Elements Ka Honua | Scandium (Sc)

I ka makahiki 1879, ua loaʻa i nā polopeka kemika Suedena ʻo LF Nilson (1840-1899) a me PT Cleve (1840-1905) i kahi mea hou i loko o nā minerale gadolinite a me nā ʻeleʻele gula ʻeleʻele i ka manawa like. Ua kapa lākou i kēia mea "Scandium", ʻo ia ka "boron like" element i wānana ʻia e Mendeleev. ʻO kā lākou ʻike ʻana e hōʻoia hou i ka pololei o ke kānāwai manawa o nā mea a me ka ʻike mua o Mendeleev.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea lanthanide, he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ka radius ionic scandium a nāwaliwali loa ka alkalinity o ka hydroxide. No laila, ke hui pū ʻia nā mea scandium a me nā mea ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi, mālama ʻia lākou me ka amonia (a i ʻole ka alkali dilute loa), a e hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻia ka scandium. No laila, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale maʻalahi ʻia mai nā mea ʻano honua laha ʻole e ke ʻano "graded precipitation". ʻO ke ala ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polar decomposition o ka nitrate no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, no ka mea, ʻo ka scandium nitrate ka mea maʻalahi loa e decompose, i hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.

Hiki ke loaʻa ka metala Scandium ma ka electrolysis. I ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka scandium,ScCl3, KCl, a me LiCl ua hooheheeia, a ua hoohanaia ka zinc hehee e like me ka cathode no ka electrolysis e hookahe i ka scandium ma ka zinc electrode. A laila, hoʻopau ʻia ka zinc no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka metala scandium. Eia kekahi, maʻalahi ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i ka scandium i ka wā e hoʻoili ai i ka ʻeleʻele e hana i nā mea uranium, thorium, a me lanthanide. ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi piha ʻana o ka scandium mai ka tungsten a me nā mines tin kekahi kumu nui o ka scandium. Loaʻa ka Scandium ma kahi kūlana trivalent i loko o nā pūhui a maʻalahi hoʻi i ka oxidizedSc2O3i ka lewa, e nalowale ana kona ʻulaʻula metala a lilo i ʻeleʻele hina hina. Hiki i ka Scandium ke hana me ka wai wela e hoʻokuʻu i ka hydrogen a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā waikawa, e lilo ia i mea hoʻemi ikaika. Hōʻike wale nā ​​oxides a me nā hydroxides o scandium i ka alkalinity, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ko lākou lehu paʻakai. ʻO ka chloride o scandium he aniani keʻokeʻo hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a hiki ke hoʻopau i ka lewa. ʻO kāna mau noi nui e like me kēia.

(1) I ka ʻoihana metallurgical, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka scandium i ka hana ʻana i nā alloys (nā mea hoʻohui no nā alloys) e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ko lākou ikaika, paʻakikī, kūpaʻa wela, a me ka hana. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi scandium liʻiliʻi i ka hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā waiwai o ka hao, ʻoiai ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi scandium liʻiliʻi i ka alumini hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ikaika a me ka pale wela.

(2) I loko o ka ʻoihana uila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka scandium e like me nā mea semiconductor like ʻole, e like me ka noi ʻana o ka scandium sulfite i nā semiconductor, ka mea i huki i ka manaʻo ma ka home a me ka honua. Loaʻa i nā Ferrites i loaʻa ka scandium i nā noi hoʻohiki i nā core magnetic computer.

(3) I ka ʻoihana kemika, hoʻohana ʻia nā pūhui scandium e like me nā catalysts kūpono no ka dehydrogenation waiʻona a me ka dehydration i ka hana ʻana o ka ethylene a me ka hana ʻana o ka chlorine mai ka waika hydrochloric ʻōpala.

(4) I ka ʻoihana aniani, hiki ke hana ʻia ke aniani kūikawā me ka scandium.

(5) I loko o ka ʻoihana kumu kukui uila, nā kukui sodium scandium i hana ʻia mai ka scandium a me ka sodium nā mea maikaʻi o ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kala kukui maikaʻi.

Loaʻa ka Scandium ma ke ʻano o 15Sc ma ke ʻano, a he 9 radioactive isotopes o scandium, ʻo ia hoʻi 40-44Sc a me 16-49Sc. Ma waena o lākou, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 46Sc ma ke ʻano he tracer i nā kula kemika, metallurgical, a me ka moana. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, aia kekahi mau haʻawina ma waho e hoʻohana ana i ka 46Sc e mālama i ka maʻi kanesa.