ʻO Gadolinium: ʻO ka metala anu loa ma ka honua

ʻO Gadolinium, ʻeleʻele 64 o ka pākaukau manawa.

He ʻohana nui ka Lanthanide i ka papaʻaina, a ua like loa ko lākou mau waiwai kemika me kekahi, no laila paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. I ka makahiki 1789, ua loaʻa iā John Gadolin ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Finnish i ka ʻokikene metala a ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka oxide honua laha mua loa -Yttrium(III) oxidema o ke kālailai ʻana, e wehe ana i ka mōʻaukala ʻike ʻana i nā mea o ka honua laha. I ka makahiki 1880, ua ʻike ka ʻepekema Suedena ʻo Demeriak i ʻelua mau mea hou, ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea i hōʻoia ʻia ma hope.samarium, a ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hou, gadolinium, ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ʻana e ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe Farani ʻo Debuwa Bodeland.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea Gadolinium mai ka silicon beryllium gadolinium ore, ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi, palupalu i ke ʻano, maikaʻi i ka ductility, magnetic i ka lumi wela, a he ʻano mea ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. He paʻa paʻa i ka ea maloʻo, akā nalowale kona ʻulaʻula i ka haʻahaʻa, e hana ana i ka ʻōpala a wehe maʻalahi e like me nā oxide keʻokeʻo. Ke puhi ʻia i ka ea, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohua i nā oxide keʻokeʻo. Hoʻopili mālie ʻo Gadolinium me ka wai a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka waikawa e hana i nā paʻakai kala ʻole. Ua like loa kona mau waiwai kemika me nā Lanthanide ʻē aʻe, akā, ʻokoʻa iki kona mau waiwai optical a magnetic. ʻO Gadolinium ka Paramagnetism ma ka lumi wela a me ka ferromagnetic ma hope o ka hoʻoilo. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kona mau hiʻohiʻona e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā magnet mau loa.

Ke hoʻohana nei i ka Paramagnetism o gadolinium, ua lilo ka mea hana gadolinium i mea hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi no NMR. Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka noiʻi ponoʻī o ka ʻenehana kiʻi nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, a ua loaʻa iā 6 Nobel Prizes e pili ana iā ia. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia ka resonance magnetic nuklea e ka neʻe ʻana o ka nuclei atomic, a ʻokoʻa ka neʻe ʻana o nā nuclei atomika like ʻole. Ma muli o nā hawewe electromagnetic i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā attenuation ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ke kūlana a me ke ʻano o ka nuclei atomic e hoʻokumu ai i kēia mea, a hiki ke kaha kiʻi ʻia ke kiʻi o loko o ka mea. Ma lalo o ka hana ʻana o kahi māla magnetic, loaʻa mai ka hōʻailona o ka ʻenehana kiʻi nuklea magnetic resonance mai ka wili o kekahi nuclei atomic, e like me ka hydrogen nuclei i loko o ka wai. Eia naʻe, ua wela kēia mau nuclei hiki ke milo i ke kahua RF o ka resonance magnetic, e like me ka umu microwave, ka mea maʻamau e hoʻonāwaliwali i ka hōʻailona o ka ʻenehana kiʻi magnetic resonance. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Gadolinium ion i kahi manawa Spin magnetic ikaika loa, e kōkua ana i ka milo o ka nucleus atomic, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻike ʻia o ka ʻiʻo maʻi, akā mālama pū kekahi me ka maʻalili. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i ka gadolinium kekahi mea ʻona, a i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia nā ligands chelating e hoʻopili i nā ion gadolinium e pale aku iā lākou mai ke komo ʻana i nā ʻiʻo kanaka.

Loaʻa i ka Gadolinium kahi hopena magnetocaloric ikaika i ka lumi wela, a ʻokoʻa kona mahana me ka ikaika o ka māla magnetic, kahi e lawe mai ai i kahi noi hoihoi - magnetic refrigeration. I loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe, ma muli o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka dipole magnetic, e wela ka mea magnetic ma lalo o kekahi kahua magnetic waho. Ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kahua magnetic, e emi ana ka mahana o ka mea. Hiki i kēia ʻano hoʻoheheʻe magnetic ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e like me Freon a hoʻomaha wikiwiki. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻāʻo nei ka honua e hoʻomohala i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka gadolinium a me kāna mau mea hoʻohui i kēia kahua, a hana i kahi mea hoʻonaninani magnetic liʻiliʻi a maikaʻi. Ma lalo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka gadolinium, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā mahana ultra-haʻahaʻa, no laila ua ʻike ʻia ʻo gadolinium ʻo ia ka "metala anuanu loa ma ka honua".

ʻO Gadolinium isotopes Gd-155 a me Gd-157 ka nui loa o ka thermal neutron Absorption cross section ma waena o nā isotopes Natural, a hiki ke hoʻohana i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka gadolinium e hoʻomalu i ka hana maʻamau o nā reactors nuklea. No laila, hānau ʻia nā reactors wai māmā gadolinium a me ke koʻokoʻo gadolinium Control, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana o nā reactors nuklea me ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai.

Loaʻa i ka Gadolinium nā waiwai optical maikaʻi loa a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā mea hoʻokaʻawale optical, e like me nā diodes i nā kaapuni, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo nā diodes māmā. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia ʻano diode kukui ke hele wale i ka mālamalama i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao, akā ua poloka pū i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā leo i loko o ka fiber optical, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka maʻemaʻe o ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka hōʻailona optical a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka lawe ʻana i nā nalu māmā. ʻO Gadolinium gallium garnet kekahi o nā mea substrate maikaʻi loa no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻokaʻawale optical.