatu ta amfani da 46Sc don magance ciwon daji.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-09-2021