Ke ʻimi nei mākou i ka honua kupanaha o nā mea,erbiumhoʻokomo i ko mākou manaʻo me kāna mau waiwai kūikawā a me ka waiwai noi. Mai ke kai hohonu a hiki i waho, mai nā mea uila hou a hiki i ka ʻenehana ikehu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka noi oerbiumma ke kahua o ka ʻepekema e hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui, e hōʻike ana i kona waiwai hiki ʻole ke hoʻohālikelike.
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Erbium e ka mea loea Suedena ʻo Mosander i ka makahiki 1843 ma ka nānā ʻana i ka yttrium. Ua kapa mua ʻo ia i ka oxide o ka erbium ʻoterbium oxide,no laila ma ka palapala Kelemānia mua, ua huikau ka terbium oxide a me ka erbium oxide.
ʻAʻole ma hope o ka makahiki 1860 i hoʻoponopono ʻia. I ka manawa like i ka manawalanthanumua ʻike ʻia, ua nānā ʻo Mosander a ua aʻo i ka mea i ʻike mua ʻiayttrium, a hoʻopuka i kahi hōʻike ma 1842, e wehewehe ana i ka mea i ʻike mua ʻiayttriumʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻokahi oxide, akā he oxide o ʻekolu mea. Ua kapa ʻo ia i kekahi o lākou he yttrium, a kapa ʻia kekahi o lākouerbia(ka honua erbium). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hōʻailona element e like meEr. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma muli o kahi i ʻike mua ʻia ai ka yttrium ore, ke kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi o Ytter ma kahi kokoke i Stockholm, Suedena. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka erbium a me ʻelua mau mea ʻē aʻe,lanthanumahoʻopaʻapaʻa, wehe i ka lua o ka puka i ka loaa ana onā mea ʻeleʻele rare, ʻo ia ka pae ʻelua o ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻano honua laha. ʻO kā lākou ʻike ʻia ʻo ke kolu o nā mea ʻano honua laha ʻole ma hopeceriumayttrium.
I kēia lā, e hoʻomaka pū mākou i kēia huakaʻi ʻimi no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike hohonu o nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa o ka erbium a me kāna noi ʻana i ka ʻenehana hou.
Nā kahua noi o ka erbium element
1. ʻenehana laser:Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Erbium element i ka ʻenehana laser, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā laser solid-state. Hiki i nā ion Erbium ke hana i nā lasers me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ma kahi o 1.5 microns i loko o nā mea laser solid-state, he mea koʻikoʻi nui ia no nā kahua e like me ke kamaʻilio fiber-optic a me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
2. Nā leka uila:No ka mea hiki i ka erbium element ke hana i ka nalu nalu e pono ai e hana i nā kamaʻilio fiber-optic, hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā mea hoʻonui fiber. Kōkua kēia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mamao o ka hoʻouna ʻana a me ka pono o nā hōʻailona optical a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o nā pūnaewele kamaʻilio.
3. ʻO ka ʻoki ʻana i ka laser lapaʻau:Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā lasers Erbium i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoi loa no ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka coagulation. ʻO ke koho ʻana o kona lōʻihi hawewe e hiki ai i nā lasers erbium ke hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka laser kiʻekiʻe, e like me ke ʻoki ophthalmic.
4. Maikaʻi nā mea a me ka magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka erbium i kekahi mau mea magnetic hiki ke hoʻololi i ko lākou mau waiwai magnetic, e hana ana iā lākou i mau noi nui i ka magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea magnetic i hoʻohui ʻia e Erbium e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻokoʻa o nā kiʻi MRI.
5. Nā mea hoʻonui Optical:Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Erbium i nā mea hoʻonui optical. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka erbium i ka amplifier, hiki ke loaʻa ka loaʻa i ka ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio, hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka mamao o ka lawe ʻana i ka hōʻailona optical.
6. 'Oihana ikehu nukelea:Erbium-167 isotope he neutron cross pauku kiʻekiʻe, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he kumu neutron i loko o ka ʻoihana ikehu nuklea no ka ʻike neutron a me ka mālama ʻana i nā reactors nuklea.
7. Nā noiʻi a me nā hale hana:Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Erbium ma ke ʻano he mea ʻike kūʻokoʻa a me ka māka i loko o ka hale hana no ka noiʻi a me nā noi ʻoihana. ʻO kāna mau waiwai spectral kūikawā a me nā waiwai magnetic e hana nui ia i ka noiʻi ʻepekema.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka Erbium i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou, a ʻo kāna mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa e hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo koʻikoʻi no nā noi like ʻole.
Na Mea Kino o Erbium
ʻAno: He metala keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ʻo Erbium.
Density: He 9.066 g/cm3 ka erbium. Hōʻike kēia i ka erbium he metala paʻa loa.
Lae hehee: He wahi hehee ko Erbium he 1,529 degere Celsius (2,784 degere Fahrenheit). ʻO ia ke ʻano ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka erbium ke hoʻololi mai kahi kūlana paʻa i kahi kūlana wai.
Lae paila: He 2,870 degere Celsius (5,198 degere Fahrenheit) ka Erbium. ʻO kēia kahi kahi e hoʻololi ai ka erbium mai kahi kūlana wai i kahi kūlana kinoea ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
Conductivity: ʻO Erbium kekahi o nā metala conductive a maikaʻi ka conductivity uila.
Magnetism: Ma ka lumi wela, he mea ferromagnetic ka erbium. Hōʻike ia i ka ferromagnetism ma lalo o kahi mahana, akā e nalowale kēia waiwai i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.
Manawa Magnetic: Loaʻa i ka Erbium kahi manawa magnetic nui, kahi mea nui i nā mea magnetic a me nā noi magnetic.
ʻO ke ʻano aniani: Ma ka lumi wela, ʻo ke ʻano aniani o ka erbium he hexagonal kokoke loa. Hoʻopili kēia ʻano i kona mau waiwai i ke kūlana paʻa.
ʻO ka hoʻoili wela: He kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻoili wela o ka Erbium, e hōʻike ana he hana maikaʻi ia i ka conductivity thermal.
Radioactivity: ʻO Erbium ponoʻī ʻaʻole ia he mea radioactive, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kāna isotopes paʻa.
Nā waiwai kikoʻī: Hōʻike ʻo Erbium i nā laina absorption a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻāpana spectral ʻike ʻia a kokoke i ka infrared, kahi e pono ai i ka ʻenehana laser a me nā noi optical.
ʻO nā waiwai kino o ka mea erbium e hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻenehana laser, nā kamaʻilio optical, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻano ʻepekema a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe.
Nā waiwai kemika o ka erbium
Hōʻailona kemika: ʻO ka hōʻailona kemika o ka erbium ʻo Er.
Kūlana oxidation: Aia maʻamau ka Erbium ma ka +3 kūlana hoʻohāhā, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau. I loko o nā pūhui, hiki i ka erbium ke hana i nā ion Er^3+.
Reactivity: Paʻa ka Erbium ma ka lumi wela, akā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ea. Hoʻololi mālie ʻo ia i ka wai a me nā ʻakika, no laila hiki ke kūpaʻa i kekahi mau noi.
Solubility: Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Erbium i nā ʻakika inorganic maʻamau e hana i nā paʻakai erbium e pili ana.
Pane me ka oxygen: Hoʻopili ʻo Erbium me ka oxygen e hana i nā oxides, ka mea nuiEr2O3 (erbium dioxide). He paʻa rose-ʻulaʻula kēia i hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā aniani seramika a me nā noi ʻē aʻe.
Pane me nā halogen: Hiki i ka Erbium ke hana me nā halogens e hana i nā halides like, e like meerbium fluoride (ErF3), erbium chloride (ErCl3), etc.
Pane me ka sulfur: Hiki i ka Erbium ke hana me ka sulfur e hana i sulfides, e like meerbium sulfide (Er2S3).
Pane me ka naikokene: Erbium hana me ka naikokene e hanaerbium nitride (ErN).
Paʻakikī: Hoʻokumu ʻo Erbium i nā ʻano paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka nui ma ke kemika organometallic. Loaʻa i kēia mau complexes ka waiwai hoʻohana i ka catalysis a me nā kahua ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā isotopes paʻa: He nui nā isotopes paʻa ʻo Erbium, ʻo ka mea nui loa ʻo ia ʻo Er-166. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i ka erbium kekahi isotopes radioactive, akā he haʻahaʻa ko lākou nui.
ʻO nā waiwai kemika o ka element erbium e lilo ia i mea koʻikoʻi o nā noi ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana i kona versatility i nā kahua like ʻole.
Nā waiwai olaola o ka erbium
He liʻiliʻi ka waiwai o ka Erbium i loko o nā mea ola, akā ua hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina e hiki ke komo i kekahi mau kaʻina olaola ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana.
Loaʻa olaola: ʻO ka Erbium kahi mea ʻike no nā mea ola he nui, akā haʻahaʻa loa kona bioavailability i nā meaola.Lanthanumpaʻakikī ke komo ʻana a hoʻohana ʻia nā ion e nā mea ola, no laila ʻaʻole lākou e hana nui i nā mea ola.
ʻAiʻona: Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Erbium he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka honua. Manaʻo ʻia nā pūhui Erbium he mea pōʻino ʻole i kekahi mau kikoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā ion lanthanum kiʻekiʻe i nā mea ola, e like me ka pōʻino cell a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā hana physiological.
Ke komo olaola: ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi nā hana o ka erbium i loko o nā mea ola, ua hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina e komo paha ia i kekahi mau kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina e pāʻani paha ka erbium i kekahi kuleana i ka hāpai ʻana i ka ulu a me ka pua o nā mea kanu.
Nā noi lāʻau: Erbium a me kāna mau mea hoʻohui pū kekahi i kekahi mau noi i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka erbium i ka mālama ʻana i kekahi mau radionuclides, ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohālikelike no ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui kōkua no kekahi mau lāʻau. I ke kiʻi kiʻi olakino, hoʻohana ʻia nā pūhui erbium i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohālikelike.
Maʻiʻo i loko o ke kino: Loaʻa ka Erbium i nā mea liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano, no laila ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kāna ʻike i ka hapa nui o nā meaola. Ma kekahi mau haʻawina, ua ʻike ʻia e hiki i kekahi mau microorganisms a me nā mea kanu ke komo a hōʻiliʻili i ka erbium.
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole he mea koʻikoʻi ka erbium no ke kino o ke kanaka, no laila ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kāna mau hana olaola. I kēia manawa, paʻa mau nā noi nui o ka erbium i nā ʻenehana ʻenehana e like me ka ʻepekema material, optics, a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻaʻole i ke kahua o ka biology.
ʻO ka mining a me ka hana ʻana i ka erbium
ʻO ka Erbium kahi ʻano honua laʻaʻole i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ke ʻano.
1. Aia i loko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua: Aia ka Erbium i loko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua, akā he haʻahaʻa kona ʻano. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ma kahi o 0.3 mg / kg. Aia ka Erbium ma ke ʻano o ka ores, me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka honua.
2. Ka mahele ʻana i nā ores: Aia ka Erbium ma ke ʻano o ka ores. ʻO nā ores maʻamau ka yttrium erbium ore, ka pōhaku alumini erbium, ka pōhaku erbium potassium, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Aia ka Erbium ma ke ʻano trivalent.
3. ʻO nā ʻāina nui o ka hana ʻana: ʻO nā ʻāina nui o ka hana erbium ʻo Kina, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Australia, Brazil, etc.
4. Ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana: Lawe pinepine ʻia ʻo Erbium mai nā ores ma o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o nā mea honua laha. Hoʻopili kēia i nā ʻanuʻu kemika a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka erbium.
5. Ka pilina me nā mea ʻē aʻe: Loaʻa i ka Erbium nā waiwai like me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka honua laʻa, no laila, i ke kaʻina o ka unuhi a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, pono pinepine e noʻonoʻo i ka noho pū ʻana a me ka mana like me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
6. Nā wahi noi: Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Erbium ma ke kahua o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kamaʻilio optical, ʻenehana laser a me nā kiʻi lāʻau. Ma muli o kāna mau waiwai anti-reflection i ke aniani, hoʻohana pū ʻia ka erbium i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke aniani optical.
ʻOiai he mea kakaikahi ka erbium i ka ʻōpala o ka honua, ma muli o kāna mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa i kekahi mau noiʻi ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ua piʻi mālie ke koi no ia mea, ka hopena o ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻenehana pili a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Nā ʻano ʻike maʻamau no ka Erbium
ʻO nā ʻano ʻike no ka erbium e pili pinepine ana i nā ʻenehana kemika analytical. Eia ka wehewehe kikoʻī i kekahi mau ʻano ʻike erbium maʻamau:
1. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS): ʻO ka AAS ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ke ʻano loiloi quantitative kūpono no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻike o nā mea metala i loko o kahi laʻana. I ka AAS, ua ʻātomai ʻia ka hāpana a hele i loko o kahi kukui o kahi hawewe kikoʻī, a ʻike ʻia ka ikaika o ka mālamalama i komo i loko o ka hāpana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻike o ka mea.
2. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES): ʻO ka ICP-OES kahi ʻano loiloi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi kūpono no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea he nui. I ka ICP-OES, hele ka laʻana i loko o ka plasma inductively i hui ʻia e hana i kahi plasma wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonāukiuki i nā ʻātoma i loko o ka hāpana e hoʻopuka i kahi kikoʻī. Ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka nalu a me ka ikaika o ke kukui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia mea i loko o ka hāpana.
3. Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Hoʻohui ʻo ICP-MS i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka plasma inductively coupled me ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe o ka spectrometry nuipa a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka loiloi elemental ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa. Ma ICP-MS, ua vaporized a ionized ka hāpana, a laila ʻike ʻia e kahi spectrometer nui no ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kiko kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia mea, a laila e hoʻoholo ai i kona ʻike.
4. ʻO ka ʻike ʻike ʻana o ka fluorescence. He mea maikaʻi loa kēia ʻano hana no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea o ka honua.
5. Chromatography: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Chromatography e hoʻokaʻawale a ʻike i nā pūhui erbium. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka chromatography hoʻololi ion a me ka chromatography wai hoʻohuli i ka nānā ʻana o ka erbium.
Pono e hana ʻia kēia mau ʻano hana i loko o kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua a koi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana a me nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke koho ʻana i kahi ala ʻike kūpono e hilinaʻi maʻamau i ke ʻano o ka laʻana, ka naʻau i koi ʻia, ka hoʻonā ʻana, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hana hale hana.
Hoʻohana kikoʻī o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe atomika no ke ana ʻana i ka mea erbium
I ke ana ʻana, he kiʻekiʻe ka pololei a me ka naʻau o ke ʻano o ka atomic absorption, a hāʻawi i kahi ala kūpono no ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai kemika, ka hui pū ʻana a me ka ʻike o nā mea.
Ma hope aʻe, hoʻohana mākou i ke ʻano hana atomic absorption e ana i ka ʻike o ka erbium element. ʻO nā ʻanuʻu kikoʻī penei:
ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻomākaukau i kahi laʻana i loaʻa ka erbium element. Hiki ke paʻa, wai a kinoea paha ka hāpana. No nā laʻana paʻa, pono e hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻoheheʻe paha iā lākou no ke kaʻina atomization ma hope.
E koho i kahi spectrometer hoʻoemi atomika kūpono. E like me nā waiwai o ka hāpana e ana ʻia a me ka laulā o ka erbium maʻiʻo e ana ʻia, e koho i kahi spectrometer absorption atomic kūpono.
E hoʻoponopono i nā ʻāpana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe atomic absorption spectrometer. E like me ka mea e ana ʻia a me ke kumu hoʻohālike, hoʻoponopono i nā ʻāpana o ka spectrometer absorption atomic, me ke kumu kukui, atomizer, detector, etc.
E ana i ka komo ʻana o ka mea erbium. E kau i ka laʻana e hoʻāʻo ʻia i loko o ka atomizer, a e hoʻokuʻu i ka uila uila o kahi lōʻihi hawewe kikoʻī ma o ke kumu kukui. ʻO ka mea erbium e hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻopili i kēia radiation māmā a hana i ka hoʻololi pae ikehu. Ana 'ia ka absorbance o ka mea erbium e ka mea ike.
E helu i ka maʻiʻo o ka mea erbium. E helu i ka maʻiʻo o ka mea erbium e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka pihi maʻamau.
Ma ke kahua ʻepekema, ua hoʻohui ʻia ka erbium, me kāna mau mea pohihihi a kū hoʻokahi, i kahi pā nani i ka ʻimi ʻenehana kanaka a me ka hana hou. Mai ka hohonu o ka ʻōpala o ka honua a hiki i nā noi ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka hale hana, ua ʻike ka huakaʻi erbium i ka ʻimi ʻole ʻana o ke kanaka i ka mea huna o ka mea. ʻO kāna noi ʻana i nā kamaʻilio optical, ʻenehana laser a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ua hoʻokomo i nā mea hou aʻe i loko o ko mākou ola, e ʻae iā mākou e nānā i nā wahi i hūnā ʻia.
E like me ka erbium e ʻālohilohi ana i kahi ʻāpana aniani i loko o ka optics e hoʻomālamalama i ke ala ʻike ʻole ma mua, wehe ia i ka puka i ka hohonu o ka ʻike no nā mea noiʻi ma ke keʻena ʻepekema. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Erbium he hōkū ʻālohilohi ma ka papaʻaina, akā he mea kōkua ikaika no ke kanaka e piʻi i ka piko o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.
Manaʻo wau i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, hiki iā mākou ke ʻimi hohonu i ka mea pohihihi o ka erbium a ʻeli i nā noi kupanaha hou aku, i hoʻomau ʻia kēia "hōkū ʻeleʻele" e hoʻomālamalama a hoʻomālamalama i ke ala i mua i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka. Ke hoʻomau nei ka moʻolelo o ka element erbium, a ke kakali nei mākou i nā mea mana e hiki mai ana erbium e hōʻike mai iā mākou ma ke kahua ʻepekema.
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