Nā mea ʻeleʻele laha ʻolehe mea nui ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e like me ka ikehu hou a me nā mea waiwai, a loaʻa ka waiwai hoʻohana ākea ma nā kahua e like me ka aerospace, ka pale aupuni, a me ka ʻoihana koa. ʻO nā hopena o ke kaua hou e hōʻike ana i nā mea kaua o ka honua laha ʻole ma luna o ke kahua kaua, ʻo nā pono ʻenehana o ka honua e hōʻike ana i nā pono ʻenehana pūʻali koa, a ua hōʻoia ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai. No laila, ua lilo nā ʻāina laha ʻole i kumu waiwai e hoʻokūkū ai nā ʻoihana waiwai nui a puni ka honua, a ua piʻi pinepine nā kumu waiwai maka e like me nā ʻāina laha ʻole i nā hoʻolālā aupuni. ʻO ʻEulopa, Iapana, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā ʻāina a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e nānā nui aku i nā mea koʻikoʻi e like me ka honua rare. I ka makahiki 2008, ua helu ʻia nā mea waiwai honua ma ke ʻano he "hoʻolālā waiwai kī" e ke Keʻena ʻOihana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa; I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻolaha ka European Union i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi mālama hoʻolālā o nā ʻāina laha; I ka makahiki 2007, ua hoʻolauna mua ke Kuhina Hoʻonaʻauao, Culture, Science and Technology, a me ke Kuhina o Economy, Industry and Technology, i ka "Element Strategy Plan" a me ka "Rare Metal Alternative Materials". Ua hana mau lākou i nā ana a me nā kulekele i nā waihona waiwai, ka holomua ʻenehana, ka loaʻa waiwai, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe. E hoʻomaka ana mai kēia ʻatikala, e hoʻopuka ka mea hoʻoponopono i nā kikoʻī i nā mikiona hoʻomohala koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi hoʻi a me nā kuleana o kēia mau mea o ka honua.
Terbium no ka ʻāpana o nā ʻāina laha ʻole kaumaha, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma ka ʻōpala o ka Honua ma ka 1.1 ppm wale nō.Terbium oxideʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 0.01% o ka nui o nā honua laha ʻole. ʻOiai i loko o ke ʻano yttrium ion kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻeleʻele koʻikoʻi loa me ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka terbium, ʻo ka terbium maʻiʻo he 1.1-1.2% wale nō o ka honua laha ʻole, e hōʻike ana aia ia i ka ʻāpana "noble" o nā mea o ka honua. ʻO Terbium kahi metala hina hina me ka ductility a me ke ʻano palupalu, hiki ke ʻoki ʻia me ka pahi; Ka helu heheʻe 1360 ℃, kahi e hoʻolapalapa ai 3123 ℃, mānoanoa 8229 4kg/m3. No nā makahiki he 100 mai ka loaʻa ʻana o ka terbium i ka makahiki 1843, ua pale kona hemahema a me kona waiwai i kāna hoʻohana pono ʻana no ka manawa lōʻihi. Aia wale nō i nā makahiki 30 i hala iho nei ua hōʻike ʻo terbium i kāna kālena kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o Terbium
I loko o ka manawa like i ka wālanthanumua ʻike ʻia, ua kālailai ʻo Karl G. Mosander o Suedena i ka mea i ʻike mua ʻiayttriuma hoʻopuka i kahi hōʻike i ka makahiki 1842, e wehewehe ana ʻo ka honua yttrium i ʻike mua ʻia, ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻokahi elemental oxide, akā he oxide o ʻekolu mea. I ka makahiki 1843, ua ʻike ʻo Mossander i ka element terbium ma o kāna noiʻi ʻana ma ka honua yttrium. Ua kapa ʻo ia i kekahi o lākou yttrium earth a me kekahi o lākouerbium oxide. ʻAʻole hiki i ka makahiki 1877 i kapa inoa ʻia ʻo terbium, me ka hōʻailona element Tb. Mai ke kumu like me yttrium kona inoa, no ke kauhale ʻo Ytterby kokoke i Stockholm, Suedena, kahi i ʻike mua ʻia ai ka yttrium ore. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka terbium a me ʻelua mau mea ʻē aʻe, ka lanthanum a me ka erbium, ua wehe i ka lua o ka puka i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea o ka honua laha, e hōʻailona ana i ka pae ʻelua o kā lākou ʻike. Ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua ʻia e G. Urban i ka makahiki 1905.
Mossander
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka terbium
ʻO ka noi ohoʻopaʻapaʻaʻO ka hapa nui e pili ana i nā kahua ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia ka ʻenehana ikaika a me ka ʻike ikaika o nā papahana ʻokiʻoki, a me nā papahana me nā pōmaikaʻi waiwai nui, me nā manaʻo hoʻomohala hoihoi. Aia nā wahi noi nui: (1) i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui honua laha a me ka mea hoʻohui hānai no ka mahiʻai. (2) Mea hoʻoulu no ka pauka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ʻekolu mau pauka fluorescent mua. Pono nā mea optoelectronic hou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻekolu kala kumu o ka phosphors, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka uliuli, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e synthesize i nā kala like ʻole. A he mea nui ka terbium i nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe. (3) Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he magneto optical storage material. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi amorphous metala terbium transition metal alloy no ka hana ʻana i nā disc magneto optical kiʻekiʻe. (4) Ke hana ʻana i ke aniani optical magneto. ʻO ke aniani rotatory Faraday i loaʻa ka terbium kahi mea nui no ka hana ʻana i nā rotators, isolator, a me nā circulators i ka ʻenehana laser. (5) Ua wehe ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) i nā noi hou no ka terbium.
No ka mahiai a me ka hanai holoholona
Terbium honua laha olehiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu a hoʻonui i ka wikiwiki o ka photosynthesis i loko o kahi pae koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā paʻakikī o ka terbium he hana olaola kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo nā paʻakikī ternary o terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, loaʻa nā hopena antibacterial a me ka bactericidal maikaʻi ma Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, a me Escherichia coli, me ka antibacterial ākea ākea. waiwai. Hāʻawi ke aʻo ʻana i kēia mau paʻakikī i kahi kuhikuhi noiʻi hou no nā lāʻau bactericidal hou.
Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua o ka luminescence
Pono nā mea optoelectronic hou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻekolu kala kumu o ka phosphors, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka uliuli, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e synthesize i nā kala like ʻole. A he mea nui ka terbium i nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe. Inā ʻo ka hānau ʻana o ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula TV ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula i hoʻoulu ʻia i ka noi no ka yttrium a me ka europium, a laila ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka noi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka terbium e ka honua laʻa ʻekolu kala ʻulaʻula fluorescent pauka no nā kukui. I ka makahiki mua o 1980, ua hana ʻo Philips i ke kukui uila hoʻopakele ikehu hoʻopaʻa mua loa o ka honua a hoʻolaha koke ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Hiki i nā Tb3+ions ke hoʻokuʻu i ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 545nm, a kokoke i nā pauka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo āpau āpau e hoʻohana i ka terbium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu.
ʻO ka pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻohana ʻia no nā pahu uila cathode ray tubes (CRTs) i hoʻokumu mau ʻia i ka zinc sulfide maʻalahi a maikaʻi hoʻi, akā ua hoʻohana mau ʻia ka pauka terbium ma ke ʻano projection color TV green powder, e like me Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, a me LaOBr: Tb3+. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kīwī wehewehe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (HDTV), ke kūkulu ʻia nei nā pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe no nā CRT. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo hybrid ma waho, nona ka Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, a me Y2SiO5: Tb3+, nona ka maikaʻi luminescence maikaʻi loa i ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa.
ʻO ka pauka fluorescent X-ray kuʻuna he calcium tungstate. I nā makahiki 1970 a me 1980, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā pauka fluorescent honua laha no nā pale sensitization, e like me ka terbium activated lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium activated lanthanum bromide oxide (no nā pale ʻōmaʻomaʻo), a me ka terbium activated yttrium sulfide oxide. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka calcium tungstate, hiki ke hoʻemi i ka manawa o ka X-ray irradiation no nā mea maʻi e 80%, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻonā ʻana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni X-ray, hoʻonui i ke ola o nā paipu X-ray, a hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo Terbium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka pauka fluorescent no nā pale hoʻonui X-ray olakino, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka naʻau o ka hoʻololi ʻana o X-ray i nā kiʻi optical, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mālamalama o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni X-ray, a hoʻemi nui i ka hōʻike ʻana o X- nā kukuna i ke kino o ke kanaka (ma mua o 50%).
TerbiumHoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i ka phosphor LED keʻokeʻo i hauʻoli ʻia e ke kukui uliuli no nā kukui semiconductor hou. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka terbium alumini magneto optical crystal phosphors, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā diodes kukui polū e like me nā kumu kukui excitation, a ua hui ʻia ka fluorescence i hana ʻia me ke kukui hoʻoulu e hana i ke kukui keʻokeʻo maʻemaʻe.
ʻO nā mea electroluminescent i hana ʻia mai ka terbium ka nui o ka zinc sulfide green fluorescent powder me ka terbium e like me ka mea hoʻoulu. Ma lalo o ka ultraviolet irradiation, hiki i nā mea paʻakikī o terbium ke hoʻokuʻu i ka fluorescence ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea electroluminescent kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi. ʻOiai ua holomua nui ʻia ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni electroluminescent ʻeleʻele, aia nō kekahi ʻokoʻa mai ka hoʻohana ʻana, a ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi electroluminescent paʻakikī honua ʻokoʻa a me nā mea hana i ka hohonu.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona fluorescence o terbium ma ke ʻano he ʻimi fluorescence. Ua aʻo ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) a me ka deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluorescence a me ka absorption spectra, e like me ka fluorescence probe o ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki i ka ofloxacin Tb3+ probe ke hana i kahi awelika i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā molekole DNA, a hiki i ka deoxyribonucleic acid ke hoʻonui nui i ka fluorescence o ka ofloxacin Tb3+ system. Ma muli o kēia hoʻololi, hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka waika deoxyribonucleic.
No nā mea magneto optical
ʻO nā mea me ka hopena Faraday, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he mau mea magneto-optical, hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā lasers a me nā mea optical ʻē aʻe. ʻElua mau ʻano mea maʻamau o nā mea magneto optical: magneto optical crystals a me magneto optical glass. Ma waena o lākou, loaʻa nā kristal magneto-optical (e like me ka yttrium iron garnet a me ka terbium gallium garnet) i nā mea maikaʻi o ke alapine hana hiki ke hoʻololi a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, akā he pipiʻi a paʻakikī ke hana. Eia kekahi, nui nā kristal magneto-optical me nā kihi kiʻekiʻe Faraday rotation kiʻekiʻe i ka absorption kiʻekiʻe i ka laulā hawewe pōkole, e kaupalena ana i kā lākou hoʻohana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kristal optical magneto, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke aniani magneto optical i ka transmittance kiʻekiʻe a maʻalahi ke hana ʻia i loko o nā poloka nui a i ʻole nā fibers. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā makaaniani magneto-optical me ka hopena Faraday kiʻekiʻe, he mau makaaniani doped ion honua.
Hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea mālama mālama magneto optical
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka multimedia a me ka automation office, ke piʻi nei ka koi no nā disc magnetic kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi amorphous metala terbium transition metal alloy no ka hana ʻana i nā disc magneto optical kiʻekiʻe. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka TbFeCo alloy thin film ka hana maikaʻi loa. Ua hana ʻia nā mea magneto-optical hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Terbium ma ke ʻano nui, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā disc magneto-optical i hana ʻia mai ia mau mea e like me nā ʻāpana mālama kamepiula, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia e 10-15 mau manawa. Loaʻa iā lākou nā pōmaikaʻi o ka mana nui a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki, a hiki ke holoi ʻia a uhi ʻia i nā ʻumi kaukani mau manawa ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā disc optical kiʻekiʻe. He mau mea koʻikoʻi lākou i ka ʻenehana mālama ʻike uila. ʻO ka mea magneto-optical maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻāpana ʻike a kokoke i ka infrared ʻo Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) hoʻokahi aniani, ʻo ia ka mea magneto-optical maikaʻi loa no ka hana ʻana i nā rotators a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale Faraday.
No ke aniani optical magneto
He maikaʻi ka ʻike a me ka isotropy ʻo Faraday magneto optical glass i nā ʻāpana ʻike a me ka infrared, a hiki ke hana i nā ʻano paʻakikī. He maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i nā huahana nui a hiki ke huki ʻia i loko o nā fiber optical. No laila, loaʻa iā ia nā manaʻo noi ākea i nā mea magneto optical e like me ka magneto optical isolator, magneto optical modulators, a me ka fiber optic i kēia manawa. Ma muli o ka nui o ka manawa magnetic a me ka li'ili'i o ka absorption coefficient i ka ʻike maka a me ka infrared, ua hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā ion Tb3+ i nā aniani o ka magneto optical.
ʻO Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻenehana honua, ua puka wikiwiki nā mea noi honua hou. I ka makahiki 1984, Iowa State University, ka Ames Laboratory o ka US Department of Energy, a me ka US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (mai kahi i hele mai ai nā limahana nui o ka Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) i hui pū ʻia) e hoʻomohala i kahi mea hou loa. mea akamai honua, ʻo ia ka terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive material. He mau hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa kēia mea naʻauao hou no ka hoʻololi koke ʻana i ka ikehu uila i ikehu mechanical. Ua hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia nā transducers ma lalo o ka wai a me ka electro-acoustic i hana ʻia me kēia mea magnetostrictive nunui i nā lako kaua moana, nā ʻōlelo ʻike ʻaila ʻaila, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele walaʻau a me ka haʻalulu, a me ka ʻimi moana a me nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio ma lalo o ka honua. No laila, i ka manawa i hānau ʻia ai ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material, ua loaʻa ka manaʻo nui mai nā ʻāina ʻoihana a puni ka honua. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Edge Technologies ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material i ka makahiki 1989 a kapa ʻia lākou ʻo Terfenol D. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Suedena, Iapana, Rūsia, United Kingdom, a me Australia i ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material.
Mai ka moʻolelo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia mea ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka mea i hana ʻia o ka mea a me kāna mau noi monopolistic mua e pili pono ana i ka ʻoihana koa (e like me ka navy). ʻOiai ke hoʻoikaika mālie nei nā pūʻali koa a me nā keʻena pale o Kina i ko lākou ʻike i kēia mea. Eia nō naʻe, me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka ikaika ʻāina holoʻokoʻa o Kina, ʻo ke koi no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻokūkū pūʻali koa 21st century a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā pae pono e wikiwiki loa. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material e nā pūʻali koa a me nā keʻena pale aupuni e lilo i mea pono.
I ka pōkole, nā waiwai maikaʻi he nui ohoʻopaʻapaʻae lilo ia i lālā pono ʻole o nā mea hana he nui a me kahi kūlana hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia i kekahi mau kahua noi. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka terbium, ua aʻo ka poʻe pehea e pale aku ai a hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka terbium i mea e hōʻemi ai i nā kumukūʻai hana. No ka laʻana, pono e hoʻohana nā mea magneto-optical honua laha ʻole e like me ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ka dysprosium iron cobalt a i ʻole gadolinium terbium cobalt; E ho'āʻo e hōʻemi i ka ʻike o ka terbium i loko o ka pauka fluorescent ʻōmaʻomaʻo pono e hoʻohana. Ua lilo ke kumu kūʻai i mea nui e kaohi ana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka terbium. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i nā mea hana he nui me ka ʻole, no laila pono mākou e pili i ke kumu o ka "hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila maikaʻi ma ka lau" a hoʻāʻo e mālama i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka terbium e like me ka hiki.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-07-2023