Rare abubuwan duniyaBa makawa ne don haɓaka fasahar zamani kamar sabbin makamashi da kayan aiki, kuma suna da ƙimar aikace-aikacen fa'ida a fannoni kamar sararin samaniya, tsaron ƙasa, da masana'antar soja. Sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe na zamani ya nuna cewa makamai masu yawa na duniya sun mamaye fagen fama, fa'idodin fasahar duniya da ba kasafai ke wakiltar fa'idar fasahar soja ba, kuma samun albarkatu yana da tabbas. Don haka, ƙasan da ba kasafai ba suma sun zama dabarun dabarun da manyan ƙasashe masu ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin duniya ke fafatawa da su, kuma mahimman dabarun albarkatun ƙasa kamar ƙasa da ba kasafai sukan tashi zuwa dabarun ƙasa ba. Turai, Japan, Amurka da sauran ƙasashe da yankuna sun fi mai da hankali ga mahimman kayan kamar ƙasa mara nauyi. A cikin 2008, Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta jera kayan da ba kasafai ba a matsayin "dabarun kayan aiki"; A farkon shekara ta 2010, Tarayyar Turai ta sanar da kafa wani tsari na tanadi na kasa mai wuya; A cikin 2007, Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Al'adu, Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Japan, da ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Masana'antu da Fasaha, sun riga sun gabatar da shirin "Tsarin Dabaru" da shirin "Rare Metal Alternative Materials". Sun ɗauki matakan ci gaba da tsare-tsare a cikin tanadin albarkatu, ci gaban fasaha, sayan albarkatu, da kuma neman madadin kayan aiki. Farawa daga wannan labarin, editan zai gabatar da dalla-dalla muhimman har ma da ma'auni na ci gaban tarihi da kuma matsayin waɗannan abubuwan da ba kasafai ba a duniya.
Terbium ya kasance cikin nau'in ƙasa mai nauyi mara nauyi, tare da ƙarancin wadatar ƙasa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa a kawai 1.1 ppm.Terbium oxidelissafin ƙasa da 0.01% na jimlar ƙasan da ba kasafai ba. Ko da a cikin manyan yttrium ion nau'in ƙasa mai nauyi mai rauni tare da mafi girman abun ciki na abubuwan da aka rasa, wanda ke nuna cewa '' SANAR '' YAWAN JUST ƙasa. Terbium karfe ne mai launin toka na azurfa tare da ductility kuma mai laushi mai laushi, wanda za'a iya yanke shi da wuka; Narke batu 1360 ℃, tafasar batu 3123 ℃, yawa 8229 4kg/m3. Sama da shekaru 100 tun lokacin da aka gano terbium a 1843, ƙarancinsa da ƙimarsa sun hana amfani da shi na dogon lokaci. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata ne terbium ya nuna gwanintarsa na musamman.
Binciken Terbium
A daidai wannan lokacin lokacinlantanumAn gano shi, Karl G. Mosander na Sweden yayi nazarin abubuwan da aka fara ganoyttriumkuma ya buga rahoto a shekara ta 1842, inda ya fayyace cewa yttrium duniya da aka fara gano ba guda ɗaya ba ce, oxide ne na abubuwa uku. A shekara ta 1843, Mossander ya gano sinadarin terbium ta hanyar bincikensa akan yttrium earth. Har yanzu ya ambaci daya daga cikinsu yttrium earth da daya daga cikinsuerbium oxide. Sai a shekara ta 1877 aka sanya masa suna terbium a hukumance, tare da alamar sinadarin Tb. Sunanta ya fito ne daga tushe ɗaya da yttrium, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙauyen Ytterby kusa da Stockholm, Sweden, inda aka fara gano yttrium ore. Gano terbium da wasu abubuwa guda biyu, lanthanum da erbium, sun bude kofa ta biyu na gano abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samun su ba, wanda ke nuna mataki na biyu na gano su. G. Urban ne ya fara tsarkake ta a shekarar 1905.
Mossander
Amfani da terbium
Aikace-aikacen naterbiumgalibi sun haɗa da manyan fasahohin fasaha, waɗanda ke da haɓakar fasahar fasaha da ƙwarewar manyan ayyuka, da kuma ayyukan da ke da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi masu mahimmanci, tare da kyakkyawan ci gaba. Babban wuraren aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da: (1) ana amfani da su ta hanyar gauraye da ƙasa. Misali, ana amfani da shi azaman takin ƙasa da ba kasafai ba da kuma ciyar da abinci don noma. (2) Mai kunnawa don koren foda a cikin foda na farko na farko. Kayayyakin optoelectronic na zamani suna buƙatar amfani da manyan launuka uku na phosphor, wato ja, kore, da shuɗi, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɗa launuka daban-daban. Kuma terbium wani abu ne da ba makawa a cikin yawancin ingantattun foda na kore mai kyalli. (3) Anyi amfani dashi azaman kayan ajiya na gani na gani na magneto. Amorphous karfe terbium miƙa mulki karfe gami bakin bakin ciki fina-finai da aka yi amfani da kerarre high-yi magneto Tantancewar fayafai. (4) Manufacturing magneto Tantancewar gilashin. Gilashin jujjuyawar Faraday mai ɗauke da terbium shine mabuɗin abu don kera masu jujjuyawa, masu keɓancewa, da masu zazzagewa a fasahar Laser. (5) Haɓakawa da haɓakar terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) ya buɗe sabbin aikace-aikace don terbium.
Domin noma da kiwo
Rare duniya terbiumzai iya inganta ingancin amfanin gona da kuma ƙara yawan adadin photosynthesis a cikin wani kewayon taro. Rukunin terbium yana da babban aikin nazarin halittu, da kuma rukunin ternary na terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, suna da sakamako mai kyau na ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta akan Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, da Escherichia coli, tare da faɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. kaddarorin. Nazarin waɗannan rukunin gidaje yana ba da sabon jagorar bincike don magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na zamani.
An yi amfani da shi a fagen luminescence
Kayayyakin optoelectronic na zamani suna buƙatar amfani da manyan launuka uku na phosphor, wato ja, kore, da shuɗi, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don haɗa launuka daban-daban. Kuma terbium wani abu ne da ba makawa a cikin yawancin ingantattun foda na kore mai kyalli. Idan haihuwar ƙarancin duniya launi TV ja mai kyalli foda ya tada bukatar yttrium da europium, to aikace-aikacen da haɓaka terbium an haɓaka ta ƙasa mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi uku na fitilun. A farkon 1980s, Philips ya ƙirƙira ƙaramin fitilar fitila mai ceton makamashi ta farko a duniya kuma cikin sauri ya haɓaka ta a duniya. Tb3+ions na iya fitar da haske kore tare da tsawon tsayin 545nm, kuma kusan dukkan nau'ikan foda mai kyalli na duniya da ba kasafai ba suna amfani da terbium azaman mai kunnawa.
The kore mai kyalli foda amfani da launi TV cathode ray tubes (CRTs) ya ko da yaushe aka yafi dogara a kan arha da ingantaccen zinc sulfide, amma terbium foda an ko da yaushe ana amfani da tsinkaya launi TV kore foda, kamar Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, da LaOBr: Tb3+. Tare da haɓaka babban allon babban ma'anar telebijin (HDTV), ana kuma haɓaka babban aikin kore mai kyalli don CRTs. Misali, an samar da foda mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalƙyali a ƙasashen waje, wanda ya ƙunshi Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, da Y2SiO5: Tb3+, waɗanda ke da ingantaccen ingantaccen haske a babban yawa na yanzu.
X-ray fluorescent foda na gargajiya shine calcium tungstate. A cikin 1970s da 1980s, an ɓullo da foda mai ƙyalli na duniya da ba kasafai ba don wayar da kan allo, kamar terbium kunna lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium kunna lanthanum bromide oxide (don allon kore), da terbium kunna yttrium sulfide oxide. Idan aka kwatanta da calcium tungstate, ƙananan foda mai ƙyalli na duniya zai iya rage lokacin da za a yi amfani da hasken X-ray ga marasa lafiya da kashi 80 cikin 100, inganta ƙudurin fina-finai na X-ray, tsawaita rayuwar tubes na X-ray, da kuma rage yawan makamashi. Hakanan ana amfani da Terbium azaman mai kunna foda mai kyalli don kayan haɓaka X-ray na likitanci, wanda zai iya haɓaka haɓakar juzu'in jujjuyawar X-ray zuwa hotuna na gani, haɓaka bayyanannun fina-finan X-ray, kuma yana rage girman ɗaukar hoto na X- haskoki zuwa jikin mutum (ta fiye da 50%).
TerbiumHakanan ana amfani dashi azaman mai kunnawa a cikin farin phosphor LED mai farin ciki da hasken shuɗi don sabon hasken semiconductor. Ana iya amfani dashi don samar da terbium aluminum magneto optical crystal phosphor, ta yin amfani da diodes mai haske mai haske mai launin shuɗi a matsayin tushen haske mai ban sha'awa, kuma hasken da aka haifar yana haɗe da haske mai ban sha'awa don samar da haske mai tsabta.
Kayan lantarki da aka yi daga terbium sun hada da zinc sulfide kore mai kyalli foda tare da terbium a matsayin mai kunnawa. A ƙarƙashin hasken ultraviolet, rukunin kwayoyin halitta na terbium na iya fitar da haske mai ƙarfi koren haske kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman kayan fim na bakin ciki. Ko da yake an sami gagarumin ci gaba a cikin nazarin fina-finan da ba kasafai ake samun hadaddun kwayoyin halitta na lantarki ba, har yanzu akwai tazarar tazara daga aiki, kuma bincike kan filaye da na'urorin da ba kasafai ake samun su ba.
Hakanan ana amfani da halayen kyalli na terbium azaman bincike mai haske. An yi nazarin hulɗar tsakanin hadaddun ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) da deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ta hanyar amfani da hasken haske da spectra na sha, irin su binciken fluorescence na ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Sakamakon ya nuna cewa binciken ofloxacin Tb3+ zai iya samar da tsagi mai ɗaure tare da kwayoyin DNA, kuma deoxyribonucleic acid na iya haɓaka haske na tsarin ofloxacin Tb3+. Dangane da wannan canji, ana iya ƙaddara deoxyribonucleic acid.
Don kayan gani na magneto
Abubuwan da ke da tasirin Faraday, wanda kuma aka sani da kayan magneto-optical, ana amfani da su sosai a cikin lasers da sauran na'urorin gani. Akwai nau'ikan kayan gani na magneto guda biyu: magneto na gani lu'ulu'u da gilashin gani na magneto. Daga cikin su, magneto-optical lu'ulu'u (irin su yttrium iron garnet da terbium gallium garnet) suna da fa'idodin mitar aiki mai daidaitawa da kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi, amma suna da tsada kuma suna da wahala a kera su. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin lu'ulu'u na magneto-optical tare da manyan kusurwoyin juyawa na Faraday suna da babban sha a cikin gajeren zangon raƙuman ruwa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da su. Idan aka kwatanta da magneto na gani lu'ulu'u, magneto na gani gilashin yana da fa'idar babban watsawa kuma yana da sauƙi a sanya shi cikin manyan tubalan ko zaruruwa. A halin yanzu, gilashin magneto-optical tare da babban tasirin Faraday sune galibin gilasan ion da ba kasafai ba.
Ana amfani dashi don kayan ajiya na gani na magneto
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da saurin haɓaka multimedia da sarrafa kansa na ofis, buƙatun sabbin fayafai masu ƙarfi na maganadisu suna ƙaruwa. Amorphous karfe terbium miƙa mulki karfe gami bakin bakin ciki fina-finai da aka yi amfani da kerarre high-yi magneto Tantancewar fayafai. Daga cikin su, fim din TbFeCo alloy bakin ciki yana da mafi kyawun aiki. Terbium tushen magneto-Optic kayan an samar a kan wani babban sikelin, kuma magneto-Optical fayafai da aka yi daga gare su ana amfani da matsayin kwamfuta ajiya na kwamfuta, tare da ajiya iya girma da 10-15 sau. Suna da fa'idodi na babban iya aiki da saurin isa ga sauri, kuma ana iya gogewa da shafe dubunnan lokuta lokacin amfani da fayafai masu yawa. Su ne muhimman abubuwa a cikin fasahar adana bayanai ta lantarki. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na magneto-optical a cikin ganuwa da kuma kusa-infrared makada shine Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) crystal guda ɗaya, wanda shine mafi kyawun kayan magneto-optical don yin masu juyawa na Faraday da masu keɓewa.
Don gilashin gani na magneto
Faraday magneto na gani gilashin yana da kyau nuna gaskiya da kuma isotropy a bayyane da infrared yankuna, kuma zai iya samar da daban-daban hadaddun siffofi. Yana da sauƙi don samar da samfurori masu girma kuma ana iya jawo su cikin filaye na gani. Saboda haka, yana da fa'idar aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen a cikin na'urorin gani na magneto kamar magneto na gani masu isolators, magneto Optical modulators, da firikwensin fiber optic na yanzu. Saboda babban lokacin maganadisu da ƙananan ƙarancin sha a cikin bayyane da kewayon infrared, Tb3+ ions sun zama mafi yawan amfani da ions na duniya a cikin gilashin gani na magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive gami
A ƙarshen karni na 20, tare da ci gaba da zurfafa juyin juya halin fasaha na duniya, sabbin kayan aikin ƙasa da ba kasafai suke fitowa cikin hanzari ba. A cikin 1984, Jami'ar Jihar Iowa, dakin gwaje-gwaje na Ames na Sashen Makamashi na Amurka, da Cibiyar Binciken Makamai na Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka (wanda manyan ma'aikatan kamfanin Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) suka fito daga baya) sun haɗu don haɓaka wani sabon da ba a taɓa gani ba. duniya na hankali abu, wato terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive abu. Wannan sabon abu mai hankali yana da kyawawan halaye na sauya makamashin lantarki da sauri zuwa makamashin injina. An yi nasarar daidaita na'urorin sarrafa ruwa na karkashin ruwa da na'urorin lantarki da aka yi da wannan katafaren kayan magnetostrictive a cikin kayan aikin sojan ruwa, na'urorin gano rijiyoyin mai, tsarin sarrafa hayaniya da girgizar kasa, da binciken teku da tsarin sadarwa na karkashin kasa. Saboda haka, da zaran an haifi terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive abu, ya sami tartsatsi da hankali daga kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu a duniya. Edge Technologies a Amurka ya fara samar da terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive kayan a 1989 da kuma sanya musu suna Terfenol D. Daga baya, Sweden, Japan, Rasha, da United Kingdom, da Ostiraliya kuma sun ɓullo da terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive kayan.
Daga tarihin ci gaban wannan abu a cikin Amurka, duka ƙirƙira na kayan da farkon aikace-aikacensa na monopolistic suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da masana'antar soja (kamar sojojin ruwa). Ko da yake sassan soja da na tsaro na kasar Sin sannu a hankali suna kara fahimtar wannan abu. Duk da haka, tare da babban ci gaban da kasar Sin take da shi na samun karfin kasa, ko shakka babu bukatar cimma dabarun soja na karni na 21, da inganta matakan kayan aiki za su kasance cikin gaggawa. Saboda haka, yawan amfani da terbium dysprosium baƙin ƙarfe giant magnetostrictive kayan da sojoji da na kasa tsaro sassan zai zama wani tarihi larura.
A takaice, da yawa m Properties naterbiumsanya shi ya zama memba na kayan aiki da yawa da ba makawa a cikin wasu filayen aikace-aikacen. Koyaya, saboda tsadar terbium, mutane sun yi nazarin yadda ake gujewa da rage yawan amfani da terbium don rage farashin samar da kayayyaki. Misali, kayan magneto-optical na duniya da ba kasafai ya kamata su yi amfani da cobalt na baƙin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin farashi ko gadolinium terbium cobalt gwargwadon yiwuwa; Yi ƙoƙarin rage abun ciki na terbium a cikin koren foda mai kyalli wanda dole ne a yi amfani da shi. Farashin ya zama wani muhimmin abu da ke hana yaduwar amfani da terbium. Amma yawancin kayan aiki ba za su iya yin ba tare da shi ba, don haka dole ne mu bi ka'idar "amfani da ƙarfe mai kyau a kan ruwa" kuma muyi ƙoƙarin ajiye amfani da terbium kamar yadda zai yiwu.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-07-2023