Menene scandium da hanyoyin gwajin da aka saba amfani dashi

21 Scandium da hanyoyin gwajin da aka saba amfani da shi

Barka da zuwa wannan duniyar abubuwa masu cike da asiri da fara'a. A yau, za mu bincika wani abu na musamman tare -scandium. Ko da yake wannan sigar ba ta zama ruwan dare a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun ba, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin kimiyya da masana'antu.

Scandium, wannan ban mamaki kashi, yana da yawa ban mamaki kaddarorin. Memba ne na dangin da ba kasafai ba. Kamar sauranabubuwan da ba kasafai ba, Tsarin atomic na scandium yana cike da asiri. Waɗannan sifofin atomic na musamman ne suka sa scandium taka rawar da ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba a kimiyyar lissafi, sinadarai da kimiyyar kayan aiki.

Gano scandium cike yake da jujjuyawa da wahalhalu. Ya fara ne a cikin 1841, lokacin da masanin kimiyar Sweden LFNilson (1840 ~ 1899) ya yi fatan raba wasu abubuwa daga tsarkakakku.erbiumkasa yayin nazarin karafa masu haske. Bayan sau 13 na bazuwar nitrates, a ƙarshe ya sami 3.5g na tsarkiytterbiumƙasa. Duk da haka, ya gano cewa nauyin atomic na ytterbium da ya samu bai yi daidai da nauyin atomic na ytterbium da Malinac ya bayar a baya ba. Nelson mai kaifi-ido ya gane cewa akwai yuwuwar akwai wani abu mara nauyi a ciki. Don haka ya ci gaba da sarrafa ytterbium da ya samu da irin wannan tsari. A ƙarshe, lokacin da kashi ɗaya cikin goma na samfurin ya rage, ma'aunin atom ɗin da aka auna ya ragu zuwa 167.46. Wannan sakamakon yana kusa da nauyin atomic na yttrium, don haka Nelson ya sanya masa suna "Scandium".

Duk da cewa Nelson ya gano scandium, hakan bai ja hankalin masana kimiyya ba saboda karancinsa da wahalar rabuwa. Sai a karshen karni na 19, lokacin da bincike kan abubuwan da ba kasafai ba suka zama ruwan dare, aka sake gano scandium da nazari.

Don haka, bari mu fara wannan tafiya ta binciken scandium, don fallasa asirinta da fahimtar wannan abin da ake ganin kamar na yau da kullun amma a zahiri mai ban sha'awa.

Filin aikace-aikacen scandium
Alamar scandium ita ce Sc, kuma lambar atomic ɗin sa 21. Abun da ke tattare da shi shine ƙarfe mai laushi, mai launin azurfa-fari. Kodayake scandium ba abu ne na kowa ba a cikin ɓawon burodin ƙasa, yana da fa'idodin aikace-aikacen da yawa, galibi ta fuskoki masu zuwa:

1. Masana'antar Aerospace: Scandium aluminum wani nau'i ne mai sauƙi, mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da ake amfani da shi a cikin tsarin jirgin sama, sassan injin, da kera makamai masu linzami a cikin masana'antar sararin samaniya. Bugu da ƙari na scandium na iya inganta ƙarfi da juriya na lalata gabobin yayin da rage yawan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, sa kayan aikin sararin samaniya ya fi sauƙi kuma mafi tsayi.
2. Kekuna da Kayan Wasanni:Scandium aluminumana kuma amfani da su wajen kera kekuna, da kulab din golf, da sauran kayan wasanni. Saboda kyakkyawan ƙarfi da sauƙi.scandium alloyzai iya inganta aikin kayan aikin wasanni, rage nauyi, da kuma ƙara ƙarfin kayan aiki.
3. Masana'antar Haske:Scandium iodideana amfani dashi azaman filler a cikin fitilun xenon masu ƙarfi. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan kwararan fitila a cikin daukar hoto, shirya fina-finai, walƙiya mataki, da kayan aikin likita saboda yanayin yanayin su yana kusa da hasken rana.
4. Kwayoyin Mai:Scandium aluminumHakanan yana samun aikace-aikacen a cikin ƙwayoyin mai mai ƙarfi (SOFCs). A cikin wadannan batura,scandium - aluminum gamiana amfani dashi azaman abu na anode, wanda ke da haɓakar haɓakawa da kwanciyar hankali, yana taimakawa haɓaka haɓaka da haɓakar ƙwayoyin mai.
5. Binciken Kimiyya: Ana amfani da Scandium azaman kayan ganowa a cikin binciken kimiyya. A cikin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi na nukiliya da masu haɓaka ɓarna, ana amfani da lu'ulu'u na scandium scintillation don gano radiation da barbashi.
6. Sauran aikace-aikace: Scandium kuma ana amfani dashi azaman babban zafin jiki mai zafi kuma a cikin wasu gami na musamman don haɓaka kaddarorin gami. Saboda ingantaccen aikin scandium a cikin tsarin anodizing, ana kuma amfani da shi wajen samar da kayan lantarki don batir lithium da sauran na'urorin lantarki.

Yana da kyau a lura cewa duk da yawan aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su na Scandium, samar da kuma amfani da su ba su da iyaka kuma suna da tsada saboda ƙarancinsa, don haka farashinsa da sauran hanyoyin da ake amfani da shi na buƙatar yin la'akari da kyau lokacin amfani da shi.

Abubuwan Jiki na Scandium Element

1. Atomic Structure: Nucleus na scandium ya ƙunshi protons 21 kuma yawanci yana ɗauke da neutrons 20. Saboda haka, daidaitaccen nauyin atomic ɗin sa (dangi na atomic mass) shine kusan 44.955908. Dangane da tsarin atomic, tsarin lantarki na scandium shine 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s².
2. Yanayin Jiki: Scandium yana da ƙarfi a cikin ɗaki kuma yana da siffa mai launin azurfa-fari. Yanayin jikinsa na iya canzawa dangane da canje-canjen yanayin zafi da matsa lamba.
3. Density: The yawa na scandium ne game da 2.989 g/cm3. Wannan ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙima ya sa ya zama ƙarfe mara nauyi.
4. Wurin narkewa: Wurin narkewa na scandium yana da kusan digiri 1541 na Celsius (digiri 2806), wanda ke nuna cewa yana da wurin narkewa sosai. 5. Boiling Point: Scandium yana da wurin tafasa kamar 2836 digiri Celsius (5137 Fahrenheit), wanda ke nufin cewa yana buƙatar yanayin zafi don ƙafewa.
6. Ayyukan Wutar Lantarki: Scandium shine mai sarrafa wutar lantarki mai kyau, tare da madaidaicin wutar lantarki. Duk da yake ba shi da kyau kamar kayan sarrafawa na yau da kullun kamar jan ƙarfe ko aluminum, har yanzu yana da amfani a wasu aikace-aikace na musamman, kamar su sel electrolytic da aikace-aikacen sararin samaniya.
7. Thermal Conductivity: Scandium yana da in mun gwada da high thermal conductivity, sanya shi mai kyau thermal madugu a high yanayin zafi. Wannan yana da amfani a wasu aikace-aikacen zafi mai zafi.
8. Crystal Structure: Scandium yana da tsari mai siffar lu'u-lu'u hexagonal kusa, wanda ke nufin cewa atom ɗinsa suna cushe cikin hexagons kusa-kusa a cikin crystal.
9. Magnetism: Scandium shine diamagnetic a dakin da zafin jiki, ma'ana ba ya jan hankali ko tunkude shi ta hanyar maganadisu. Halin maganadisu yana da alaƙa da tsarin sa na lantarki.
10. Radiactivity: Duk tsayayyen isotopes na scandium ba su da radiyo, don haka abin da ba shi da rediyo.

Scandium ƙaramin ƙarfe ne mai haske, babban ƙarfe mai narkewa tare da aikace-aikace na musamman da yawa, musamman a masana'antar sararin samaniya da kimiyyar kayan aiki. Ko da yake ba a yawan samunsa a yanayi, abubuwan da ke tattare da shi sun sa ya zama mai amfani na musamman a wurare da yawa.

Abubuwan sinadarai na scandium

Scandium sigar karfe ce ta canji.
1. Tsarin atomic: Tsarin atomic na Scandium ya ƙunshi protons 21 kuma yawanci kusan 20 neutrons. Tsarinsa na lantarki shine 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s², yana nuna cewa yana da d orbital guda ɗaya da ba a cika ba.
2. Alamar sinadari da lambar atomic: Alamar sinadarai ta Scandium ita ce Sc, kuma lambar atomic ta 21.
3. Electronegativity: Scandium yana da ƙarancin electronegativity kusan 1.36 (bisa ga Paul electronegativity). Wannan yana nufin cewa yana ƙoƙarin rasa electrons don samar da ions masu kyau.
4. Yanayin Oxidation: Scandium yawanci yana kasancewa a cikin yanayin oxidation +3, wanda ke nufin ya rasa electrons uku don samar da Sc³⁺ ion. Wannan shine yanayin oxidation na kowa. Kodayake Sc²⁺ da Sc⁺ suma suna yiwuwa, ba su da kwanciyar hankali kuma ba su da yawa.
5. Haɗin: Scandium galibi yana samar da mahadi tare da abubuwa kamar oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, da hydrogen. Wasu mahadi na scandium gama gari sun haɗa dascandium oxide (Sc2O3da scandium halides (kamarscandium chloride, ScCl3).
6. Reactivity: Scandium karfe ne mai saurin amsawa, amma yana fitar da iskar oxygen da sauri a cikin iska, yana samar da fim din oxide na scandium oxide, wanda ke hana ƙarin halayen iskar oxygen. Wannan kuma ya sa scandium ya dangana da kwanciyar hankali kuma yana da juriya na lalata.
7. Solubility: Scandium yana narkewa a hankali a yawancin acid, amma yana narkewa cikin sauƙi a ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline. Ba shi da narkewa a cikin ruwa saboda fim ɗin oxide yana hana ƙarin halayen da kwayoyin ruwa.

8. Abubuwan sinadarai irin na Lanthanide: Abubuwan sinadarai na Scandium sun yi kama da na jerin lanthanide (lantanum, gadolinium, neodymium, da sauransu), don haka wani lokaci ana rarraba shi azaman sinadari mai kama da lanthanide. Wannan kamancen yana fitowa ne a cikin radius na ionic, kaddarorin mahadi da wasu reactivity.
9. Isotopes: Scandium yana da isotopes masu yawa, kawai wasu daga cikinsu suna da ƙarfi. Mafi tsayayyen isotope shine Sc-45, wanda ke da tsawon rabin rayuwa kuma ba ya da rediyo.

Scandium wani sinadari ne da ba kasafai ba, amma saboda wasu sinadarai na musamman da kayan masarufi, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannonin aikace-aikace da yawa, musamman a masana'antar sararin samaniya, kimiyyar kayan aiki da wasu manyan aikace-aikacen fasaha.

Halittar halittu na scandium

Scandium ba abu ne na kowa a yanayi ba. Saboda haka, ba shi da kaddarorin halittu a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Kaddarorin halittu yawanci sun haɗa da ayyukan nazarin halittu, shayewar halittu, metabolism da tasirin abubuwa akan rayayyun halittu. Tun da scandium ba wani abu ne mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa ba, babu sanannun kwayoyin halitta da ke da buƙatu na nazarin halittu ko amfani da scandium.
Tasirin scandium akan kwayoyin halitta yana da alaƙa da aikin rediyo. Wasu isotopes na scandium na rediyoaktif ne, don haka idan jikin ɗan adam ko wasu kwayoyin halitta sun fallasa su zuwa scandium na rediyoaktif, yana iya haifar da fallasa radiation mai haɗari. Wannan yanayin yawanci yana faruwa a takamaiman yanayi kamar binciken kimiyyar nukiliya, aikin rediyo ko haɗarin nukiliya.
Scandium baya hulɗa da fa'ida tare da kwayoyin halitta kuma akwai haɗarin radiation. Saboda haka, ba wani abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin kwayoyin halitta ba.

Scandium wani nau'in sinadari ne da ba kasafai ba, kuma rarrabawarsa a yanayi yana da iyaka. Anan ga cikakken gabatarwar ga rarraba scandium a cikin yanayi:

1. Abun ciki a yanayi: Scandium yana wanzuwa cikin ɗan ƙaramin adadin a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Matsakaicin abun ciki a cikin ɓawon burodin duniya shine kusan 0.0026 mg/kg (ko sassa 2.6 a kowace miliyan). Wannan ya sa scandium ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ba su da yawa a cikin ɓawon ƙasa.

2. Ganowa a cikin ma'adanai: Duk da ƙarancin abun ciki, ana iya samun scandium a wasu ma'adanai, galibi a cikin nau'in oxides ko silicates. Wasu ma'adanai masu ɗauke da scandium sun haɗa da scandianite da dolomite.

3. Cire Scandium: Saboda ƙayyadaddun rarrabuwar sa a yanayi, yana da wuya a cire tsaftataccen scandium. Yawancin lokaci, ana samun scandium a matsayin abin da aka samu na aikin narkewar aluminum, kamar yadda yake faruwa da aluminum a cikin bauxite.

4. Rarraba Geographical: Ana rarraba Scandium a duniya, amma ba daidai ba. Wasu kasashe irin su China, Rasha, Norway, Sweden da Brazil suna da tarin tarin kayan kwalliya, yayin da wasu yankuna ba sa samun su.

Ko da yake scandium yana da iyakataccen rarraba a cikin yanayi, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu manyan fasahohin fasaha da masana'antu, don haka ta

Cirewa da Narkewar Abubuwan Scandium

Scandium wani nau'in ƙarfe ne da ba kasafai ba, kuma aikin hakar ma'adinan sa da hakowar sa suna da rikitarwa. Mai zuwa shine cikakken gabatarwa ga tsarin hakar ma'adinai da hakar sinadarin scandium:

1. Cire Scandium: Scandium baya wanzuwa a sigar farko a yanayi, amma yawanci yana wanzuwa a cikin adadin ma'adinai. Babban kayan sinadarai sun hada da vanadium scandium ore, zircon ore, da yttrium ore. Abubuwan da ke cikin scandium a cikin waɗannan ma'adanai ba su da ɗanɗano kaɗan.

Tsarin cire scandium yawanci ya ƙunshi matakai masu zuwa:

a. Ma'adinai: tono ma'adanai masu ɗauke da scandium.

b. Murkushewa da sarrafa tama: Murƙushewa da sarrafa ma'adanai don ware ma'adanai masu amfani da duwatsun datti.

c. Tushen ruwa: Ta hanyar tafiyar da ruwa, ana raba ma'adinan da ke ɗauke da scandium daga wasu ƙazanta.

d. Rushewa da Ragewa: Scandium hydroxide yawanci ana narkar da shi sannan kuma a rage shi zuwa sikandin ƙarfe ta hanyar ragewa (yawanci aluminum).

e. Fitar da Electrolytic: Ana fitar da raguwar scandium ta hanyar tsarin lantarki don samun tsafta mai tsayikarfe scandium.

3. Refining na scandium: Ta hanyar mahara rushewa da crystallization matakai, da tsarki na scandium za a iya kara inganta. Hanyar gama gari ita ce raba da crystallize mahadi na scandium ta hanyar chlorination ko tsarin carbonation don samuhigh-tsarki scandium.

Ya kamata a lura cewa saboda ƙarancin scandium, aikin hakowa da tsaftacewa yana buƙatar ingantattun injiniyoyin sinadarai, kuma yawanci suna haifar da adadi mai yawa na sharar gida da samfuran. Don haka, aikin hakar ma'adinai da hakar sinadarin scandium wani aiki ne mai sarkakiya kuma mai tsada, galibi ana hada shi da aikin hakar ma'adinai da hakar wasu abubuwa don inganta ingantaccen tattalin arziki.

Hanyoyin gano scandium
1. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): Atomic absorption spectrometry shine hanyar bincike mai ƙididdigewa da aka saba amfani da ita wanda ke amfani da sikelin sha a ƙayyadaddun raƙuman raƙuman ruwa don tantance ƙaddamarwar scandium a cikin samfurin. Yana sarrafa samfurin da za a gwada a cikin harshen wuta, sa'an nan kuma auna ƙarfin sha na scandium a cikin samfurin ta hanyar spectrometer. Wannan hanya ta dace don gano abubuwan da aka gano na scandium.
2. Inductively coupled plasma Optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry hanya ce mai matukar kulawa da zaɓe wacce aka yi amfani da ita sosai wajen nazarin abubuwa da yawa. Yana sarrafa samfurin kuma ya samar da plasma, kuma yana ƙayyade takamaiman tsayin daka da ƙarfin fitar da scandium a cikin na'urar gani.
3. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry hanya ce ta nazari mai zurfi da tsayin daka wacce za'a iya amfani da ita don tantance rabon isotope da binciken abubuwan ganowa. Yana sarrafa samfurin kuma ya samar da plasma, kuma yana ƙayyade yawan adadin-zuwa caji na scandium a cikin ma'aunin sigina. 4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): X-ray fluorescence spectrometry yana amfani da nau'in nau'i na fluorescence da aka samar bayan samfurin yana jin dadi ta hanyar X-ray don nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwa. Yana iya sauri da kuma mara lalacewa ta ƙayyade abun ciki na scandium a cikin samfurin.
5. Tsare-tsaren karantawa kai tsaye: Har ila yau, an san shi da hoton hoto na kai tsaye na karantawa, fasaha ce ta nazari da ake amfani da ita don nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin samfurin. Yana amfani da tartsatsin wuta mai zafi ko arcs don batar da abubuwan da ke cikin samfurin kai tsaye daga ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi kuma suna fitar da layukan gani a cikin yanayi mai daɗi. Kowane sinadari yana da keɓaɓɓen layin fitar da iska, kuma ƙarfinsa yayi daidai da abun ciki na sigar da ke cikin samfurin. Ta hanyar auna ƙarfin waɗannan layukan bakan, ana iya tantance abun ciki na kowane kashi a cikin samfurin. Ana amfani da wannan hanya musamman don nazarin abubuwan karafa da gami, musamman a fannin karafa, sarrafa karafa, kimiyyar kayan aiki da sauran fannoni.

Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin sosai a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da masana'antu don ƙididdige ƙididdigewa da sarrafa ingancin scandium. Zaɓin hanyar da ta dace ya dogara da dalilai kamar nau'in samfurin, iyakar ganowa da ake buƙata da daidaiton ganowa.

Takamaiman aikace-aikace na hanyar shan atomic scandium

A cikin ma'auni, nau'in nau'in nau'in atomic yana da daidaitattun daidaito da azanci, yana samar da ingantacciyar hanya don nazarin kaddarorin sinadarai, abun da ke ciki, da abun ciki na abubuwa.

Bayan haka, za mu yi amfani da sinadarai na atomiki don auna abubuwan da ke cikin ƙarfe.

Takamaiman matakan sune kamar haka:

Shirya samfurin da za a gwada. Don shirya bayani na samfurin da za a auna, gabaɗaya ya zama dole a yi amfani da cakuda acid don narkewa don sauƙaƙe ma'auni na gaba.

Zabi madaidaicin abin da zai iya sha atomic spectrometer. Zaɓi madaidaicin abin da za a iya sha atom ɗin bisa ga kaddarorin samfurin da za a gwada da kewayon abun ciki na scandium da za a auna. Daidaita ma'auni na spectrometer sha atom. Daidaita ma'auni na na'urar daukar hoto ta atomatik, gami da tushen haske, atomizer, ganowa, da sauransu, dangane da sigar gwaji da samfurin kayan aiki.

Auna abin sha na scandium element. Sanya samfurin da za a gwada a cikin na'urar atomizer kuma fitar da hasken haske na takamaiman tsayin daka ta hanyar haske. Na'urar scandium da za a gwada za ta sha wannan hasken hasken kuma za a yi jujjuyawar matakin makamashi. Auna abin sha na scandium ta hanyar ganowa.

Yi lissafin abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarin scandium. Yi ƙididdige abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarin scandium bisa la'akari da abin sha da daidaitaccen lanƙwasa.

A cikin ainihin aikin, ya zama dole don zaɓar hanyoyin ma'auni masu dacewa bisa ga takamaiman bukatun shafin. Ana amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin sosai a cikin bincike da gano ƙarfe a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da masana'antu.
A karshen cikakkiyar gabatarwar mu ga scandium, muna fatan masu karatu za su iya samun zurfin fahimta da sanin wannan abu mai ban mamaki. Scandium, a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin tebur na lokaci-lokaci, ba kawai yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fagen kimiyya ba, har ma yana da fa'idodi da yawa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun da sauran fagage.
Ta hanyar nazarin kaddarorin, amfani, tsarin ganowa da aikace-aikacen scandium a kimiyyar zamani da fasaha, za mu iya ganin fara'a da yuwuwar wannan sinadari. Daga kayan sararin samaniya zuwa fasahar baturi, daga sinadarai zuwa kayan aikin likita, scandium yana taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Tabbas, muna kuma bukatar mu gane cewa yayin da scandium ke kawo dacewa ga rayuwarmu, yana da wasu haɗari masu haɗari. Sabili da haka, yayin da muke buƙatar jin daɗin fa'idodin scandium, dole ne mu mai da hankali ga amfani mai ma'ana da daidaitaccen aikace-aikacen don guje wa matsalolin da za a iya samu.Scandium wani abu ne wanda ya cancanci yin nazari mai zurfi da fahimtarmu. A cikin ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha na gaba, muna sa ran scandium zai yi amfani da fa'idodinsa na musamman a ƙarin fagage kuma ya kawo ƙarin dacewa da abubuwan ban mamaki ga rayuwarmu.