CeO2muhimmin bangare ne na kayan duniya da ba kasafai ba. Therare earth element ceriumyana da tsarin lantarki na musamman na waje - 4f15d16s2. Layer 4f na musamman na iya adanawa da sakin electrons yadda ya kamata, yana sa cerium ions suyi aiki a cikin +3 valence state da+4 valence state. Sabili da haka, kayan CeO2 suna da ƙarin ramukan oxygen, kuma suna da kyakkyawan ikon adanawa da sakin oxygen. Juyin juna na Ce (III) da Ce (IV) kuma yana ba da kayan CeO2 tare da iyawar haɓakar haɓakar iskar shaka na musamman. Idan aka kwatanta da kayan da yawa, Nano CeO2, a matsayin sabon nau'in kayan inorganic, ya sami kulawa mai yawa saboda babban yanki na musamman, kyakkyawan ajiyar oxygen da ikon saki, aikin iskar oxygen ion, aikin redox, da kuma yawan zafin jiki mai saurin oxygen vacancy diffusion. iyawa. A halin yanzu akwai adadi mai yawa na rahotannin bincike da aikace-aikacen da ke da alaƙa ta amfani da nano CeO2 azaman masu haɓakawa, masu ɗaukar hoto ko ƙari, abubuwan da ke aiki, da masu talla.
1. Hanyar shiri na nanometercerium oxide
A halin yanzu, hanyoyin shirya gama gari don nano ceria galibi sun haɗa da hanyar sinadarai da hanyar jiki. Dangane da hanyoyin sinadarai daban-daban, ana iya raba hanyoyin sinadarai zuwa hanyar hazo, hanyar hydrothermal, hanyar solvothermal, hanyar gel gel, hanyar microemulsion da hanyar electrodeposition; Hanyar jiki shine yafi hanyar niƙa.
1.1 Hanyar niƙa
Hanyar niƙa don shirya nano ceria gabaɗaya yana amfani da niƙa yashi, wanda ke da fa'idodin ƙarancin farashi, abokantaka na muhalli, saurin sarrafawa, da ƙarfin sarrafawa mai ƙarfi. A halin yanzu ita ce hanya mafi mahimmancin sarrafawa a cikin masana'antar nano ceria. Misali, shirye-shiryen nano cerium oxide polishing foda gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar haɗaɗɗun ƙirƙira da niƙa yashi, kuma ana gauraye albarkatun cerium bisa denitration catalysts kuma ana gauraya don riga-kafi ko bi da su bayan calcination ta amfani da niƙa yashi. Ta amfani da daban-daban girman girman yashi niƙa ma'auni, nano ceria tare da D50 daga dubun zuwa ɗaruruwan nanometers za a iya samu ta hanyar daidaitawa.
1.2 Hanyar hazo
Hanyar hazo tana nufin hanyar shirya ƙaƙƙarfan foda ta hazo, rabuwa, wankewa, bushewa, da ƙididdige kayan albarkatun da aka narkar da su a cikin abubuwan da suka dace. Ana amfani da hanyar hazo sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙarancin ƙasa da nanomaterials doped, tare da fa'idodi kamar tsari mai sauƙi, ingantaccen inganci, da ƙarancin farashi. Hanya ce da aka saba amfani da ita don shirya nano ceria da abubuwan da aka haɗa su a masana'antu. Wannan hanya za a iya shirya nano ceria tare da daban-daban ilimin halittar jiki da kuma barbashi size ta canza hazo zafin jiki, abu taro, pH darajar, hazo gudun, stirring, samfuri, da dai sauransu Common hanyoyin dogara da hazo na cerium ions daga ammonia generated da urea bazuwa, kuma shirye-shiryen nano ceria microspheres ana sarrafa su ta hanyar ions citrate. A madadin, OH na iya haɓaka ions cerium - wanda aka samo shi daga hydrolysis na sodium citrate, sa'an nan kuma a haɗa shi da calcined don shirya flake kamar nano ceria microspheres.
1.3 Hydrothermal da solvothermal hanyoyin
Wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu suna magana ne game da hanyar shirya samfurori ta hanyar yanayin zafi da zafi mai zafi a cikin yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin rufewa. Lokacin da sauran ƙarfi dauki ruwa ne, ana kiran shi hanyar hydrothermal. Hakazalika, lokacin da abin da ake amfani da shi shine maganin kaushi na kwayoyin halitta, ana kiran shi hanyar solvothermal. The hada nano barbashi da high tsarki, mai kyau watsawa da uniform barbashi, musamman nano powders da daban-daban morphologies ko fallasa musamman crystal fuskoki. Narke cerium chloride a cikin ruwa mai narkewa, motsawa kuma ƙara maganin sodium hydroxide. React hydrothermal a 170 ℃ na 12 hours don shirya cerium oxide nanorods tare da fallasa (111) da (110) jirage crystal. Ta hanyar daidaita yanayin halayen, ana iya ƙara yawan (110) na jirage na kristal a cikin jiragen da aka fallasa, suna ƙara haɓaka ayyukan su. Daidaita da sauran ƙarfi dauki da surface ligands iya samar da nano ceria barbashi tare da musamman hydrophilicity ko lipophilicity. Alal misali, ƙara acetate ions zuwa ruwa lokaci zai iya shirya monodisperse hydrophilic cerium oxide nanoparticles a cikin ruwa. Ta hanyar zaɓin sauran ƙarfi mara iyaka da kuma gabatar da acid oleic a matsayin ligand yayin amsawa, za'a iya shirya nau'ikan lipophilic ceria nanoparticles na monodisperse a cikin abubuwan kaushi da ba na iyakacin duniya ba. (Dubi Hoto na 1)
Hoto 1 Monodisperse mai siffar zobe nano ceria da nano ceria mai siffar sanda
Hanyar gel 1.4
Hanyar sol gel wata hanya ce da ke amfani da wasu ko wasu mahadi a matsayin madogara, tana gudanar da halayen sinadarai irin su hydrolysis a cikin ruwa lokaci ya zama sol, sannan ya zama gel bayan tsufa, sannan a bushe da calcines don shirya foda na ultrafine. Wannan hanya ta dace musamman don shirya sosai tarwatsa nano ceria hada abubuwa na nanomaterials, kamar cerium iron, cerium titanium, cerium zirconium da sauran hadadden nano oxides, wanda aka ruwaito a da yawa rahotanni.
1.5 Sauran hanyoyin
Baya ga hanyoyin da ke sama, akwai kuma hanyar micro lotion, hanyar haɗin microwave, hanyar electrodeposition, hanyar ƙone wuta ta plasma, hanyar ion-exchange membrane electrolysis da sauran hanyoyin da yawa. Wadannan hanyoyin suna da mahimmanci ga bincike da aikace-aikacen nano ceria.
Aikace-aikacen cerium oxide 2-nanometer a cikin maganin ruwa
Cerium shine mafi yawan kashi a tsakanin abubuwan da ba kasafai ba a duniya, tare da ƙarancin farashi da aikace-aikace masu faɗi. Nanometer ceria da abubuwan da ke tattare da shi sun ja hankali sosai a fagen kula da ruwa saboda babban yankinsu na musamman, babban aikin motsa jiki da ingantaccen tsarin tsarin.
2.1 Aikace-aikacenNano Cerium Oxidea cikin Maganin Ruwa ta Hanyar Adsorption
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da ci gaban masana'antu irin su na'urorin lantarki, an fitar da ruwa mai yawa da ke dauke da gurɓata kamar ions mai nauyi da ion fluorine. Ko da a cikin abubuwan da aka gano, yana iya haifar da babbar illa ga halittun ruwa da yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da oxidation, flotation, reverse osmosis, adsorption, nanofiltration, biosorption, da dai sauransu. Daga cikin su, fasahar tallan kayan aiki sau da yawa ana amfani da ita saboda sauƙin aiki, ƙananan farashi, da kuma ingantaccen magani. Nano CeO2 kayan suna da babban yanki na musamman da kuma babban aiki a matsayin adsorbents, kuma an sami rahotanni da yawa game da haɗuwa da nano CeO2 mai laushi da kayan da aka haɗa tare da nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban don ƙaddamarwa da cire ions masu cutarwa daga ruwa.
Bincike ya nuna cewa nano ceria yana da ƙarfin adsorption mai ƙarfi don F - a cikin ruwa a ƙarƙashin raunin acidic. A cikin bayani tare da ƙaddamarwa na farko na F - na 100mg / L da pH = 5-6, ƙarfin tallan don F - shine 23mg / g, kuma yawan cirewar F - shine 85.6%. Bayan ɗora shi a kan ball resin polyacrylic acid (adadin kaya: 0.25g / g), ikon cirewa na F - zai iya kaiwa sama da 99% lokacin da ake magance daidaitaccen ƙarar 100mg / L na F - bayani mai ruwa; Lokacin sarrafa sau 120 ƙarar, fiye da 90% na F - ana iya cirewa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da su don ƙaddamar da phosphate da iodate, ƙarfin adsorption zai iya kaiwa fiye da 100mg/g a ƙarƙashin madaidaicin yanayin adsorption daidai. Za'a iya sake amfani da kayan da aka yi amfani da su bayan sauƙi mai sauƙi da jiyya na tsaka-tsakin, wanda ke da fa'idodin tattalin arziki.
Akwai karatu da yawa akan adsorption da kuma kula da karafa masu nauyi masu guba kamar arsenic, chromium, cadmium, da gubar ta amfani da nano ceria da abubuwan da suka hada da shi. Mafi kyawun adsorption pH ya bambanta don ions ƙarfe masu nauyi tare da jihohin valence daban-daban. Alal misali, yanayin rashin ƙarfi na alkaline tare da nuna bambanci yana da mafi kyawun yanayin talla don As (III), yayin da mafi kyawun yanayin adsorption don As (V) yana samuwa a ƙarƙashin raunin acidic, inda ƙarfin tallan zai iya kaiwa fiye da 110mg / g a ƙarƙashin duka biyu. yanayi. Gabaɗaya, ingantaccen haɗin nano ceria da kayan haɗin gwiwarsa na iya cimma babban talla da ƙimar cirewa don nau'ikan ions masu nauyi daban-daban akan kewayon pH.
A daya hannun, cerium oxide tushen nanomaterials kuma suna da fice yi a adsorbing Organics a cikin sharar gida, kamar acid orange, rhodamine B, Kongo ja, da dai sauransu. Misali, a data kasance rahoton lokuta, Nano ceria porous spheres tattalin electrochemical hanyoyin da high. Ƙarfin adsorption a cikin kau da dyes na kwayoyin halitta, musamman a cikin cirewar Kongo ja, tare da ƙarfin tallan 942.7mg/g a cikin minti 60.
2.2 Aikace-aikacen nano ceria a cikin Advanced oxidation tsari
Ana ba da shawarar ci gaba da tsarin iskar oxygen (AOPs a takaice) don inganta tsarin jiyya mara ƙarfi. Advanced oxidation tsari, kuma aka sani da zurfin hadawan abu da iskar shaka fasaha, ana halin da samar da hydroxyl radical (· OH), superoxide radical (· O2 -), singlet oxygen, da dai sauransu tare da karfi hadawan abu da iskar shaka iyawa. A karkashin yanayin halayen yanayin zafi da matsa lamba, wutar lantarki, sauti, hasken iska mai haske, mai kara kuzari, da dai sauransu. oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, Fenton oxidation, da dai sauransu (duba Hoto 2).
Hoto 2 Rarrabewa da Haɗin Fasaha na Babban tsarin iskar oxygenation
Nano ceriyawani nau'in haɓakaccen abu ne wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin Tsarin oxidation na Babba. Saboda saurin juyawa tsakanin Ce3+ da Ce4+ da saurin rage iskar shaka-raguwar iskar oxygen da aka samu ta hanyar shan iskar oxygen da sakin, nano ceria yana da kyakkyawar iyawa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai haɓakawa, yana iya haɓaka iyawar kuzari da kwanciyar hankali yadda ya kamata. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da nano ceria da kayan haɗinsa azaman masu haɓakawa, abubuwan haɓakawa sun bambanta da yawa tare da ilimin halittar jiki, girman barbashi, da kuma fallasa jiragen kristal, waɗanda sune mahimman abubuwan da ke shafar aikinsu da aikace-aikacen su. An yi imani da cewa ƙarami da barbashi kuma ya fi girma ƙayyadaddun wuri na musamman, mafi daidaitaccen wurin aiki, kuma yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfin catalytic. Ƙarfin haɓakar kristal da aka fallasa, daga ƙarfi zuwa rauni, yana cikin tsari na (100) kristal surface>(110) fuskar crystal> (111) fuskar crystal, kuma daidaiton daidaito ya sabawa.
Cerium oxide abu ne na semiconductor. Lokacin da nanometer cerium oxide ya haskaka ta hanyar photons tare da makamashi mafi girma fiye da tazarar band, valence band electrons suna jin dadi, kuma yanayin sake hadewa ya faru. Wannan ɗabi'ar za ta haɓaka ƙimar canjin Ce3+ da Ce4+, wanda ke haifar da ƙarfin aikin photocatalytic na nano ceria. Photocatalysis na iya kaiwa ga lalata kwayoyin halitta kai tsaye ba tare da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ba, don haka aikace-aikacen sa shine fasahar da aka fi nazari a fagen nano ceria a cikin AOPs. A halin yanzu, babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali shi ne kan lalata lalatawar dyes na azo, phenol, chlorobenzene, da ruwan sharar magunguna ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi daban-daban da abubuwan da aka haɗa. Dangane da rahoton, a ƙarƙashin ingantacciyar hanyar haɓaka mai haɓakawa da yanayin ƙirar ƙira, ƙarancin ƙarancin waɗannan abubuwan na iya kaiwa sama da 80% gabaɗaya, kuma ƙarfin cire Total Organic carbon (TOC) zai iya kaiwa sama da 40%.
Nano cerium oxide catalysis don lalata gurɓataccen yanayi kamar ozone da hydrogen peroxide wata fasaha ce da aka yi nazari sosai. Hakazalika da photocatalysis, yana kuma mai da hankali kan ikon nano ceria tare da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban ko jirage na kristal da daban-daban na tushen cerium mai haɗaɗɗun oxidants don oxidize da lalata gurɓataccen yanayi. A cikin irin waɗannan halayen, masu haɓakawa na iya haifar da haɓakar ɗimbin radicals masu aiki daga ozone ko hydrogen peroxide, waɗanda ke kai hari ga gurɓataccen yanayi kuma suna samun ingantacciyar ƙarfin lalata oxidative. Saboda gabatarwar oxidants a cikin amsawa, ikon cire ƙwayoyin halitta yana haɓaka sosai. A yawancin halayen, ƙimar cirewar ƙarshe na abin da ake nufi zai iya kaiwa ko kusanci 100%, kuma adadin cire TOC shima ya fi girma.
A cikin hanyar haɓakar iskar oxygen ta ci-gaba, kaddarorin abubuwan anode tare da haɓakar haɓakar iskar oxygen mai ƙarfi suna ƙayyade zaɓin hanyar iskar oxygen ta ci gaba don magance gurɓataccen yanayi. Kayan cathode wani muhimmin mahimmanci ne wanda ke ƙayyade samar da H2O2, kuma samar da H2O2 yana ƙayyade ingancin hanyar haɓakaccen iskar oxygen na electrocatalytic don magance gurɓataccen yanayi. Nazarin gyare-gyaren kayan lantarki ta amfani da nano ceria ya sami kulawa sosai a cikin gida da kuma na duniya. Masu bincike galibi suna gabatar da nano cerium oxide da kayan haɗinsa ta hanyoyin sinadarai daban-daban don gyara kayan lantarki daban-daban, inganta ayyukansu na lantarki, kuma ta haka suna haɓaka ayyukan electrocatalytic da ƙimar cirewar ƙarshe.
Microwave da duban dan tayi galibi suna da mahimmancin matakan taimako don samfuran kuzari na sama. Ɗaukar taimakon ultrasonic a matsayin misali, ta yin amfani da raƙuman sauti na girgiza tare da mitoci sama da 25kHz a cikin daƙiƙa, ana haifar da miliyoyin ƙananan kumfa a cikin wani bayani da aka tsara tare da ƙirar tsaftacewa na musamman. Waɗannan ƙananan kumfa, yayin matsawa da haɓakawa da sauri, koyaushe suna samar da kumfa implosion, ƙyale kayan don yin musanyawa da sauri a kan farfajiyar mai kara kuzari, galibi suna haɓaka haɓakar kuzari.
3 Kammalawa
Nano ceria da kayan haɗin gwiwarsa na iya magance ions da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwa yadda ya kamata, kuma suna da mahimmancin aikace-aikace a wuraren kula da ruwa na gaba. Duk da haka, yawancin bincike har yanzu yana cikin matakin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma don samun saurin aikace-aikace a cikin maganin ruwa a nan gaba, har yanzu ana buƙatar magance batutuwa masu zuwa cikin gaggawa:
(1) In mun gwada da high shiri kudin nanoCeO2tushen kayan ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin mafi yawan aikace-aikacen su a cikin maganin ruwa, waɗanda har yanzu suna cikin matakin binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje. Binciken ƙananan farashi, hanyoyin shirye-shirye masu sauƙi da inganci waɗanda za su iya daidaita tsarin ilimin halittar jiki da girman nano CeO2 tushen kayan har yanzu shine mayar da hankali ga bincike.
(2) Saboda ƙananan barbashi girman nano CeO2 tushen kayan, da sake yin amfani da kuma sabunta al'amurran da suka shafi bayan amfani ne ma muhimmanci dalilai iyakance su aikace-aikace. Abun da ke tattare da shi tare da kayan guduro ko kayan maganadisu zai zama mahimmin alkiblar bincike don shirye-shiryen kayan sa da fasahar sake amfani da shi.
(3) Haɓaka tsarin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin nano CeO2 tushen kayan fasahar sarrafa ruwa da fasahar kula da najasa na al'ada zai haɓaka aikace-aikacen nano CeO2 na tushen kayan fasaha mai haɓakawa a fagen kula da ruwa.
(4) Har yanzu akwai iyakataccen bincike game da guba na kayan tushen nano CeO2, kuma ba a tantance halayen muhalli da tsarin guba a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa ba tukuna. Ainihin tsarin kula da najasa sau da yawa ya ƙunshi haɗin kai na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, kuma gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska za su yi hulɗa da juna, ta haka ne za su canza halayen saman da yuwuwar guba na nanomaterials. Don haka, akwai buƙatar yin ƙarin bincike a kan abubuwan da ke da alaƙa.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-22-2023