ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka Mining Rare Earth Elements
kumu: AZO MiningHe aha nā Rare Earth Elements a ma hea i loaʻa ai?He 17 mau mea metala me 15 mau lanthanides ma ka papakau kau.LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumʻO GadoliniumTerbiumʻO DysprosiumHolmiumʻErbiumThuliumYtterbiumUtetiumScandiumYttriumʻAʻole like ka hapa nui o lākou e like me ka inoa o ka hui, akā ua kapa ʻia i nā kenekulia 18 a me 19, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea 'honua' ʻē aʻe e like me ka lime a me ka magnesia.ʻO Cerium ka REE maʻamau a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke keleawe a i ʻole ke alakaʻi.Eia nō naʻe, ma nā huaʻōlelo geological, ʻaʻole loaʻa nā REE i loko o nā waihona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e like me nā hili lanahu, no ka laʻana, he mea paʻakikī lākou i ka ʻoihana.Loaʻa lākou ma nā ʻano pōhaku nui ʻehā; carbonatites, he mau pōhaku ʻeʻe maʻamau i loaʻa mai i ka magmas waiwai nui o ka carbonate, nā wahi hoʻoheheʻe alkaline, nā waihona pālolo e hoʻopaʻa i ka ion, a me nā waihona hoʻokomo o ka monazite-xenotime-bearer.Hana ʻo Kina i ka 95% o nā mea ʻenehana Rare Earth e hoʻokō i ka koi no nā ʻano ola ʻenehana hi-tech a me ka ikehu hou.Mai ka hopena o 1990s, ua hoʻomalu ʻo Kina i ka hana REE, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mau waihona pālolo ion-absorption, i kapa ʻia ʻo 'South China Clays'.Maikaʻi ka hana ʻana o Kina no ka mea he maʻalahi nā waihona pālolo e unuhi i nā REE mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waikawa nāwaliwali.Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano mea ʻokoʻa no nā ʻano mea ʻenehana hi-tech, me nā kamepiula, nā mea pāʻani DVD, nā kelepona kelepona, nā kukui, nā fiber optics, nā kamera a me nā mea ʻōlelo, a me nā mea kaua pū kekahi, e like me nā ʻenekini mokulele, nā ʻōnaehana alakaʻi missile, nā satelite, a me ka anti. - pale kaua missile.ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka 2015 Paris Climate Agreement ʻo ia ke kaupalena ʻana i ka hoʻomehana honua ma lalo o 2˚C, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o 1.5˚C, nā pae mua o ka ʻoihana. Ua hoʻonui kēia i ka noi no ka ikehu hou a me nā kaʻa uila, kahi e koi ai i nā REE e hana.I ka makahiki 2010, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Kina e hōʻemi ana i nā mea hoʻopuka REE e hoʻokō i kāna piʻi ponoʻī o ka noi, akā mālama pū kekahi i kona kūlana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā lako hi-tech i ke koena o ka honua.Aia nō hoʻi ʻo Kina i kahi kūlana hoʻokele waiwai ikaika e hoʻomalu i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā REE e pono ai no nā ʻenehana hou e like me nā panela solar, makani, a me nā turbine mana o ke kai, a me nā kaʻa uila.Phosphogypsum Fertilizer Rare Earth Elements Capture ProjectʻO ka Phosphogypsum kahi huahana o ka mea hoʻomomona a loaʻa i nā mea radioactive kūlohelohe e like me ka uranium a me ka thorium. No kēia kumu, mālama ʻia no ka manawa pau ʻole, me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka lepo, ka ea, a me ka wai.No laila, ua noʻonoʻo nā mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Penn State i kahi ala multistage me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā peptides engineered, nā kaula pōkole o nā waikawa amino e hiki ke hoʻomaopopo pololei a hoʻokaʻawale i nā REE me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi membrane i hoʻomohala kūikawā.No ka lawa ʻole o nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale maʻamau, manaʻo ka papahana e hoʻolālā i nā ʻenehana kaʻawale hou, nā mea, a me nā kaʻina hana.Ke alakaʻi ʻia nei ka hoʻolālā e ka hoʻohālike hoʻohālikelike, i hoʻomohala ʻia e Rachel Getman, ka mea noiʻi nui a me ke kumu aʻoaʻo o ka ʻenekinia kemika a me ka biomolecular ma Clemson, me nā mea noiʻi ʻo Christine Duval lāua ʻo Julie Renner, e hoʻomohala ana i nā molekala e pili ana i nā REE kikoʻī.E nānā ʻo Greenlee i kā lākou hana i loko o ka wai a e loiloi i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni a me nā mea hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai ʻē aʻe ma lalo o ka hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa a me nā kūlana hana.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Polofesa ʻenekinia kemika ʻo Lauren Greenlee: "I kēia lā, ua manaʻo ʻia he 200,000 tons o nā mea o ka honua laha i loko o ka ʻōpala phosphogypsum i hana ʻole ʻia ma Florida wale nō."Hōʻike ka hui e pili ana ka hoʻihoʻi kuʻuna me nā pale kaiapuni a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, kahi e hoʻihoʻi ʻia ai lākou i kēia manawa mai nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia, e koi ana i ka puhi ʻana i nā wahie mōʻalihaku a me ka hana nui.E kālele ana ka papahana hou i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana iā lākou ma ke ʻano hoʻomau a hiki ke ʻōwili ʻia ma kahi ākea nui no nā pono kaiapuni a me ka hoʻokele waiwai.Inā kūleʻa ka papahana, hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ʻAmelika iā Kina no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea o ka honua.Kākoʻo kālā no ka National Science Foundation ProjectKākoʻo ʻia ka papahana Penn State REE e ka hāʻawi kālā ʻehā makahiki o $571,658, ka huina o $1.7 miliona, a he hui pū me Case Western Reserve University a me Clemson University.ʻO nā ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻihoʻi hou ai i nā Element Rare EarthHoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o RRE me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hana liʻiliʻi, maʻamau ma ka leaching a me ka wehe ʻana i ka solvent.ʻOiai he kaʻina hana maʻalahi, pono ka leaching i ka nui o nā reagents kemika weliweli, no laila ʻaʻole makemake ʻia ma ke kālepa.ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana he ʻano hana maikaʻi akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa no ka mea he paʻahana hana a hoʻopau manawa.ʻO kekahi ala maʻamau e hoʻihoʻi ʻia ai nā REE ma o ka agromining, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo e-mining, e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻōpala uila, e like me nā kamepiula kahiko, kelepona, a me ke kīwī mai nā ʻāina like ʻole a hiki i Kina no ka hoʻoiho REE.Wahi a ka UN Environment Programme, ʻoi aku ma mua o 53 miliona mau tons o ka e-waste i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 2019, me kahi $ 57 biliona mau mea waiwai i loaʻa nā REE a me nā metala.ʻOiai ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ʻo ia he ʻano hana hoʻomau o ka hana hou ʻana i nā mea, ʻaʻole ia me ka ʻole o kāna mau pilikia ponoʻī e pono e hoʻopau ʻia.Pono ka Agromining i ka nui o ka waiho ʻana, nā mea kanu hana hou, nā ʻōpala ʻāina ma hope o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o REE, a pili i nā kumukūʻai o ka halihali, e koi ana i ka puhi ʻana i nā wahie fossil.Hiki i ka Penn State University Project ke lanakila i kekahi o nā pilikia e pili ana i nā ʻano hoʻolaʻa REE kuʻuna inā hiki iā ia ke hoʻokō i kāna mau pahuhopu kaiapuni a me ka waiwai.
