ʻElemu Holmium a me nā ʻano ʻike maʻamau
I loko o ka papaʻaina manawa o nā mea kemika, aia kekahi mea i kapa ʻiaholmium, he metala laha ole. Paʻa kēia mea ma ka lumi wela a he kiʻekiʻe ka helu heheʻe a me ka paila. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia ka ʻāpana ʻoi loa o ka mea holmium. Aia kona nani maoli ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wā e hauʻoli ai, hoʻopuka ia i kahi kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo nani. ʻO ka mea holmium i loko o kēia kūlana hauʻoli e like me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nani a pohihihi. He moʻolelo noʻonoʻo pōkole ko ke kanaka no ka mea holmium. I ka makahiki 1879, ua ʻike mua ʻo Per Theodor Klebe i ka mea holmium a kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma hope o kona kūlanakauhale hānau. ʻOiai e aʻo ana i ka erbium haumia, ʻike kūʻokoʻa ʻo ia i ka holmium ma ka wehe ʻanayttriumascandium. Ua kapa ʻo ia i ka mea ʻeleʻele ʻo Holmia (ka inoa Latin no Stockholm) a me ka mea uliuli ʻo Thulia. Ua hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka dysprosium e hoʻokaʻawale i ka holmium maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka Holmium kahi mea honua laha ʻole me ka magnetism ikaika loa, no laila hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana i nā mea magnetic. I ka manawa like, loaʻa i ka holmium kahi kuhikuhi refractive kiʻekiʻe, e lilo ia i mea kūpono no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kani a me nā fiber optical. Eia kekahi, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka holmium i ka ʻoihana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka ikehu, a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni. I kēia lā, e hele mākou i loko o kēia mea kilokilo me kahi ākea o nā noi - holmium. E ʻimi i kāna mau mea pohihihi a manaʻo i kāna hāʻawi nui ʻana i ke kaiāulu kanaka.
Nā kahua noi o ka mea holmium
ʻO ka Holmium kahi mea kemika me ka helu atomika o 67 a no ka moʻo lanthanide. ʻO ka mea aʻe kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī i kekahi mau māhele noi o ka holmium element:
1. Holmium magnet:Loaʻa iā Holmium nā waiwai magnetic maikaʻi a hoʻohana nui ʻia i mea hana no ka hana ʻana i nā magnet. ʻOi loa i ka noiʻi superconductivity kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā magnet holmium i mau mea no nā superconductors e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kahua magnetic o nā superconductors.
2. aniani Holmium:Hiki i ka Holmium ke hāʻawi i ke aniani i nā waiwai optical kūikawā a hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā laser aniani holmium. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā lasers Holmium i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka ʻoihana, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i nā maʻi o ka maka, ʻoki i nā metala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, etc.
3. ʻOihana ikehu nuklea:ʻO ka isotope holmium-165 o Holmium he ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe hopu neutron kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomalu i ka neutron flux a me ka hāʻawi mana o nā reactors nuklea.
4. ʻO nā mea ʻenehana: Loaʻa iā Holmium kekahi mau noi i nā mea uila, e like me nā alakaʻi nalu optical, photodetectors, modulators, etc.
5. ʻO nā mea fluorescent:Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā pūhui Holmium e like me nā mea fluorescent no ka hana ʻana i nā kukui fluorescent, nā pale hōʻike fluorescent a me nā hōʻailona fluorescent.6. Nā mea hao hao:Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Holmium i nā metala ʻē aʻe e hana i nā mea hoʻohui e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kūpaʻa wela, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka hana kuʻi ʻana o nā metala. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana i nā ʻenekini mokulele, nā ʻenekini kaʻa a me nā mea hana kemika. Loaʻa i ka Holmium nā noi koʻikoʻi i nā magnets, nā laser aniani, ka ʻoihana ikehu nuklea, nā mea optical, nā mea fluorescent a me nā mea hao.
Nā waiwai kino o ka mea holmium
1. 'Atomika 'ano: 'O ka 'atoma o ka holmium i haku 'ia me 67 electrons. I loko o kāna hoʻonohonoho uila, aia 2 electrons i ka papa mua, 8 electrons ma ka papa ʻelua, 18 electrons i ke kolu o ka papa, a me 29 electrons ma ka ʻehā. No laila, aia he 2 mau paikini lone ma ka papa o waho loa.
2. ʻO ka Density a me ka paʻakikī: ʻO ka nui o ka holmium he 8.78 g / cm3, kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kona paʻakikī ma kahi o 5.4 Mohs paʻakikī.
3. Ka helu heheʻe a me ka paila: ʻO ka helu heheʻe o ka holmium ma kahi o 1474 degere Celsius a ʻo ka helu hoʻolapalapa ma kahi o 2695 degere Celsius.
4. Magnetism: ʻO ka Holmium he mea metala me ka magnetism maikaʻi. Hōʻike ia i ka ferromagnetism ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā nalo mālie kona magnetism i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. He mea nui ka magnetism o ka holmium i nā noi magnet a me ka noiʻi superconductivity kiʻekiʻe.
5. Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona: Hōʻike ʻo Holmium i ka absorption a me nā laina hoʻokuʻu i ka spectrum ʻike ʻia. Aia kona mau laina hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka ʻulaʻula spectral pae, ka hopena i nā pūhui holmium maʻamau me nā waihoʻoluʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻulaʻula paha.
6. ʻO ka hoʻoili wela: He kiʻekiʻe ko ka Holmium ma kahi o 16.2 W / m · Kelvin. He mea waiwai kēia i ka holmium i kekahi mau noi e koi ana i ka conductivity thermal maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka Holmium kahi metala me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, paʻakikī a me ka magnetism. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ia i nā magnets, nā superconductors kiʻekiʻe, spectroscopy a me ka conductivity thermal.
Nā waiwai kemika o ka holmium
1. Hoʻohou: ʻO ka Holmium kahi metala paʻa paʻa e hana mālie me ka hapa nui o nā mea metala a me nā waikawa. ʻAʻole ia e hana me ka ea a me ka wai ma ka lumi wela, akā i ka wā e wela ai i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, e hana me ka oxygen i ka lewa e hana i ka holmium oxide.
2. Solubility: He mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻia ka Holmium i loko o nā haʻina ʻakika a hiki ke hana me ka sulfuric acid concentrated, nitric acid a me hydrochloric acid e hana ai i nā paʻakai holmium like.
3. Mokuna oxidation: ʻO ka maʻamau o ka holmium ka +3. Hiki iā ia ke hana i nā pūhui like ʻole, e like me nā oxides (Ho2O3), nā chloride (HoCl3), sulfates (Ho2(SO4)3), etc. Eia hou, hiki i ka holmium ke hōʻike i nā mokuʻāina hoʻohāhā e like me +2, +4 a me +5, akā ʻaʻole maʻamau kēia mau mokuʻāina hoʻokahe.
4. Nā Paʻakikī: Hiki i ka Holmium ke hana i nā ʻano paʻakikī, ʻo ka mea maʻamau o ia mau mea he paʻakikī i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā ion holmium (III). He kuleana koʻikoʻi kēia mau paʻakikī i ka nānā ʻana kemika, catalysts a me ka noiʻi biochemical.
5. Hoʻoikaika: Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Holmium i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā hopena kemika. Hiki iā ia ke komo i nā ʻano hana kemika e like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa hoʻoemi ʻana, ka hoʻohui ʻana, a me nā hopena paʻakikī. ʻO ka Holmium kahi metala paʻa, a ʻike ʻia kona mau mea kemika i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻia, nā ʻano oxidation like ʻole, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻano paʻakikī. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i ka holmium i nā hopena kemika, kemika hoʻohui, a me ka noiʻi biochemical.
Nā waiwai olaola o ka holmium
Ua aʻo liʻiliʻi ʻia nā waiwai ola o ka holmium, a ua kaupalena ʻia ka ʻike a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia manawa. Eia kekahi mau waiwai o ka holmium ma ke kino.
1. Bioavailability: He mea kakaikahi ka Holmium ma ke ʻano, no laila he haʻahaʻa loa kona ʻike i loko o nā meaola. He maikaʻi ʻole ka bioavailability o ka Holmium, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hiki o ke kino ke komo a komo i ka holmium, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu i maopopo ʻole ai nā hana a me nā hopena o ka holmium i loko o ke kino kanaka.
2. Hana kino: ʻOiai he kakaikahi ka ʻike o nā hana physiological o ka holmium, ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e pili ana ka holmium i kekahi mau kaʻina biochemical koʻikoʻi i loko o ke kino kanaka. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻepekema e pili paha ka holmium i ke olakino iwi a me ka ʻiʻo, akā ʻaʻole maopopo ke ʻano kikoʻī.
3. Toxicity: Ma muli o kona bioavailability haʻahaʻa, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka holmium i ke kino kanaka. Ma nā noiʻi holoholona holoholona, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea holmium kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hōʻeha i ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa, akā ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka ʻona nui a me ka maʻi o ka holmium he mea kaupalena. ʻAʻole maopopo loa ka waiwai ola o ka holmium i nā mea ola. Ke nānā nei ka noiʻi o kēia manawa i kāna mau hana physiological a me nā hopena ʻawaʻawa i nā mea ola. Me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, e hoʻomau ka noiʻi ʻana i nā waiwai ola o ka holmium.
Māhele kūlohelohe o ka holmium
He kakaikahi loa ka puunaue ana i ka holmium, a oia kekahi o na mea me ka haahaa loa o ka lepo. Eia ka mahele ana o ka holmium ma ke ano.
1. Ka mahele ʻana i ka ʻōpala o ka honua: ʻO ka maʻiʻo o ka holmium i loko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua ma kahi o 1.3ppm (mau ʻāpana o ka miliona), ʻo ia kahi mea kakaikahi i ka ʻōpala o ka honua. ʻOiai ka haʻahaʻa o kona ʻike, hiki ke loaʻa ka holmium i loko o kekahi mau pōhaku a me nā ores, e like me nā ores i loaʻa nā mea ʻano honua.
2. Loaʻa i loko o nā minela: Loaʻa ka Holmium i nā ores ma ke ʻano o nā oxides, e like me ka holmium oxide (Ho2O3). Ho2O3 heʻohe lepo lāʻauʻO ka ʻeleʻele i loaʻa kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka holmium.
3. Hoʻohui ʻia ma ke ʻano: Holmium maʻamau e noho pū me nā mea ʻeleʻele ʻē aʻe a me kahi ʻāpana o nā mea lanthanide. Hiki ke noho ma ke ʻano ma ke ʻano o nā oxides, sulfates, carbonates, etc.
4. Kahi ʻāina o ka hāʻawi ʻana: He ʻano like ka hoʻohele ʻana o ka holmium a puni ka honua, akā ua kaupalena ʻia kāna hana. Loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻāina kekahi mau kumu waiwai holmium, e like me Kina, Australia, Brazil, etc. He mea kakaikahi ka Holmium ma ke ʻano a aia ka nui ma ke ʻano o nā oxides i loko o ka ores. ʻOiai he haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo, noho pū ia me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka honua laha ʻole a hiki ke loaʻa ma kekahi mau kaiapuni honua kikoʻī. Ma muli o kona ʻano liʻiliʻi a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, paʻakikī ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka holmium.
Ka unuhi a me ka hoohehee ana i ka mea holmium
ʻO ka Holmium kahi mea honua laha ʻole, a ʻo kāna kaʻina hana eli a me ka unuhi ʻana ua like ia me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana mining a me ka unuhi ʻana o ka mea holmium:
1. Ke ʻimi nei i ka ʻaila holmium: Hiki ke loaʻa ka holmium i nā ʻoʻa lepo laha ʻole, a ʻo nā ʻaila holmium maʻamau e loaʻa i nā ʻaila oxide a me nā ʻaila carbonate. Aia paha kēia mau ores ma lalo o ka lepo a i ʻole ka lua hāmama.
2. ʻO ka ʻohi ʻana a me ka wili ʻana i ka Ore: Ma hope o ka ʻeli ʻana, pono e ʻoki ʻia ka ʻaila holmium a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou.
3. Flotation: ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻaila holmium mai nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano flotation. I ke kaʻina hana flotation, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a me ka foam e hana i ka holmium ore e lana ma luna o ka wai wai, a laila hana i ka mālama kino a me ke kemika.
4. Hydration: Ma hope o ka lele ʻana, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka holmium ore e hoʻololi i nā paʻakai holmium. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻamau e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻeleʻele me ka dilute acid solution e hana i kahi holmium acid salt solution.
5. Ka ua a me ka kānana ʻana: Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻano hopena, ua hoʻokahe ʻia ka holmium i loko o ka holmium acid salt solution. A laila, kānana i ka wai e hoʻokaʻawale i ka holmium maʻemaʻe.
6. Calcination: Pono ka holmium precipitates e hana i ka calcination lapaʻau. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻomehana i ka holmium precipitate i kahi wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻololi iā ia i holmium oxide.
7. Ho'ēmi: Holmium oxide i ka ho'ēmi 'ana i ka ho'ololi 'ana i holmium metala. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa (e like me ka hydrogen) no ka hōʻemi ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe. 8. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe: Loaʻa i ka holmium metala i hoʻemi ʻia nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe a pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia. ʻO nā ʻano hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻo ia ka wehe ʻana i ka solvent, electrolysis, a me ka hōʻemi kemika. Ma hope o nā ʻanuʻu i luna, kiʻekiʻe-maʻemaʻemetala holmiumhiki ke loaa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau metala holmium no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā alloys, nā mea magnetic, ka ʻenehana ikehu nuklea, a me nā mea laser. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo he paʻakikī ke kaʻina hana a me ka ʻili ʻana o nā mea ʻenekele honua a koi i ka ʻenehana holomua a me nā mea hana e hoʻokō ai i ka hana kūpono a haʻahaʻa.
Nā ala ʻike o ka mea holmium
1. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): Atomic absorption spectrometry he mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano loiloi nui e hoʻohana ana i ka spectra absorption o nā lōʻihi hawewe kikoʻī e hoʻoholo ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka holmium i loko o kahi hāpana. Atomize ia i ka hāpana e hoʻāʻo ʻia i loko o kahi lapalapa, a laila ana i ka ikaika absorption o ka holmium i ka hāpana ma o kahi spectrometer. He kūpono kēia ʻano no ka ʻike ʻana i ka holmium ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
2. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry he mea ko'iko'i ko'iko'i a me ke koho analytical analytical i ho'ohana nui 'ia ma ka ho'oponopono multi-element. Atomize ia i ka laʻana a hana i plasma e ana i ka nalu kikoʻī a me ka ikaika o ka holmium holmium i loko o kahi spectrometer.
3. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, he ʻano hoʻonaʻauao koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ratio isotope a me ka nānā ʻana i nā mea hana. Atomize ia i ka hāpana a hana i plasma e ana i ka lakio nui-to-charge o ka holmium ma kahi spectrometer.
4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): X-ray fluorescence spectrometry hoʻohana i ka fluorescence spectrum i hana ʻia e ka hāpana ma hope o ka hoʻohauʻoli ʻia ʻana e nā kukuna X e kālailai i ka ʻike o nā mea. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻoholo koke i ka ʻike holmium i ka hāpana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau ʻano i nā laboratories a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana no ka loiloi quantitative a me ka mana maikaʻi o ka holmium. ʻO ke koho ʻana i ke ala kūpono e pili ana i nā mea e like me ke ʻano o ka laʻana, ka palena ʻike pono a me ka pololei ʻike.
Hoʻohana kikoʻī o ka holmium atomic absorption method
Ma ke ana element, he kiʻekiʻe ka pololei a me ka noʻonoʻo o ke ʻano o ka atomic absorption, a hāʻawi i kahi ala kūpono no ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai kemika, ka hui pū ʻana a me ka ʻike o nā mea. Penei nā ʻanuʻu kikoʻī: E hoʻomākaukau i ka hāpana e ana ʻia. E hoʻomākaukau i ka hāpana e ana ʻia i loko o kahi hāʻina, pono e ʻeli ʻia me ka ʻakika hui ʻia no ke ana ʻana. E koho i kahi spectrometer hoʻoheheʻe atomika kūpono. E like me ka waiwai o ka hāpana e ana a me ka laulā o ka holmium maʻiʻo e ana, koho i ka atomic absorption spectrometer kupono. E hoʻoponopono i nā ʻāpana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe atomic absorption spectrometer. E like me ka mea e ana a me ka mea hoʻohālike, hoʻoponopono i nā palena o ka atomic absorption spectrometer, me ke kumu kukui, atomizer, detector, etc. E ana i ka absorbance o ka holmium. E kau i ka hāpana e ana ʻia i loko o ka atomizer, a e hoʻokuʻu i ka pāhawewe māmā o kahi lōʻihi hawewe kikoʻī ma o ke kumu kukui. ʻO ka mea holmium e ana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i kēia mau kukui māmā a hana i nā hoʻololi pae ikehu. E ana i ka komo ʻana o ka holmium ma o ka mea ʻike. E helu i ka mea o ka holmium. E like me ka absorbance a me ka maʻamau curve, helu ʻia ka ʻike o ka holmium. Eia nā ʻāpana kikoʻī i hoʻohana ʻia e kahi mea hana e ana i ka holmium.
Holmium (Ho) kūlana: holmium oxide (analytical grade).
Keʻano: Pono ke kaupaona 1.1455g Ho2O3, e hoʻoheheʻe i ka 20mL 5Mole hydrochloric acid, e hoʻoheheʻe i 1L me ka wai, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o Ho i kēia hopena he 1000μg/mL. E mālama i loko o kahi hue polyethylene mai ka mālamalama.
ʻAno lapalapa: nitrous oxide-acetylene, lapalapa momona
Nā ʻāpana hoʻohālikelike: Loʻihi hawewe (nm) 410.4 Ka bandwidth kikoo (nm) 0.2
Kānana kānana 0.6 Manaʻo ʻia ke kukui o kēia manawa (mA) 6
Puke uila kiʻekiʻe ʻino (v) 384.5
Ke kiʻekiʻe o ke poʻo puhi ahi (mm) 12
Ka manawa hoʻohui (S) 3
Pumi ea a me ke kahe (MP, mL/min) 0.25, 5000
ʻO ke kaomi a me ke kahe o ka nitrous oxide (MP, mL/min) 0.22, 5000
Pumi a me ke kahe o ka Acetylene (MP, mL/min) 0.1, 4500
ʻO ka helu hoʻopili laina 0.9980
ʻO ka manaʻo hoʻohālikelike (μg/mL) 0.841
Keʻano helu helu Kaʻina hana hoʻomau ʻO ka acidity solution 0.5%
HCl ana papa:
ʻĀpana hoʻoponopono:
Hoʻopilikia: Holmium ʻāpana ʻāpana i loko o ka lapalapa nitrous oxide-acetylene. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka potassium nitrate a i ʻole ka potassium chloride i ka hopena o ka pālolo pālolo o 2000μg / mL hiki ke kāohi i ka ionization o ka holmium. Ma ka hana maoli, pono e koho i ke ana kupono e like me ka pono o ka paena. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau ʻano i ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka cadmium i nā laboratories a me nā ʻoihana.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Holmium i ka mana nui i nā kula he nui me kāna mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa a me ka nui o nā hoʻohana. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mōʻaukala, kaʻina hana ʻike,koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka holmium, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke koʻikoʻi a me ka waiwai o kēia mea kilokilo. E kakali mākou i ka holmium e lawe mai i nā mea kupanaha a me nā mea hou i ka nohona kanaka i ka wā e hiki mai ana a me ka hāʻawi nui ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka holomua ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau.
No ka ʻike hou aku a i ʻole ka nīnau ʻana iā Holmium welcome tokāhea iā mā˚ou
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Nov-13-2024