Hafniumhiki ke hana i nā ʻāpana me nā metala ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea i hōʻike ʻia he hafnium tantalum alloy, e like me ka pentacarbide tetratantalum a me ka hafnium (Ta4HfC5), he wahi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka helu heheʻe o ka pentacarbide tetratantalum a me ka hafnium hiki ke piʻi i 4215 ℃, e lilo ia i mea ʻike i kēia manawa me ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Hafnium, me ka hōʻailona kemika Hf, he mea metala i pili i ka waeʻano metala hoʻololi. ʻO kona hiʻohiʻona kumu he hina hina a loaʻa iā ia ka luster metala. Loaʻa iā ia ka paʻakikī Mohs o 5.5, kahi helu heheʻe o 2233 ℃, a he plastic. Hiki i ka Hafnium ke hana i ka uhi oxide i ka lewa, a paʻa kona mau waiwai i ka mahana wela. Hiki i ka hafnium paʻakai ke ʻā wale i ka lewa, a hiki ke hana me ka oxygen a me ka nitrogen i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole pane ʻo Hafnium me ka wai, hoʻoheheʻe i nā ʻakika e like me ka waikawa hydrochloric, ka waikawa sulfuric, a me nā hopena alkaline ikaika. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā ʻakika ikaika e like me ka aqua regia a me ka waika hydrofluoric, a he kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ka meahafniumua ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1923. He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka hafnium i ka ʻōpala o ka Honua, ʻo 0.00045% wale nō. Hoʻopili maʻamau ia me ka zirconium metala a ʻaʻohe ores kaʻawale. Hiki ke loaʻa ka Hafnium ma ka hapa nui o nā mines zirconium, e like me ka beryllium zircon, zircon, a me nā minerale ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā ʻano ores ʻelua he hafnium kiʻekiʻe akā he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻo zircon ke kumu nui o ka hafnium. Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā waihona hafnium ma mua o 1 miliona tons. ʻO nā ʻāina me ka nui o nā mālama mālama ʻia ʻo ʻApelika Hema, Australia, United States, Brazil, India, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Hāʻawi pū ʻia nā mines Hafnium ma Guangxi a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o Kina.
I ka makahiki 1925, ua ʻike ʻelua mau ʻepekema mai Suedena a me Netherlands i ka mea hafnium a hoʻomākaukau i ka hafnium metala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluorinated complex salt fractional crystallization method and the metal sodium reduction method. Loaʻa iā Hafnium ʻelua mau hale aniani a hōʻike i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka hexagonal i nā wela ma lalo o 1300 ℃（ α- Ke piʻi ka mahana ma luna o 1300 ℃, hōʻike ia ma ke ʻano he kino cubic shape (β- Equation). He ʻeono mau isotopes paʻa ʻo Hafnium, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hafnium 174, hafnium 176, hafnium 177, hafnium 178, hafnium 179, a me ka hafnium 180. Ma ka pae honua, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Farani nā mea hana nui o ka hafnium metala.
ʻO nā pūhui nui o ka hafniumhafnium dioxidae (HfO2), hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4), a me ka hafnium hydroxide (H4HfO4). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Hafnium dioxide a me ka hafnium tetrachloride e hana i ka metalahafnium, hafnium dioxideHiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā ʻāpana hafnium, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hafnium hydroxide e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā pūhui hafnium like ʻole. Hiki i ka Hafnium ke hana i nā alloys me nā metala ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mea nui loa he hafnium tantalum alloy, e like me ka pentacarbide tetratantalum a me ka hafnium (Ta4HfC5), nona kahi helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka helu heheʻe o ka pentacarbide tetratantalum a me ka hafnium hiki ke piʻi i 4215 ℃, e lilo ia i mea ʻike i kēia manawa me ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Wahi a ka "2022-2026 Deep Market Research and Investment Strategy Suggestions Report on the Metal Hafnium Industry" i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka Xinsijie Industry Research Center, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hafnium metala e hana i nā filament kukui incandescent, nā cathodes tube X-ray, a me nā dielectrics gate processor. ; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hafnium tungsten alloy a me ka hafnium molybdenum alloy no ka hana ʻana i nā electrodes kiʻekiʻe-voltage discharge tube, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hafnium tantalum alloy e hana i nā mea kūʻē a me nā mea kila; carbide carbide (HfC) hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā nozzles rocket a me nā mokulele i mua o nā papa pale, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hafnium boride (HfB2) ma ke ʻano he mea wela wela; Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hafnium metala ka nui o ka neutron absorption cross-section a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomalu a me nā mea pale no nā reactors atomic.
Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe loiloi ʻoihana mai Xinsijie ma muli o kāna mau pono o ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka wela, a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana, loaʻa i ka hafnium kahi ākea o nā noi i lalo i nā metala, nā mea hoʻohui, nā pūhui, a me nā māla ʻē aʻe, e like me nā mea uila. nā mea pale wela kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hao paʻa, a me nā mea ikehu atomic. Me ka ulu wikiwiki o nā ʻoihana e like me nā mea hou, ka ʻike uila, a me ka aerospace, e hoʻonui mau ana nā kahua noi o ka hafnium, a ke puka mau nei nā huahana hou. ʻO nā manaʻo hoʻomohala e hiki mai ana ke kūpaʻa nei.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-27-2023