Hafnium, Hlau HF, atomic naj npawb 72, atomic hnyav 178.49, yog lub ci ci nyiaj grey hloov cov hlau.
Hafnium muaj rau ib txwm ruaj khov isotopes: Hafnium 174, 178, 179, 179, thiab 180. Lub ntsiab npe npe los ntawm Latin lub npe ntawm Copenhagen City.
Xyoo 1925, Swedish Chemist Hervey thiab Dutch kws kho mob tau txais cov tshuaj fluorinated zoo nkauj, thiab txo nws cov tshuaj fluorinated, thiab nws yog xim hlau sodium hafnium. Hafnium muaj 0.00045% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov tawv ntoo thiab feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog zirconium hauv xwm.
Khoom npe: Hafnium
Cim cim: HF
Atomic hnyav: 178.49
Hom Hom: Nws yog xim hlau
Lub cev lub cev:
Hafniumyog cov nyiaj grey hlau nrog nws yog xim hlau luster; Muaj ob qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau hafnium: α Hafnium yog ib qho hexagonal ntim variant (1750 ℃) nrog kev hloov pauv kub dua li zirconium. Hlau Hafnium tau faib ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov cua kub siab. Hlau Hafnium muaj qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab kev nqus cov khaub lig-ntu thiab tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom tswj rau cov reactors.
Muaj ob hom siv lead ua qauv: hexagonal ntom pob ntawm qhov kub ntawm qis dua 1300 ℃ (α- kab zauv); Ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 1300 ℃, nws yog lub cev nruab nrab sau lo lus (β- sib npaug). Ib cov hlau nrog cov plasticity uas tawv thiab ua rau nkig nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm impurities. Ruaj khov nyob rau hauv huab cua, tsuas yog darkens nyob saum npoo thaum hlawv. Cov filaments tuaj yeem raug hluav taws xob ntws los ntawm cov nplaim taws ntawm qhov sib phim. Cov khoom zoo ib yam li zirconium. Nws tsis hnov mob nrog dej, dilute acids, lossis muaj zog hauv paus, tab sis yooj yim soluble hauv aqua regia thiab hydrofluoric acid. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov tebchaw nrog + 4 qhov kev tsim nyog. Hafnium Alloy (TA4HFC5) yog paub tias muaj lub siab tshaj plaws melting point (kwv yees li ntawm 4215 ℃).
Crystal qauv: lub celstal cell yog hexagonagal
Tus lej lej: 7440-58-6
Melting Taw tes: 2227 ℃
Boint Taw tes: 4602 ℃
Tshuaj lom neeg cov khoom:
Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm Hafnium yog qhov zoo heev rau cov ntawm zirconium, thiab nws muaj zoo circonal tsis kam thiab tsis yooj yim corroded los ntawm General Acid Alkali aqueous daws; Yooj yim soluble nyob rau hauv hydrofluoric acid los ua cov fluorinated complexes. Thaum kub siab, hafnium tseem tuaj yeem sib txuas nrog cov roj av xws li oxygen xws li oxygen thiab nitrogen los tsim oxides thiab nitrides.
Hafnium feem ntau muaj + 4 qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov tebchaw. Qhov sib txuas tseem ceeb yogHafnium oxideHFO2. Muaj peb qhov sib txawv sib txawv ntawm hafnium oxide:Hafnium oxideTau txais los ntawm kev hloov pauv tsis tas li ntawm hafnium sulfate thiab chloride oxide yog monoclinic variant; Hafnium oxide tau los ntawm cua sov lub hydrocide ntawm hafnium ntawm ib ncig 400 ℃ yog tetragonal variant; Yog hais tias calcined saum 1000 ℃, ib lub cubic variant tuaj yeem tau txais. Lwm qhov sib txuas yogHafnium Tetrachloride, uas yog cov khoom siv raw rau npaj cov hlau hafnium thiab tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm kev rov ua cov tshuaj chlorine roj ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm hafnium oxide thiab carbon. Hafnium Tetrachloride tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej thiab tam sim ntawd hydrolyzes rau hauv hfo ruaj khov (4h2o) 2 + ions. HFO2 + ions muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov sib txuas ntawm hafnium, thiab tuaj yeem crystallize Hfoclalic Hfocloric haf acid acidified Hafnium Tetrachlium daws.
4-Muaj nuj nqis Hafnium kuj tseem muaj feem xyuam los tsim cov tshuaj fluoride, muaj cov K2HFF6, K3HFF7, (NH4) 2hFF6, thiab (NH4) 3hFF7. Cov complex no tau siv rau kev sib cais ntawm zirconium thiab hafnium.
Cov tebchaw:
Hafnium Dioxide: Npe Hafnium Dioxide; Hafnium dioxide; Molecular tus qauv: HFO2 [4]; Cov cuab yeej: cov hmoov dawb nrog peb lub crystal qauv: monoclinic, tetronal, thiab cubic. Qhov dav dav yog 10.3, 10.1, thiab 10.43g / CM3, ntsig txog. Melting taw tes 2780-2920k. Boiling point 5400K. Thermal nthuav tawm coeffic tsis muaj 5.8 × 10-6 / ℃. Insoluble hauv dej, hydrochloric acid, thiab nitric acid, tab sis soluble acid, tab sis soluble hauv concentrated sulfuric acid thiab hydrofluoric acid. Tsim los ntawm thermal decomposition lossis hydrolysis ntawm cov tebchaw xws li Hafnium Sulfate thiab Hafnium Oxychloride. Cov ntaub ntawv raw rau cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov hlau hafnium thiab hafnium alloys. Siv ua cov khoom siv refactory, anti incalactive txheej, thiab catalysts. [5] Atomic energy level HfO is a product obtained simultaneously when manufacturing atomic energy level ZrO. Pib ntawm cov kab ke theem nrab, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom huv, txo qis, thiab nqus cov distillation yuav luag zoo ib yam rau cov zirconium.
Hafnium Tetrachloride: Hafnium (IV) Chloride, Hafnium Tetrachloride Molecular tus qauv molecular formula Hfcl4 molecular hnyav 320.30 cim: dawb crystalline thaiv. Rhiab rau ya raws. Soluble hauv acetone thiab methanol. Hydrozze hauv dej los tsim hafnium oxychloride (HFOCL2). Cua sov rau 250 ℃ thiab evaporate. Ua rau lub qhov muag, ua pa, thiab tawv nqaij.
Horfium hydroxide: Hafnium hydroxide (H4HFO4), feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tsis muaj cov kua dej khov kho Tshav kub kom 100 ℃ kom tsim hafnium hydroxide hfo (oh). Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua lwm yam kev sib txuas lus tsis zoo.
Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Keeb Kwm
Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Kev Tshawb Nrhiav:
Xyoo 1923, Swedish Chemist Hervey thiab Dutch Doyicist D. Koskas hauv Zach thiab lub npe Hafnium, uas yog los ntawm Latin lub npe Hafia ntawm Copenhagen. Xyoo 1925, Hervey thiab Pooster sib cais zirconium thiab titanium siv txoj kev fluorinated cov ntsev fluor kom tau txais cov ntsev fluon; Thiab txo cov ntsev hafnium nrog nws yog xim hlau sodium kom tau txais cov hlau ntshiab hafnium. Hervey npaj ib qho qauv ntawm ob peb milligrams ntawm hafnium ntshiab.
Siv tshuaj rau cov kev sim ntawm zirconium thiab hafnium:
Hauv kev sim ua los ntawm xibfwb Carl Collins nyob rau hauv University of Universitude Ntau dua li kev siv tshuaj lom neeg tab sis peb txiav txim siab ntawm qis dua li qhov ntau tshaj li nuclear kev sib luag. [8] HF178M2 (Hafnium 178m2) muaj lub neej ntev tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntev tshaj plaws yog 3188 Collins 'Daim Ntawv Tshaj Lij hais tias ib gram ntshiab Hf178m2 (Hafnium 178) muaj kwv yees li ntawm lub zog tawm los ntawm 300 kilograms ntawm TNT cov khoom tawg. Collins 'Daim Ntawv Tshaj Qhia Qhia tias txhua lub zog hauv qhov kev tawm tsam no yog tso tawm rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov duab xoo hluav taws xob, thiab HFNAs 1783m2) tseem tuaj yeem hnov mob tsis tshua muaj siab. [9] Lub Pentagon tau faib nyiaj pab rau kev tshawb fawb. Hauv kev sim, lub teeb liab-rau-suab nrov sib piv tau ua pov thawj los ntawm cov kev pab cuam uas muaj kev tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no Induced Gamma Ray emission tso tawm lub zog los ntawm HF178M2 (Hafnium 178) [15], tab sis lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav. [16] HF178M2 (Hafnium 178M2) yog qhov ntseeg tau dav hauv lub zej zog kev kawm tsis yog ib lub zog
Daim Ntawv Thov Teb:
Hafnium yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo vim nws lub peev xwm los tso hluav taws xob, xws li raws li siv cov ntsiab lus hauv lub teeb txawb. Siv raws li cathode rau xoo hluav taws xob, thiab alloys ntawm hafnium thiab tungsten lossis Molybdenum yog siv los ua cov electrodes rau high-voltage tshem cov tsheb loj. Feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cathode thiab tungsten xaim tsim kev lag luam rau xoo hluav taws xob. Ntshiab Hafnium yog cov khoom tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv atomic zog kev lag luam vim tias nws cov plastent, yooj yim ua, thiab corrosion tsis kam. Hafnium muaj tus loj thermal noutron ntes hla ntu thiab yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws neutron aborber, uas tuaj yeem siv ua tus tswj kav thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj omatic. Hafnium hmoov tuaj yeem siv los ua pob zeb. Lub Cathohode ntawm X-Ray Tubes tuaj yeem tsim tawm hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob. Hafnium alloy tuaj yeem ua cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv pem teb rau cov pob zeb ua ke thiab cov kab mob HF TA tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov cuab yeej hlau thiab cov khoom siv tawm tsam. Hafnium yog siv los ua kev ntxiv rau hauv cov khoom muaj ntxiv rau cov cua sov-resistant alloys, xws li tungsten, molybdenum, thiab tantalum. HFC tuaj yeem siv los ua kev ntxiv rau cov khoom siv nyuaj vim nws lub siab tawv thiab melting point. Lub ntsiab lus melting ntawm 4TachFC yog kwv yees li ntawm 4215 ℃, ua rau nws lub compound nrog lub siab tshaj plaws paub melting point. Hafnium tuaj yeem siv los ua cov getter nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev siv nyiaj. Hafnium getters tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov roj tsis tsim nyog xws li cov pa thiab cov tshuaj nitrogen tam sim no. Hafnium feem ntau yog siv los ua cov roj ntxiv hauv cov roj hydraulic kom tiv thaiv cov roj hauv hydraulic thaum lub sij hawm anti tiv thaiv kev pheej hmoo ntau yam. Yog li ntawd, nws feem ntau yog siv hauv kev lag luam roj hydraulic. Kev Kho Mob Cov Roj Hydraulic.
Hafnium lub caij kuj tseem siv nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntawm Intel 45 nanoprocessors. Vim yog lub chaw tsim khoom lag luam ntawm silicon dioxide (sio2) thiab nws lub peev xwm los txo kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb los txuas ntxiv txhim kho kev ua si cua txias ua ke raws li cov khoom siv rau cov rooj vag dielectric. Thaum Intel qhia txog 65 Nanometer Manufacturing cov txheej txheem, txawm hais tias nws tau ua txhua yam kom txo tau qhov loj ntawm silicontric rau 1,2 tus txiv neej npau taws, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov, ua rau muaj kev khib nyiab tam sim no thiab tsis tsim nyog siv hluav taws xob. Yog li ntawd, yog tias cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no tau siv thiab cov tuab txuas ntxiv tau txo qis, khaws cov thev naus laus zis hloov mus rau nws cov kev txwv. Txhawm rau hais txog qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb no, Intel tab tom npaj rau siv cov ntaub ntawv tuab (HAFNIlium hloov cov khoom siv tuab (HAFNIlIr) li ntau dhau los ntawm ntau tshaj 10 zaug. Piv rau cov tiam dhau los ntawm 65nm technology, intel's 45nm cov txheej txheem nce ntxiv tistity los ntawm ze li ob zaug, tso cai rau kev nce ntawm tag nrho cov transistors lossis txo qis hauv cov txheej txheem ntim. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub zog tsim nyog rau kev hloov pauv transsisting yog qis dua, txo cov hwj huam siv hluav taws xob nrog ze li 30%. Kev sib txuas hauv sab hauv yog ua los ntawm tooj liab xaim ua khub nrog Lees K dielectric, hloov kho lub zog, thiab kev hloov hluav taws xob yog li 20% sai dua
Kev faib nyiaj ntxhia:
Hafnium muaj cov crustal ntau dua li cov neeg siv hlau feem ntau yog li bismuth, cadmium, thiab muaj mercury, germanium, thiab Uranium. Txhua cov zaub mov muaj zirconium muaj hafnium. Zircon siv hauv kev lag luam muaj 0.5-2% Hafnium. Lub beryllium zirmon (alvite) hauv ob lub zirconium ore tuaj yeem muaj txog li 15% hafnium. Kuj tseem muaj ib hom kev siv zircorphic zircon, Cyrtolite, uas muaj tshaj 5% hfo. Cov peev txheej ntawm ob lub minerals yog me me thiab tseem tsis tau tau txais hauv kev lag luam. Hafnium feem ntau yog zoo zoo thaum lub zirconium.
Nws muaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau zirconium ores. [18] [19] Vim tias muaj cov ntsiab lus me me nyob rau hauv lub crust. Nws feem ntau coexists nrog zirconium thiab tsis muaj cov ore cais.
Kev npaj txoj kev:
1. Nws tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm cov magnesium txo ntawm hafnium tetrachloride lossis thermal decomposition ntawm Hafnium Iodide. HFCL4 thiab K2HFF6 kuj tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom nyoos. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov electrolytic ntau lawm hauv nacl kcl hfcl4 lossis k2hff6 yaj yog zoo li cov electrolytic ntau lawm ntawm zirconium.
2. Hafnium coearists nrog zirconium, thiab tsis muaj cov khoom siv raw cais rau Hafnium. Cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim khoom Hafnium yog cov xim harafnium oxide sib cais thaum cov txheej txheem tsim zirconium. Extract Hafnium oxide siv ion txauv expin, thiab tom qab ntawd siv tib txoj kev ua zirconium los npaj hacnonium los npaj haflium hafnium los ntawm cov tshuaj hafnium no.
3. Nws tuaj yeem npaj los ntawm CO Cua Kub Hafnium Tetrachloride (HFCL4) nrog sodium los ntawm kev txo qis.
Cov kev ntxov tshaj plaws rau cais zirconium thiab Hafnium tau fertorinization ntawm cov tshuaj fluorination thiab nag los nag. Cov hau kev no yog cumbersome ua haujlwm thiab raug txwv rau kev kuaj. Tshiab thev naus laus zis rau cais zirconium thiab hafnium, xws li frection distillation, ion txauv extraction, thiab tawm ib qho tom qab lwm, nrog cov kuab tshuaj ntxiv ua tau ntau yam ntxiv. Qhov ob feem ntau siv sib cais tshuab yog lub thiocyanate cyclohexanone system thiab tributyl phosphate nitric acid system. Cov khoom tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem saum toj no yog txhua yam hafnium hydroxide, thiab ntshiab Hafnium oxide tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev kho. Cov Purity Hafernium yuav tau txais los ntawm ion kev sib pauv qauv.
Hauv kev lag luam, kev tsim cov hlau hafnium feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog ob txoj kev kawm qib siab thiab cov Debeber Aker. Cov txheej txheem KURLO BETOLLO txo ntawm HFNIUM Tetrachloride siv Metallic Magnesium:
2MG + HFCL4- → 2mgl2 + hf
Tus Debor Aker txoj kev, tseem hu ua Iodization txoj kev, yog siv los ua kom huv daim ntxaij zoo li Hafnium thiab tau malnium hafnium.
5. Lub smelting ntawm hafnium yog yeej zoo ib yam li ntawm zirconium:
Thawj kauj ruam yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub ore, uas muaj peb txoj kev: chlorination ntawm zircon kom tau (ZR, HF, HF) cl. Alkali melting ntawm zirmon. Zircon melts nrog naoh nyob ib ncig ntawm 600, thiab tshaj 90% ntawm (zr, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf, hf), uas yog yaj hauv dej rau kev tshem tawm. NA (ZR, HF) O tuaj yeem siv los ua cov qauv qub rau cais zirconium thiab hafnium tom qab tau yaj nyob rau hauv hno. Txawm li cas los xij, lub xub ntiag ntawm sio colloids ua cov kuab tshuaj rho sib cais nyuaj. Sinter nrog kSIF thiab soak hauv dej kom tau k (ZR, HF, HF) F daws. Txoj kev daws teeb meem tuaj yeem sib cais zirconium thiab hafnium los ntawm kev fractional crystallization;
Qhov thib ob kauj ruam yog kev sib cais ntawm zirconium thiab hafnium, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav siv cov kuab tshuaj sib cais siv cov qauv tshuaj sib cais) Cov thev naus laus zis ntawm ntau cov fractionation siv qhov sib txawv hauv kev sib txawv ntawm HFCL thiab ZRCLELDES nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm Chlorary Chlorination thiab txo tus nqi. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj teeb meem corrosion ntawm (ZR, HF) cl thiab HCL, nws tseem tsis yooj yim los txhawm rau nrhiav cov khoom siv zrcl thiab HFCL, cov nqi purificate. Xyoo 1970, nws tseem nyob hauv cov nroj tsuag theem nrab kev sim ntsuas theem;
Kauj ruam thib peb yog cov tshuaj sib yeem theem nrab ntawm HFO kom tau txais cov lus HFCL rau kev txo qis;
Cov kauj ruam thib plaub yog qhov ua kom huv ntawm HFCL thiab kev txo cov magnesium. Cov txheej txheem no yog tib yam li kev ua kom huv thiab txo ntawm ZRCL, thiab cov txiaj ntsig Semi-tiav cov khoom lag luam yog coeio hfnium;
Lub thib tsib kauj ruam yog mus nqus tsev diville crude shonegium kom tshem tawm mgcl thiab rov qab ntau dua cov khoom lag luam ntawm daim txhuam cev hlau hafnium. Yog tias tus neeg sawv cev txo cov neeg sawv cev siv cov dej cawv es tsis txhob siv cov kauj ruam thib tsib yuav tsum raug hloov rau cov dej raus dej
Cia Txoj Kev:
Muab cia rau hauv lub tsev rau khoom txias thiab muaj cua sov. Cia kom deb ntawm cov txim taws thiab cov khoom kub. Nws yuav tsum tau muab cais cais los ntawm oxidants, acids, halogens, thiab lwm yam, thiab zam kev sib xyaw. Siv tawg-pov thawj teeb pom kev zoo thiab cov chaw tua hluav taws xob. Txwv tsis pub siv cov khoom siv mechanical thiab cov cuab yeej uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau txim. Qhov chaw cia khoom yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog los muaj cov kua zaub.
Sijhawm Sijhawm: Sep-25-2023