Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻāina laha ʻole ma ka ʻāina e hoʻoholo ai i kona pae ʻoihana. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea kiʻekiʻe, pololei, a me nā mea kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻāpana, a me nā mea hana mai nā metala laha. No ke aha i ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana o ke kila like ma mua o ʻoe? ʻO ia ka milo mīkini mea hana like me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi a me ka pololei ma mua o ʻoe? He aniani hoʻokahi paha ia e hiki ai i nā mea ʻē aʻe ke piʻi i kahi wela kiʻekiʻe o 1650 ° C? No ke aha ke kiʻekiʻe o ke aniani o kekahi? No ke aha e hiki ai iā Toyota ke hoʻokō i ka hana wela wela kaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua he 41%? Pili kēia mau mea a pau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā metala laha.
ʻO nā metala honua laha ʻole, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he ʻano honua laha ʻole, he huaʻōlelo hui no 17 mau mea o kascandium, yttrium, a me ka moʻo lanthanide i ka papaʻaina manawa IIIB pūʻulu, i hōʻike pinepine ʻia e R a i ʻole RE. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Scandium a me ka yttrium i nā mea ʻeleʻele honua ʻokoʻa no ka mea ua hui pū lākou me nā mea lanthanide i loko o nā waihona mineral a loaʻa nā waiwai kemika like.
ʻAʻole e like me kona inoa e hōʻike ana, ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi (koe ʻole ka promethium) i loko o ka ʻōpala he kiʻekiʻe loa, me ka cerium kūlana 25th i ka nui o nā mea crustal, helu no 0.0068% (kokoke i ke keleawe). Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o kāna mau waiwai geochemical, ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ʻia nā mea ʻenehana honua i kahi pae hoʻokele waiwai. Ua loaʻa ka inoa o nā mea ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi ma muli o ko lākou hemahema. ʻO ka mineral mua loa i ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka, ʻo ia ka silicon beryllium yttrium ore i lawe ʻia mai loko mai o ka lua ma ke kauhale ʻo Iterbi, Suedena, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā inoa o ka honua.
ʻO ko lākou mau inoa a me nā hōʻailona kemikaSc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Yb, a me Lu. ʻO ko lākou mau helu ʻātoma he 21 (Sc), 39 (Y), 57 (La) a hiki i 71 (Lu).
ʻO ka Moʻolelo ʻIke ʻana o nā ʻElemu Honua Rare
I ka makahiki 1787, ua ʻike ʻo Swedish CA Arrhenius i kahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele maʻamau ma ke kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi o Ytterby kokoke i Stockholm. I ka makahiki 1794, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Finnish J. Gadolin i kahi mea hou mai ia mea. ʻEkolu makahiki ma hope mai (1797), ua hōʻoia ʻo Swedish AG Ekeberg i kēia ʻike a kapa ʻia ka mea hou yttria (yttrium earth) ma hope o kahi i ʻike ʻia ai. Ma hope mai, no ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā Gadolinite, ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano o ka ʻaila gadolinite. I ka makahiki 1803, ua ʻike nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Kelemania ʻo MH Klaproth, nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa Suedena ʻo JJ Berzelius, a me W. Hisinger i kahi mea hou - ceria - mai kahi oka (cerium silicate ore). I ka makahiki 1839, ua ʻike ka Swede CG Mosander i ka lanthanum. I ka makahiki 1843, ua ʻike hou ʻo Musander i ka terbium a me ka erbium. I ka makahiki 1878, ua ʻike ʻo Swiss Marinac i ka ytterbium. I ka makahiki 1879, ua ʻike ka poʻe Palani i ka samarium, ua ʻike ka poʻe Suedena i ka holmium a me ka thulium, a ua ʻike ʻia ka Scandium i ka Swedish. I ka makahiki 1880, ua ʻike ʻo Swiss Marinac i ka gadolinium. I ka makahiki 1885, ua ʻike ʻo Austrian A. von Wels bach i ka praseodymium a me ka neodymium. I ka makahiki 1886, ua ʻike ʻo Bouvabadrand i ka dysprosium. I ka makahiki 1901, ua ʻike ke kanaka Farani ʻo EA Demarcay i ka europium. I ka makahiki 1907, ua ʻike ke kanaka Farani ʻo G. Urban i ka lutetium. I ka makahiki 1947, loaʻa i nā ʻAmelika e like me JA Marinsky ka promethium mai nā huahana fission uranium. Ua lawe ʻia ma mua o 150 mau makahiki mai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka honua yttrium e Gadolin i ka makahiki 1794 a hiki i ka hana ʻana o ka promethium i 1947.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻeleʻele Rare Earth
Nā mea ʻeleʻele laha ʻoleʻike ʻia ʻo "nā huaora ʻoihana" a loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai magnetic, optical, a me nā waiwai uila, e pāʻani nui ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana huahana, ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻano huahana, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono hana. Ma muli o kona hopena nui a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua lilo ka honua i mea nui i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka huahana, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻenehana, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka holomua ʻenehana ʻoihana. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā kula e like me ka metallurgy, pūʻali koa, petrochemical, aniani keramika, mahiʻai, a me nā mea hou.
ʻOihana Metallurgical
honua laha oleua hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ke kahua metallurgical no nā makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o 30, a ua hoʻokumu i nā ʻenehana a me nā kaʻina hana. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka honua laʻa i ke kila a me nā metala non-ferrous he kahua nui a ākea me nā manaʻo ākea. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā metala honua laha ʻole, nā fluoride, a me nā silicides i ke kila hiki ke hana i kahi hana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, desulfurization, neutralizing haʻahaʻa hoʻoheheʻe wahi ʻino ʻino, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana hana o ke kila; Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana hao silikoni laha ʻole a me ka ʻaila magnesium silikon honua ma ke ʻano he mea spheroidizing e hana i ka hao ductile honua. Ma muli o ko lākou kūpono kūikawā no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana hao ductile paʻakikī me nā koi kūikawā, hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano hao ductile i nā ʻoihana hana mechanical e like me nā kaʻa, nā trak, a me nā mīkini diesel; ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā metala honua laha ʻole i nā alloy non-ferrous e like me ka magnesium, aluminika, ke keleawe, ka zinc, a me ka nickel hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o ka alloy, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kona lumi wela a me nā waiwai mechanical wela.
Kahua Koa
Ma muli o kāna mau waiwai kino maikaʻi loa e like me ka photoelectricity a me ka magnetism, hiki i nā honua laha ʻole ke hana i nā ʻano mea hou me nā waiwai like ʻole a hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o nā huahana ʻē aʻe. No laila, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "gula gula". ʻO ka mea mua, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻāina laha ʻole ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hana maʻamau o ke kila, alumini alumini, magnesium alloys, a me titanium alloys i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā pahu, nā mokulele, a me nā missiles. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāina laha ʻole e like me nā lubricants no nā noi ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e like me ka uila, laser, ʻoihana nuklea, a me ka superconductivity. I ka manawa e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka ʻenehana honua laha ʻole i ka pūʻali koa, ʻaʻole hiki ke lawe mai i kahi lele i ka ʻenehana koa. Ma kekahi ʻano, ʻo ka mana nui o ka pūʻali koa US i kekahi mau kaua kūloko ma hope o ke Kaua Cold, a me kona hiki ke pepehi ākea i nā ʻenemi me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole ʻia, mai kāna ʻenehana honua laha, e like me ka Superman.
ʻoihana Petrokimia
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻano honua laʻa e hana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe sieve molecular i ka ʻoihana petrochemical, me nā mea maikaʻi e like me ka hana kiʻekiʻe, ke koho maikaʻi, a me ke kūpaʻa ikaika i ka make metala kaumaha. No laila, ua hoʻololi lākou i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe alumini silicate no nā kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe catalytic; I ke kaʻina hana o ka ammonia synthetic, hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi o ka honua nitrate ma ke ʻano he cocatalyst, a ʻo kona hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kinoea he 1.5 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nickel aluminum catalyst; I ke kaʻina hana o ka synthesizing cis-1,4-polybutadiene rubber a me ka isoprene rubber, ʻo ka huahana i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cycloalkanoate triisobutyl alumini catalyst i loaʻa ʻole ka hana maikaʻi loa, me nā mea maikaʻi e like me ka liʻiliʻi o nā lako adhesive e kau ana, ka hana paʻa, a me ke kaʻina hana ma hope o ka mālama ʻana. ; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe honua laha ʻole ma ke ʻano he catalysts no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke kinoea hoʻopau mai nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka cerium naphthenate ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaloʻo pena.
aniani-seramika
Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā mea o ka honua i loko o ke aniani a me ka ʻoihana ceramic o Kina ma ka awelika o 25% mai ka makahiki 1988, a hiki i ka 1600 tons i ka makahiki 1998. lālā nui o ke kahua ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻokiki o ka honua laha ʻole a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe honua laha ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā pauka polū no ke aniani ʻōpika, nā lens makaʻala, nā paipu kiʻi, nā paipu oscilloscope, ke aniani pālahalaha, ka plastik, a me nā mea ʻai metala; I ke kaʻina o ke aniani hoʻoheheʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka cerium dioxide e loaʻa i ka hopena oxidation ikaika i ka hao, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻike hao i loko o ke aniani a hoʻokō i ka pahuhopu o ka wehe ʻana i ke kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai ke aniani; Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā oxides honua ʻokoʻa ke hana i ke aniani ʻōpika a me ke aniani kūikawā no nā kumu like ʻole, me ke aniani e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā kukui ultraviolet, ka waikawa a me ke aniani pale wela, ke aniani pale X-ray, a pēlā aku; ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i ka ceramic a me ka porcelain glazes hiki ke hōʻemi i ka ʻāpana o nā glazes a hana i nā huahana e hōʻike i nā kala like ʻole a me nā aniani, e hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana keramika.
Mahiai
Hōʻike nā hopena noiʻi e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka chlorophyll content o nā mea kanu, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka photosynthesis, hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana o ke aʻa, a hoʻonui i ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai e nā aʻa. Hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua, hoʻonui i ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o nā hua, a hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua. Ma waho aʻe o nā hana nui i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoikaika i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi, ke kū anuanu, a me ka pale maloʻo o kekahi mau mea kanu. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina he nui e hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana kūpono o nā mea ʻenekele honua hiki ke hāpai i ka absorption, hoʻololi, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaʻai e nā mea kanu. Hiki ke ho'omāhuahua i ka Vc, ka nui o ke kō, a me ka ratio o ke kō a me nā hua citrus me ka ho'opu'i 'ana i nā mea o ka honua. A hiki iā ia ke hoʻopaʻa i ka hanu hanu i ka wā e mālama ai a hoʻemi i ka nui o ka pohō.
kahua mea hou
ʻO ka honua neodymium iron boron mau loa, me ka remanence kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe coercivity, a me nā huahana ikehu kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana uila a me ka aerospace a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā turbines makani (kūpono no nā mea kanu mana waho); ʻO ka Garnet type ferrite single crystals a me nā polycrystals i hana ʻia e ka hui ʻana o nā oxides honua maʻemaʻe a me ka ferric oxide hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka microwave a me nā ʻoihana uila; ʻO Yttrium alumini garnet a me ke aniani neodymium i hana ʻia me ka neodymium oxide maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea laser paʻa; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hexaborides honua ma ke ʻano he cathode no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā electron; ʻO ka metala nickel Lanthanum kahi mea hoʻopaʻa hydrogen hou i kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki 1970; ʻO ka Lanthanum chromate kahi mea thermoelectric kiʻekiʻe; I kēia manawa, ua hana nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i nā holomua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea superconducting me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka barium based oxides i hoʻololi ʻia me ka barium yttrium copper oxygen elements, hiki ke loaʻa nā superconductors i ka pae wela o ka wai. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻāina laha ʻole i ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i nā kumu kukui ma o nā ʻano e like me ka pauka fluorescent, ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka pauka fluorescent pale, ʻekolu kala kala ʻulaʻula nui, a me ka pauka kukui kope (akā ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai o ka honua. ke emi mālie nei kā lākou mau noi i nā kukui), a me nā huahana uila e like me nā kīwī projection a me nā papa; Ma ka mahiʻai, hiki ke hoʻonui i kā lākou hua i ka 5-10% o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nui o ka nitrate honua maʻamau i nā mea kanu; I loko o ka ʻoihana lole lole māmā, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā chlorides honua maʻamau i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka huluhulu, ka huluhulu kala, ka huluhulu kala, a me ka waiho ʻana o ke kāpeti; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea o ka honua rare i loko o nā mea hoʻololi catalytic automotive e hoʻohuli i nā mea haumia nui i loko o nā pūhui ʻawaʻawa ʻole i ka wā o ka pau ʻana o ka mīkini.
Nā noi ʻē aʻe
Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā mea laha honua i nā huahana kikohoʻe like ʻole, e like me ka leo, ke kiʻi, a me nā mea kamaʻilio, e hālāwai ana i nā koi he nui e like me ka liʻiliʻi, ka wikiwiki, ka māmā, ka manawa hoʻohana lōʻihi, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā māla he nui e like me ka ikehu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, mālama olakino, hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, a me ka halihali.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-16-2023