Holmium Element thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb
Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm chemical ntsiab lus, muaj ib lub caij hu uaholmium, uas yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj hlau. Cov khoom no yog khoom nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub thiab muaj ib tug siab melting point thiab boiling point. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov txaus nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm holmium keeb. Nws qhov ntxim nyiam tiag tiag nyob hauv qhov tseeb tias thaum nws zoo siab, nws tawm lub teeb ntsuab zoo nkauj. Lub caij holmium nyob rau hauv lub xeev zoo siab no zoo li lub pov haum ntsuab flashing, zoo nkauj thiab tsis meej. Tib neeg muaj keeb kwm luv luv ntawm lub ntsiab lus holmium.In 1879, Swedish chemist Per Theodor Klebe thawj zaug nrhiav tau lub ntsiab holmium thiab muab nws lub npe tom qab nws hometown. Thaum kawm impure erbium, nws tus kheej nrhiav tau holmium los ntawm kev tshem tawmyttriumthiabscandium. Nws muab lub npe xim av Holmia (lub npe Latin rau Stockholm) thiab cov khoom ntsuab Thulia. Tom qab ntawd nws tau ua tiav kev sib cais dysprosium kom cais cov ntshiab holmium.Nyob rau hauv lub rooj zaum ntawm cov tshuaj, holmium muaj qee yam khoom tshwj xeeb thiab siv. Holmium yog lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov hlau nplaum muaj zog heev, yog li nws feem ntau siv los ua cov khoom sib nqus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, holmium kuj muaj qhov ntsuas siab refractive, ua rau nws yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua cov twj paj nruag thiab cov khoom siv kho qhov muag. Tsis tas li ntawd, holmium tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kho mob, lub zog, thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Niaj hnub no, cia peb taug kev mus rau hauv lub caij ntuj no nrog ntau yam kev siv - holmium. Tshawb nrhiav nws qhov tsis meej thiab xav tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg lub neej.
Daim ntawv thov teb ntawm holmium element
Holmium yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg nrog tus lej atomic ntawm 67 thiab belongs rau lanthanide series. Cov hauv qab no yog cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxaws rau qee daim ntawv thov teb ntawm holmium keeb:
1. Holmium hlau nplaum:Holmium muaj cov khoom sib nqus zoo thiab yog dav siv los ua cov khoom siv hlau nplaum. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv high-kub superconductivity kev tshawb fawb, holmium hlau nplaum feem ntau yog siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv rau superconductors los txhim kho cov magnetic teb ntawm superconductors.
2. Holmium iav:Holmium tuaj yeem muab cov iav tshwj xeeb kho qhov muag thiab siv los ua holmium iav lasers. Holmium lasers tau dav siv hauv tshuaj thiab kev lag luam, thiab tuaj yeem siv los kho qhov muag kab mob, txiav hlau thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam.
3. Nuclear zog kev lag luam:Holmium's isotope holmium-165 muaj lub siab neutron ntes hla ntu thiab siv los tswj cov neutron flux thiab lub zog faib hluav taws xob ntawm nuclear reactors.
4. Cov khoom siv kho qhov muag: Holmium kuj muaj qee qhov kev siv hauv cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, xws li optical waveguides, photodetectors, modulators, thiab lwm yam hauv kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau.
5. Cov khoom siv fluorescent:Holmium compounds tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv fluorescent los tsim cov teeb fluorescent, cov ntxaij vab tshaus fluorescent thiab cov ntsuas fluorescent.6. Hlau alloys:Holmium tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau lwm cov hlau los ua cov alloys los txhim kho cov thermal stability, corrosion kuj thiab vuam kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov hlau. Nws feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov tshuab dav hlau, tsheb cav thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj. Holmium muaj cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb hauv cov hlau nplaum, iav lasers, kev lag luam hluav taws xob nuclear, cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, cov khoom siv fluorescent thiab hlau alloys.
Lub cev muaj zog ntawm holmium element
1. Cov qauv Atomic: Cov qauv atomic ntawm holmium yog tsim los ntawm 67 electrons. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hluav taws xob configuration, muaj 2 electrons nyob rau hauv thawj txheej, 8 electrons nyob rau hauv lub thib ob txheej, 18 electrons nyob rau hauv peb txheej, thiab 29 electrons nyob rau hauv lub plaub txheej. Yog li ntawd, muaj 2 leeg ib khub ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv lub txheej txheej.
2. Ceev thiab hardness: Qhov ceev ntawm holmium yog 8.78 g / cm3, uas yog ib tug kuj siab ceev. Nws hardness yog hais txog 5.4 Mohs hardness.
3. Melting point thiab boiling point: Lub melting point ntawm holmium yog hais txog 1474 degrees Celsius thiab boiling point yog hais txog 2695 degrees Celsius.
4. Magnetism: Holmium yog cov hlau uas muaj hlau nplaum zoo. Nws qhia tau hais tias ferromagnetism ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis maj mam poob nws cov hlau nplaum ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov hlau nplaum ntawm holmium ua rau nws tseem ceeb hauv kev siv hlau nplaum thiab hauv kev tshawb fawb kub-kub superconductivity.
5. Spectral yam ntxwv: Holmium qhia pom tseeb nqus thiab emission kab nyob rau hauv lub spectrum pom. Nws cov kab emissions feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv ntsuab thiab liab spectral ranges, uas ua rau holmium tebchaw feem ntau muaj xim ntsuab los yog liab.
6. Thermal conductivity: Holmium muaj cov thermal conductivity ntawm 16.2 W / m·Kelvin. Qhov no ua rau holmium muaj txiaj ntsig hauv qee daim ntawv thov uas xav tau thermal conductivity zoo heev. Holmium yog cov hlau uas muaj qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom. Nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov hlau nplaum, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab kub, spectroscopy thiab thermal conductivity.
Chemical zog ntawm holmium
1. Reactivity: Holmium yog ib yam hlau uas ruaj khov uas reacts maj mam nrog feem ntau tsis yog-metallic ntsiab thiab acids. Nws tsis hnov mob nrog huab cua thiab dej ntawm chav tsev kub, tab sis thaum rhuab mus rau qhov kub siab, nws reacts nrog oxygen hauv huab cua los tsim holmium oxide.
2. Solubility: Holmium muaj zoo solubility nyob rau hauv acidic kev daws teeb meem thiab muaj peev xwm react nrog concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid thiab hydrochloric acid los tsim holmium ntsev.
3. Oxidation xeev: Lub xeev oxidation ntawm holmium feem ntau yog +3. Nws tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam sib txuas, xws li oxides (hlo 2o3), chlorides (HoCl3sulfates (Ho2 (SO4) 3), thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, holmium tseem tuaj yeem nthuav tawm oxidation xeev xws li +2, +4 thiab +5, tab sis cov oxidation xeev no tsawg dua.
4. Cov complexes: Holmium tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam complexes, feem ntau yog cov complexes nyob rau hauv holmium (III) ions. Cov complexes ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj, catalysts thiab tshawb fawb biochemical.
5. Reactivity: Holmium feem ntau nthuav tawm me me reactivity nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws tuaj yeem koom nrog ntau hom tshuaj lom neeg xws li oxidation-txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev sib koom ua ke, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyuaj. Holmium yog cov hlau ruaj khov, thiab nws cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm qis, zoo solubility, ntau lub xeev oxidation, thiab tsim ntau yam complexes. Cov yam ntxwv no ua rau holmium dav siv hauv tshuaj lom neeg, kev sib koom tes chemistry, thiab kev tshawb fawb biochemical.
Biological khoom ntawm holmium
Cov khoom lom neeg ntawm holmium tau kawm me ntsis, thiab cov ntaub ntawv peb paub txog tam sim no muaj tsawg. Cov hauv qab no yog qee yam khoom ntawm holmium hauv cov kab mob:
1. Bioavailability: Holmium kuj tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog li nws cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov kab mob yog tsawg heev. Holmium muaj qhov tsis zoo bioavailability, uas yog, lub cev muaj peev xwm noj thiab nqus holmium yog txwv, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj vim li cas cov dej num thiab cov teebmeem ntawm holmium hauv tib neeg lub cev tsis nkag siab tag nrho.
2. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev: Txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev ntawm holmium, kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias holmium tuaj yeem koom nrog qee cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub cev. Cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau pom tias holmium tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov pob txha thiab cov leeg nqaij, tab sis cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb tseem tsis meej.
3. Toxicity: Vim nws cov bioavailability tsawg, holmium muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg rau tib neeg lub cev. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tsiaj hauv chaw kuaj mob, kev raug mob siab ntawm cov tshuaj holmium tuaj yeem ua rau qee qhov kev puas tsuaj rau lub siab thiab ob lub raum, tab sis tam sim no kev tshawb fawb txog kev mob toxicity ntawm holmium yog qhov txwv. Cov khoom lom ntawm holmium hauv cov kab mob muaj sia tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho. Kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tsom mus rau nws qhov ua tau lub cev muaj zog thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob muaj sia. Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tas li, kev tshawb fawb txog kev lom neeg ntawm holmium yuav txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv.
Ntuj faib ntawm holmium
Kev faib tawm ntawm holmium hauv qhov xwm txheej yog qhov tsawg heev, thiab nws yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv lub ntiaj teb crust. Cov hauv qab no yog kev faib tawm ntawm holmium hauv qhov xwm txheej:
1. Kev faib tawm hauv lub ntiaj teb crust: Cov ntsiab lus ntawm holmium nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust yog hais txog 1.3ppm (qhov ib lab), uas yog ib tug kuj tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust. Txawm hais tias nws cov ntsiab lus tsawg, holmium tuaj yeem pom hauv qee cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb, xws li ores uas muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv ntiaj teb tsawg.
2. Muaj nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov: Holmium feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv ores nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm oxides, xws li holmium oxide (hlo 2o3). Ho2O3 yog ibtsawg ntiaj teb oxideore uas muaj ib tug siab concentration ntawm holmium.
3. Kev sib xyaw hauv cov xwm txheej: Holmium feem ntau coexists nrog lwm yam tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb thiab ib feem ntawm cov ntsiab lus lanthanide. Nws tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm oxides, sulfates, carbonates, thiab lwm yam.
4. Geographical qhov chaw ntawm kev faib tawm: Kev faib tawm ntawm holmium yog qhov sib txawv nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tab sis nws cov khoom siv tsawg heev. Qee lub teb chaws muaj qee yam khoom siv holmium ore, xws li Tuam Tshoj, Australia, Brazil, thiab lwm yam. Holmium yog qhov tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv cov xwm txheej thiab feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm oxides hauv ores. Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus tsawg, nws koom nrog lwm yam tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb thiab tuaj yeem pom hauv qee qhov chaw tshwj xeeb geological. Vim nws qhov tsis tshua muaj thiab kev txwv tsis pub xa tawm, kev tsuas thiab siv holmium yog qhov nyuaj.
Extraction thiab Smelting ntawm Holmium Element
Holmium yog lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, thiab nws cov txheej txheem mining thiab extraction yog zoo ib yam li lwm yam tsawg hauv ntiaj teb. Cov hauv qab no yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws qhia txog cov mining thiab extraction txheej txheem ntawm holmium keeb:
1. Tshawb nrhiav holmium ore: Holmium tuaj yeem pom muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj ores, thiab holmium ores muaj xws li oxide ores thiab carbonate ores. Cov ore no tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv av lossis qhib qhov pob zeb hauv av.
2. Crushing thiab sib tsoo ntawm Ore: Tom qab mining, holmium ore yuav tsum tau crushed thiab hauv av rau hauv me me hais thiab ntxiv refined.
3. Flotation: Sib cais ntawm holmium ore los ntawm lwm yam impurities los ntawm flotation method. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem flotation, diluent thiab ua npuas ncauj tus neeg sawv cev feem ntau yog siv los ua holmium ore ntab ntawm cov kua nto, thiab tom qab ntawd ua kev kho lub cev thiab tshuaj.
4. Hydration: Tom qab flotation, holmium ore yuav raug kho dej kom hloov mus rau holmium ntsev. Kev kho dej dej feem ntau yuav ua rau cov ore nrog cov kua qaub dilute los tsim cov tshuaj holmium acid ntsev.
5. Los nag thiab pom: Los ntawm kev kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, holmium hauv holmium acid ntsev tov yog precipitated. Tom qab ntawd, lim cov precipitate kom cais cov ntshiab holmium precipitate.
6. Calcination: Holmium precipitates yuav tsum tau kho calcination. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog cua sov lub holmium precipitate mus rau qhov kub siab kom hloov mus rau holmium oxide.
7. Kev txo qis: Holmium oxide raug kho txo kom hloov mus rau hauv cov hlau holmium. Feem ntau, cov tshuaj txo qis (xws li hydrogen) yog siv los txo qis hauv qhov kub thiab txias. 8. Refining: Cov hlau holmium txo qis yuav muaj lwm yam impurities thiab yuav tsum tau ua kom huv thiab huv. Refining txoj kev muaj xws li hnyav extraction, electrolysis, thiab tshuaj txo. Tom qab cov kauj ruam saum toj no, high-purityholmium hlautuaj yeem tau. Cov hlau holmium no tuaj yeem siv rau kev npaj cov alloys, cov khoom sib nqus, kev lag luam nuclear, thiab cov khoom siv laser. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov mining thiab extraction txheej txheem ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus yog qhov nyuaj thiab yuav tsum tau siv technology siab heev thiab cov cuab yeej siv los ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thiab tus nqi qis.
Kev txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm holmium
1. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): Atomic absorption spectrometry yog ib qho kev siv ntau yam kev soj ntsuam uas siv qhov nqus spectrum ntawm cov wavelengths tshwj xeeb los txiav txim siab qhov concentration ntawm holmium hauv cov qauv. Nws atomizes tus qauv yuav tsum tau kuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug nplaim taws, thiab ces ntsuas qhov nqus siv ntawm holmium nyob rau hauv cov qauv los ntawm ib tug spectrometer. Txoj kev no yog tsim nyog rau kev tshawb nrhiav holmium ntawm ntau dua.
2. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry yog ib txoj kev rhiab heev thiab xaiv kev tshuaj ntsuam uas tau siv dav hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntau yam. Nws atomizes tus qauv thiab tsim cov ntshav los ntsuas qhov tshwj xeeb wavelength thiab kev siv ntawm holmium emission nyob rau hauv ib spectrometer.
3. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yog ib txoj kev rhiab heev thiab muaj kev daws teeb meem siab heev uas siv tau rau kev txiav txim siab isotope ratio thiab kab kawm tsom xam. Nws atomizes tus qauv thiab tsim ib plasma los ntsuas qhov loj-rau-them piv ntawm holmium nyob rau hauv ib tug loj spectrometer.
4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): X-ray fluorescence spectrometry siv cov fluorescence spectrum tsim los ntawm cov qauv tom qab tau zoo siab los ntawm X-rays los soj ntsuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom. Nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab sai thiab tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov ntsiab lus holmium hauv cov qauv. Cov txheej txheem no tau siv dav hauv cov chaw soj nstuam thiab thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam rau kev soj ntsuam kom muaj nuj nqis thiab kev tswj hwm zoo ntawm holmium. Kev xaiv ntawm txoj kev tsim nyog yog nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li hom qauv, yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas qhov txwv thiab qhov tseeb ntawm kev kuaj pom.
Kev thov tshwj xeeb ntawm holmium atomic absorption method
Hauv kev ntsuas lub ntsiab lus, atomic absorption method muaj qhov raug siab thiab rhiab heev, thiab muab txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev kawm cov khoom siv tshuaj, cov khoom sib xyaw thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Cov kauj ruam tshwj xeeb yog raws li nram no: Npaj cov qauv los ntsuas. Npaj cov qauv los ntsuas rau hauv ib qho kev daws, uas feem ntau yuav tsum tau zom nrog cov kua qaub sib xyaw rau kev ntsuas tom ntej. Xaiv qhov haum atomic absorption spectrometer. Raws li cov khoom ntawm cov qauv yuav tsum tau ntsuas thiab qhov ntau ntawm holmium cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau ntsuas, xaiv qhov haum atomic absorption spectrometer. Kho qhov ntsuas ntawm atomic absorption spectrometer. Raws li cov khoom yuav tsum tau ntsuas thiab cov qauv ntsuas, kho qhov tsis haum ntawm atomic absorption spectrometer, nrog rau lub teeb ci, atomizer, detector, thiab lwm yam. Ntsuas qhov absorbance ntawm holmium. Muab cov qauv ntsuas rau hauv lub atomizer, thiab emit lub teeb hluav taws xob ntawm ib lub wavelength tshwj xeeb los ntawm lub teeb ci. Lub ntsiab lus holmium yuav tsum tau ntsuas yuav nqus cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab tsim hluav taws xob hloov pauv. Ntsuas qhov absorbance ntawm holmium los ntawm lub ntes. Xam cov ntsiab lus ntawm holmium. Raws li qhov absorbance thiab qauv nkhaus, cov ntsiab lus ntawm holmium yog xam. Cov hauv qab no yog cov kev txwv tshwj xeeb uas siv los ntawm ib qho cuab yeej los ntsuas holmium.
Holmium (Ho) tus qauv: holmium oxide (qib tshuaj ntsuam xyuas).
Txoj kev: Ua kom raug hnyav 1.1455g Ho2O3, yaj hauv 20mL 5Mole hydrochloric acid, dilute rau 1L nrog dej, qhov concentration ntawm Ho nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj no yog 1000μg / mL. Khaws rau hauv lub raj mis polyethylene kom deb ntawm lub teeb.
nplaim hom: nitrous oxide-acetylene, nplua nuj nplaim
Kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas: Wavelength (nm) 410.4 Spectral bandwidth (nm) 0.2
Lim coefficient 0.6 Pom zoo lub teeb tam sim no (mA) 6
Tsis zoo siab voltage (v) 384.5
Qhov siab ntawm combustion taub hau (mm) 12
Lub sijhawm sib xyaw ua ke (S) 3
Cua siab thiab ntws (MP, mL / min) 0.25, 5000
Nitrous oxide siab thiab ntws (MP, mL / min) 0.22, 5000
Acetylene siab thiab ntws (MP, mL / min) 0.1, 4500
Linear correlation coefficient 0.9980
Tus cwj pwm concentration (μg / mL) 0.841
Txoj kev suav Nruam txoj kev daws acidity 0.5%
HCl ntsuas lub rooj:
Calibration nkhaus:
Kev cuam tshuam: Holmium yog ib feem ionized hauv cov nplaim hluav taws xob nitrous oxide-acetylene. Ntxiv cov poov tshuaj nitrate lossis potassium chloride mus rau qhov kawg ntawm cov poov tshuaj concentration ntawm 2000μg / mL tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov ionization ntawm holmium. Hauv kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los xaiv txoj kev ntsuas tsim nyog raws li qhov tshwj xeeb xav tau ntawm qhov chaw. Cov txheej txheem no tau siv dav hauv kev tshuaj xyuas thiab tshawb xyuas cov cadmium hauv cov chaw soj nstuam thiab kev lag luam.
Holmium tau pom muaj peev xwm zoo hauv ntau qhov chaw nrog nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab ntau yam kev siv. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog keeb kwm, kev tshawb pom,qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev siv holmium, peb tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo dua qhov tseem ceeb thiab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv yees duab no. Cia peb tos ntsoov rau holmium coj ntau qhov xav tsis thoob thiab kev ua tiav rau tib neeg lub neej yav tom ntej thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau kev txhawb nqa kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov.
Yog xav paub ntxiv lossis nug Holmium txais tostiv tauj peb
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Post lub sij hawm: Nov-13-2024