Cov npe ntawm 17 lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua siv (nrog duab)

Akev piv txwv yog tias yog cov roj yog cov ntshav ntawm kev lag luam, cestsawg ntiaj tebyog cov vitamin ntawm kev lag luam.

Tsis tshua muaj ntiaj tebyog cov ntawv luv ntawm ib pawg hlau.Lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajCov ntsiab lus, REE) tau pom ib qho tom qab lwm qhov txij li thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Muaj 17 hom REE, suav nrog 15 lanthanides nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj lom neeg-lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm), thiab lwm yam Tam sim no, nws tau siv dav hauv ntau lub teb xws li electronics, petrochemicals thiab metallurgy. Yuav luag txhua txhua 3-5 xyoos, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem tshawb pom cov kev siv tshiab ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, thiab ib qho ntawm txhua qhov kev tsim tawm tsis tuaj yeem raug cais tawm.tsawg ntiaj teb.

Tuam Tshoj nplua nuj nyob rau hauvtsawg ntiaj tebminerals, qeb duas thawj nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb no: thawj nyob rau hauv cov peev txheej reserves, accounting rau txog 23%; Cov zis yog thawj zaug, suav txog 80% txog 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb; Kev muag khoom ntim yog thawj zaug, nrog 60% mus rau 70% ntawm cov khoom tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb xa tawm txawv teb chaws. Tib lub sijhawm, Tuam Tshoj yog tib lub tebchaws uas tuaj yeem muab tag nrho 17 hom hlau tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nruab nrab thiab hnyav.tsawg ntiaj tebnrog rau kev siv tub rog zoo heev.Tuam Tshoj txoj kev sib koom yog enviable.

Ryog ntiaj tebyog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb, uas yog hu ua "kev lag luam monosodium glutamate" thiab "niam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab", thiab tau siv dav hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev lag luam tub rog. Raws li Ministry of Industry thiab Information Technology, cov khoom siv ua haujlwm xws litsawg ntiaj tebCov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, luminescence, hydrogen cia thiab catalysis tau dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam high-tech xws li cov cuab yeej siv siab heev, lub zog tshiab thiab kev lag luam tawm tshiab. kev lag luam, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab lwm yam. .

Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo 1983, Nyiv tau tshaj tawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau cov zaub mov tsis tshua muaj, thiab 83% ntawm nws cov khoom siv hauv tsev.tsawg ntiaj tebtuaj ntawm Tuam Tshoj.

Saib lub tebchaws United States dua, nwstsawg ntiaj tebreserves yog thib ob rau Tuam Tshoj, tab sis nwstsawg ntiaj tebtag nrho cov teebtsawg ntiaj teb, uas muab faib ua hnyavtsawg ntiaj tebthiab lub teeb tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb. Hnyavtsawg ntiaj tebyog kim heev, thiab lub teeb tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb yog uneconomical rau kuv, uas tau tig mus rau hauv faketsawg ntiaj tebs los ntawm cov neeg hauv kev lag luam. 80% ntawm UStsawg ntiaj tebimports los ntawm Tuam Tshoj.

Comrade Deng Xiaoping ib zaug hais tias: “Muaj roj nyob rau hauv Middle East thiabtsawg ntiaj tebNyob rau hauv Suav teb. "Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm nws cov lus yog qhov tseeb ntawm nws tus kheej. Tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb tsis yog qhov tsim nyog "MSG" rau 1/5 cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis hauv ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj yog lub zog sib txuas lus nti rau Tuam Tshoj ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev sib tham rooj hauv Kev tiv thaiv thiab kev siv txuj citsawg ntiaj tebcov peev txheej, Nws tau dhau los ua lub tswv yim hauv tebchaws tau hu los ntawm ntau tus neeg uas muaj lub tswv yim zoo nyob rau xyoo tas los no kom tsis txhob muaj nuj nqistsawg ntiaj tebcov peev txheej los ntawm kev muag tsis pom kev thiab xa tawm mus rau sab hnub poob. Xyoo 1992, Deng Xiaoping tau hais meej meej tias Tuam Tshoj txoj cai yog qhov lojtsawg ntiaj teblub teb chaws.

Cov npe ntawm kev siv 17 lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj

1.lanthanumyog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv alloy thiab ua liaj ua teb zaj duab xis

2.Ceriumyog dav siv hauv tsheb iav

3 praseodymiumyog dav siv nyob rau hauv ceramic pigments

4.Neodymiumyog dav siv nyob rau hauv aerospace cov ntaub ntawv

5 .Promethium muab lub zog pab rau satellites

6. Daim ntawv thov ntawmSamariumhauv Atomic Energy Reactor

7Europiummanufacturing lo ntsiab muag thiab kua siv lead ua zaub

8.Gadoliniumrau kev kho mob magnetic resonance imaging

9.Terbiumyog siv nyob rau hauv aircraft tis regulator

10.Erbiumyog siv hauv laser rangefinder hauv kev ua tub rog

11.Dysprosiumyog siv los ua teeb pom kev zoo rau zaj duab xis thiab luam ntawv

12.Holmiumyog siv los ua cov khoom siv sib txuas lus kho qhov muag

13.Thuliumyog siv rau kev kuaj mob thiab kho cov qog

14.Ytterbiumadditive rau lub computer nco keeb

15.Kev thov ntawmlutetiumnyob rau hauv lub zog roj teeb technology

16.Yttriumua cov xov hlau thiab aircraft quab yuam cov khoom

17.Scandiumfeem ntau yog siv los ua alloys

Cov ntsiab lus yog raws li nram no:

1

Lanthanum(LA)

Nyob rau hauv Gulf Tsov Rog, qhov pom kev hmo ntuj nrogtsawg ntiaj tebkeeblanthanumtau dhau los ua qhov txaus ntshai ntawm US tso tsheb hlau luam.Cov duab saum toj no qhia tau hais tiaslanthanum chloridehmoov (daim ntawv qhia)

Lanthanumyog dav siv nyob rau hauv piezoelectric cov ntaub ntawv, electrothermal cov ntaub ntawv, thermoelectric cov ntaub ntawv, magnetoresistive cov ntaub ntawv, luminescent cov ntaub ntawv (xiav hmoov), hydrogen cia cov ntaub ntawv, kho qhov muag iav, laser ntaub ntawv, ntau yam ntaub ntawv alloy, thiab lwm yam.Lanthanumkuj tseem siv rau hauv catalysts rau kev npaj ntawm ntau cov organic chemical khoom, Cov kws tshawb fawb tau muaj npelanthanum"super calcium" rau nws cov nyhuv rau cov qoob loo.

2

Cerium(CE)

Ceriumtuaj yeem siv ua catalyst, arc electrode thiab iav tshwj xeeb.Cerium alloyyog resistant rau kub kub thiab yuav siv tau los ua dav hlau propulsion qhov chaw (Cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)

(1)CeriumRaws li cov iav ntxiv, tuaj yeem nqus tau ultraviolet thiab infrared rays, thiab tau siv dav hauv tsheb iav.Nws tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog tiv thaiv ultraviolet rays, tab sis kuj txo qhov kub hauv lub tsheb, thiaj li txuag hluav taws xob rau cua txias. Txij xyoo 1997. , ceria tau ntxiv rau tag nrho cov iav tsheb hauv Nyiv. Hauv xyoo 1996, tsawg kawg 2000 tons ntawm ceria tau siv hauv lub iav tsheb, thiab ntau dua 1000 tons hauv Tebchaws Meskas.

(2) Tam sim no,ceriumyog siv nyob rau hauv lub tsheb tso pa purification catalyst, uas muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv tau ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub tsheb tso pa roj tawm mus rau hauv cov huab cua. Kev siv ntawmCeriumnyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States account rau ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov noj ntawmtsawg ntiaj teb.

(3) Cerium sulfide tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov xim tsis yog cov hlau lead, cadmium thiab lwm yam hlau uas muaj kev phom sij rau ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau xim yas, txheej, number case thiab ntawv industries.Tam sim no, lub tuam txhab ua lag luam yog Fabkis Rhone Planck.

(4) CE: LiSAF laser system yog ib lub xeev ruaj khov laser tsim los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas. Nws tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas cov riam phom lom thiab tshuaj los ntawm kev saib xyuas tryptophan concentration.Ceriumyog dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb. Yuav luag txhua daim ntawv thov hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajcerium.Xws li polishing hmoov, hydrogen cia cov ntaub ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv thermoelectric,ceriumtungsten electrodes, ceramic capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics,cerium silicon carbideabrasives, roj cell raw cov ntaub ntawv, roj av catalysts, qee cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov, ntau yam hlau alloy thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau.

3

Praseodymium(PR)

Praseodymium neodymium alloy

(1)Praseodymiumyog dav siv hauv tsev ceramics thiab niaj hnub siv ceramics. Nws tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog ceramic glaze los ua xim glaze, thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua cov xim underglaze. Cov xim yog lub teeb daj nrog cov xim ntshiab thiab muaj kuab heev.

(2) Nws yog siv los tsim cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov.Siv pheej yigpraseodymiumthiabneodymium hlautsis yog PureNeodymium hlaulos ua cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, nws cov pa oxygen tsis kam thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab tau pom tseeb, thiab nws tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov hlau nplaum ntawm ntau yam duab.

(3) Siv rau hauv roj av catalytic cracking.Qhov kev ua haujlwm, kev xaiv thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov catalyst tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv cov enrichedpraseodymiumthiabneodymiumrau hauv Y zeolite molecular sieve los npaj roj av cracking catalyst.Tuam Tshoj pib muab tso rau hauv industrial siv nyob rau hauv 1970s, thiab kev noj yog nce.

(4)Praseodymiumkuj tseem siv tau rau abrasive polishing.Ntxiv mus,praseodymiumyog dav siv nyob rau hauv optical fiber teb.

4

Neodymium(nd)

Vim li cas M1 lub tank tuaj yeem pom thawj zaug?Lub tank tau nruab nrog Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov ntau ntawm ze li 4000 meters hauv nruab hnub nrig (Cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)

Nrog yug ntawmpraseodymium,neodymiumtau los ua. Lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm neodymium qhib lubtsawg ntiaj tebteb, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv thaj av uas tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb, thiab cuam tshuam rautsawg ntiaj tebkev ua lag luam.

Neodymiumtau dhau los ua qhov chaw kub hauv kev ua lag luam rau ntau xyoo vim nws txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev lag luamtsawg ntiaj teb.Cov neeg siv loj tshaj plaws ntawmneodymium hlauyog NdFeB cov khoom siv hlau nplaum ruaj khov. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm NdFeB cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov tau txhaj tshuaj tshiab tseem ceeb rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj siab-tech teb. NdFeB hlau nplaum yog hu ua "tus huab tais ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov" vim nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib nqus siab. Txoj kev vam meej ntawm Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer qhia tau hais tias cov khoom sib nqus ntawm NdFeB hlau nplaum hauv Suav teb tau nkag mus rau qib ntiaj teb.Neodymium is kuj siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog-ferrous. Ntxiv 1.5-2.5% neodymium rau hauv magnesium lossis aluminium alloy tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias, huab cua nruj thiab corrosion tsis kam ntawm alloy.Widely siv raws li cov ntaub ntawv aerospace. Tsis tas li ntawd, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet tsim luv-yoj laser beam, uas yog siv dav hauv vuam thiab txiav cov ntaub ntawv nyias nrog tuab hauv qab 10 hli hauv kev lag luam. Hauv kev kho mob, Nd: YAG laser yog siv los tshem tawm kev phais lossis tshuaj tua kab mob es tsis txhob scalpel.Neodymiumkuj yog siv rau cov xim iav thiab cov ntaub ntawv ceramic thiab ua ib qho ntxiv rau cov khoom siv roj hmab.

5

Promethium (Pm)

Promethium yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm nuclear reactors (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)

(1) tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov cua sov. Muab lub zog pabcuam rau kev tshawb nrhiav lub tshuab nqus tsev thiab cov khoom siv satellite.

(2) Pm147 emits low-zog β-rays, uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov roj teeb cimbal. Raws li lub hwj chim mov ntawm missile kev taw qhia cov cuab yeej thiab moos. Hom roj teeb no me me thiab tuaj yeem siv tsis tu ncua rau ntau xyoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, promethium kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xoo hluav taws xob, kev npaj phosphor, ntsuas thickness thiab beacon teeb.

6

Samarium(Sm)

Hlau samarium(data map)

Smyog lub teeb daj, thiab nws yog cov khoom siv raw ntawm Sm-Co cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, thiab Sm-Co hlau nplaum yog cov hlau nplaum tsawg tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb siv hauv kev lag luam. Muaj ob hom hlau nplaum ruaj khov: SmCo5 system thiab Sm2Co17 system. Thaum xyoo 1970s, SmCo5 system tau tsim, thiab Sm2Co17 system tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab. Tam sim no qhov kev thov ntawm tom kawg yog muab qhov tseem ceeb rau. Lub purity ntawmsamarium oxidesiv hauvsamariumcobalt hlau nplaum yuav tsum tsis txhob siab dhau. Xav txog tus nqi, Feem ntau siv li ntawm 95% ntawm cov khoom. Ntxiv rau,samarium oxideNws kuj tseem siv tau rau hauv ceramic capacitors thiab catalysts. Ntxiv rau,samariummuaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv, cov ntaub thaiv npog thiab cov ntaub ntawv tswj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob atomic reactors, kom lub zog loj loj tsim los ntawm nuclear fission tuaj yeem siv tau zoo.

7

Europium(Eu)

Europium oxidehmoov (data map)

Europium oxidefeem ntau yog siv rau phosphors (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)

Xyoo 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay nrhiav tau lub ntsiab lus tshiab los ntawm "samarium", npeEuropium. Qhov no tej zaum muaj npe tom qab lo lus Europe.Europium oxidefeem ntau yog siv rau fluorescent hmoov. Eu3+ yog siv los ua activator ntawm liab phosphor, thiab Eu2+ yog siv los ua xiav phosphor. Tam sim no Y2O2S: Eu3+ yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws phosphor nyob rau hauv luminous efficiency, txheej stability thiab recycling nqi. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau siv dav vim yog kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis xws li kev txhim kho luminous efficiency thiab sib piv.Europium oxidekuj tau siv los ua kev txhawb nqa emission phosphor rau X-ray kev kuaj mob tshiab hauv xyoo tas los no.Europium oxideNws kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv rau kev tsim cov xim lo ntsiab muag thiab cov ntxaij lim dej kho qhov muag, rau cov khoom siv sib nqus npuas cia, Nws kuj tuaj yeem qhia nws cov txuj ci hauv cov ntaub ntawv tswj, cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv thiab cov khoom siv ntawm cov atomic reactors.

8

Gadolinium(Gd)

Gadoliniumthiab nws cov isotopes yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws neutron absorbers thiab tuaj yeem siv los ua inhibitors ntawm nuclear reactors. (data map)

(1) Nws cov dej-soluble paramagnetic complex tuaj yeem txhim kho NMR duab teeb liab ntawm tib neeg lub cev hauv kev kho mob.

(2) Nws cov sulfur oxide tuaj yeem siv los ua daim phiaj matrix ntawm oscilloscope raj thiab X-ray screen nrog qhov ci tshwj xeeb.

(3)Gadolinium in GadoliniumGallium Garnet yog ib qho zoo tagnrho substrate rau npuas nco.

(4) Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom sib nqus hlau tub yees nruab nrab yam tsis muaj Camot lub voj voog txwv.

(5) Nws yog siv los ua tus inhibitor los tswj cov kab sib txuas ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nuclear.

(6) Nws yog siv los ua ib qho ntxiv ntawmsamariumcobalt hlau nplaum los xyuas kom meej tias qhov kev ua tau zoo tsis hloov nrog kub.

9

Terbium(Tb)

Terbium oxidehmoov (data map)

Daim ntawv thov ntawmterbiumfeem ntau suav nrog kev ua haujlwm siab, uas yog qhov kev txiav txim siab nrog kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev txawj ntse, nrog rau qhov project nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam, nrog rau kev nthuav dav txaus nyiam.

(1) Phosphors yog siv los ua activators ntsuab hmoov hauv tricolor phosphors, xws li terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix thiabterbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, uas txhua tus emit ntsuab lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub xeev zoo siab.

(2) Magneto-optical cia khoom. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, terbium magneto-optical cov ntaub ntawv tau mus txog qhov ntsuas ntawm cov khoom loj. Magneto-optical discs ua los ntawm Tb-Fe amorphous films yog siv los ua lub computer cia khoom, thiab lub peev xwm cia tau nce 10 ~ 15 zaug.

(3) Magneto-optical iav,terbium-muaj Faraday rotatory iav yog cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev tsim rotators, isolators thiab annulators uas tau siv dav hauv laser technology. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, kev txhim kho ntawm TerFenol tau qhib ib daim ntawv thov tshiab ntawm Terfenol, uas yog cov khoom siv tshiab nrhiav pom hauv xyoo 1970s. Ib nrab ntawm no alloy muajterbiumthiabdysprosium, qee zaum nrogholmiumthiab tus so yog hlau.Cov hlau yog thawj zaug tsim los ntawm Ames Laboratory hauv Iowa, Tebchaws Asmeskas. Thaum Terfenol muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw sib nqus, nws qhov loj me hloov pauv ntau dua li cov khoom sib nqus zoo tib yam, uas tuaj yeem ua rau qee qhov kev txav mus los tau. Terbium dysprosium hlau yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv sonar thaum xub thawj, thiab tau dav siv nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb tam sim no.Los ntawm roj txhaj system, kua valve tswj, micro-txoj hauj lwm, mus rau mechanical actuators, mechanisms thiab tis regulators rau aircraft chaw telescopes.

10

Dysprosium(Dy)

Hlau dysprosium(data map)

(1) Raws li ib qho ntxiv ntawm NdFeB cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, ntxiv txog 2 ~ 3%dysprosiumrau cov hlau nplaum no tuaj yeem txhim kho nws lub zog quab yuam. Yav dhau los, qhov kev thov raudysprosiumtsis loj, tab sis nrog qhov kev thov nce ntawm NdFeB hlau nplaum, nws tau los ua ib qho khoom siv ntxiv, thiab qib yuav tsum yog li 95 ~ 99.9%, thiab qhov kev thov kuj nce sai heev.

(2)Dysprosiumyog siv los ua tus activator ntawm phosphor. Trivalentdysprosiumyog ib qho kev cog lus activating ion ntawm tricolor luminescent cov ntaub ntawv nrog ib qho chaw luminescent. Nws tsuas yog muaj ob lub emission bands, ib qho yog daj lub teeb emission, lwm yam yog xiav lub teeb emission. Cov ntaub ntawv luminescent doped nrogdysprosiumtuaj yeem siv ua tricolor phosphors.

(3)Dysprosiumyog ib qho khoom siv hlau tsim nyog rau kev npaj Terfenol alloy hauv magnetostrictive alloy, uas tuaj yeem paub txog qee yam kev ua ub no ntawm kev siv tshuab.

(4)Dysprosium hlautuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv kho qhov muag magneto nrog kev ceev ceev thiab kev nyeem ntawv rhiab heev.

(5) Siv rau hauv kev npaj ntawmdysprosiumteeb, cov khoom siv ua haujlwm hauvdysprosiumteeb yog dysprosium iodide, uas muaj qhov zoo ntawm qhov ci ci, xim zoo, xim kub, me me, ruaj khov arc thiab lwm yam, thiab tau siv los ua qhov chaw teeb pom kev zoo rau zaj duab xis thiab luam ntawv.

(6)Dysprosiumyog siv los ntsuas neutron zog spectrum los yog neutron absorber hauv atomic zog kev lag luam vim nws loj neutron capture cross-sectional cheeb tsam.

(7) Dy3Al5O12 kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov khoom sib nqus ua haujlwm rau cov tub yees sib nqus. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab technology, daim ntawv thov teb ntawmdysprosiumyuav txuas ntxiv thiab txuas ntxiv mus.

11

Holmium(Ho)

Ho-Fe alloy(data map)

Tam sim no, daim ntawv thov teb ntawm cov hlau yuav tsum tau tsim ntxiv, thiab kev noj tsis loj heev. Tsis ntev los no, lubLub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muajKev tshawb fawb lub koom haum ntawm Baotou Steel tau txais kev kub siab thiab siab lub tshuab nqus tsev distillation purification technology, thiab tsim cov hlau purity siab Qin Ho/> RE> 99.9% nrog cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog-tsawg ntiaj tebimpurities.

Tam sim no, cov kev siv tseem ceeb ntawm cov xauv yog:

(1) Raws li ib qho ntxiv ntawm hlau halogen teeb, hlau halogen teeb yog ib hom roj tso tawm teeb, uas yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm high-pressure mercury teeb, thiab nws cov yam ntxwv yog tias lub teeb muaj ntau yam.tsis tshua muaj pobh haij. Tam sim no, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj iodides feem ntau yog siv, uas tawm cov kab sib txawv thaum cov pa tawm. Cov khoom siv ua haujlwm siv nyob rau hauv lub teeb hlau yog qiniodide, Cov ntsiab lus siab dua ntawm cov hlau atoms tuaj yeem tau txais hauv thaj tsam arc, yog li txhim kho cov hluav taws xob zoo heev.

(2) Hlau tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho ntxiv rau kev sau cov hlau lossis billion aluminium garnet

(3) Khin-doped aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG) tuaj yeem tawm 2um laser, thiab qhov nqus ntawm 2um laser los ntawm tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg yog siab, yuav luag peb qhov kev txiav txim siab ntau dua li ntawm Hd: YAG. Yog li ntawd, thaum siv Ho: YAG laser rau kev kho mob, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab raug, tab sis kuj txo qhov thermal puas cheeb tsam rau me me. Cov nqaj dawb uas tsim los ntawm lub xauv siv lead ua tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov rog yam tsis tas yuav tsim cov cua sov ntau dhau, txhawm rau txo cov thermal puas rau cov ntaub so ntswg noj qab haus huv, nws tau tshaj tawm tias w-laser kev kho mob glaucoma hauv Tebchaws Meskas tuaj yeem txo qhov mob ntawm kev phais. ntawm 2um laser siv lead ua nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj tau mus txog thoob ntiaj teb, yog li nws yog tsim nyog los tsim thiab tsim no hom ntawm laser siv lead ua.

(4) Ib qho me me ntawm Cr kuj tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau hauv cov hlau nplaum magnetostrictive Terfenol-D kom txo tau qhov chaw sab nraud uas xav tau rau kev sib nqus magnetization.

(5) Tsis tas li ntawd, hlau doped fiber ntau tuaj yeem siv los ua fiber ntau laser, fiber ntau amplifier, fiber ntau sensor thiab lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag, uas yuav ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau tam sim no.

12

Erbium(ER)

Erbium oxidehmoov (cov ntaub ntawv qhia)

(1) Lub teeb emission ntawm Er3 + ntawm 1550nm yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb, vim tias qhov wavelength no nyob ntawm qhov poob qis tshaj plaws ntawm fiber ntau hauv kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau. Tom qab tau txais kev zoo siab los ntawm 980nm thiab 1480nm lub teeb, lub bait ion (Er3 +) transits los ntawm hauv av xeev 4115 / 2 mus rau lub high-zog lub xeev 4I13 / 2. Thaum Er3 + nyob rau hauv lub high-zog lub xeev hloov rov qab mus rau hauv av xeev, Nws emits 1550nm teeb. Quartz fiber ntau tuaj yeem xa cov teeb pom kev sib txawv ntawm cov wavelengths, Txawm li cas los xij, optical attenuation tus nqi ntawm 1550nm band yog qhov qis tshaj (0.15 dB / km), uas yog yuav luag qis qis qis attenuation tus nqi.Yog li ntawd, qhov poob ntawm optical fiber kev sib txuas lus yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thaum Nws yog siv los ua teeb liab teeb ntawm 1550 nm.Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, yog hais tias qhov tsim nyog concentration ntawm bait yog tov rau hauv qhov tsim nyog. matrix, lub amplifier tuaj yeem them nyiaj poob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm laser, Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus network uas yuav tsum tau amplify lub 1550nm optical teeb liab, bait doped fiber amplifier yog ib qho tseem ceeb kho qhov muag khoom. Tam sim no, cov khoom siv doped silica fiber ntau tau ua lag luam.Nws tau tshaj tawm tias txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev nqus tsis zoo, cov nyiaj doped hauv optical fiber ntau yog kaum rau pua pua ppm.Qhov kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev sib txuas lus fiber ntau yuav qhib rau daim ntawv thov tshiab. .

(2) (2) Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab laum doped laser siv lead ua thiab nws cov zis 1730nm laser thiab 1550nm laser muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg lub qhov muag, zoo atmospheric kis tau tus mob, muaj zog nkag tau mus rau battlefield pa luam yeeb, kev ruaj ntseg zoo, tsis yooj yim mus kuaj los ntawm lub yeeb ncuab, thiab qhov sib piv ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm cov tub rog lub hom phiaj yog loj. Nws tau raug tsim los rau hauv lub portable laser rangefinder uas muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg lub qhov muag hauv kev siv tub rog.

(3) (3) Er3 + tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau hauv iav kom tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb iav laser cov khoom, uas yog cov khoom siv laser nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj tshaj plaws thiab lub zog tso zis ntau tshaj.

(4) Er3 + kuj tseem siv tau los ua ib qho ion nquag hauvtsawg ntiaj tebupconversion laser cov ntaub ntawv.

(5) (5) Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv kuj tuaj yeem siv rau decolorization thiab xim ntawm cov iav iav thiab iav siv lead ua.

13

Thulium(TM)

Tom qab irradiated nyob rau hauv lub nuclear reactor,thuliumtsim ib qho isotope uas tuaj yeem tso X-ray, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua qhov chaw X-ray portable (Data map)

(1)Thuliumyog siv los ua qhov chaw ntawm lub tshuab X-ray portable. Tom qab irradiated nyob rau hauv nuclear reactor, TM tsim ib hom isotope uas yuav emit X-ray, uas yuav siv tau los ua portable ntshav irradiator. Hom xov tooj cua no tuaj yeem hloov yu-169 rau hauv TM-170 nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab nruab nrab nqaj, thiab radiate X-ray kom irradiate ntshav thiab txo cov qe ntshav dawb. Nws yog cov qe ntshav dawb uas ua rau tsis lees txais kev hloov pauv hauv nruab nrog cev, txhawm rau txo qhov tsis lees paub thaum ntxov ntawm cov kabmob.

(2) (2)Thuliumkuj tseem tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev kuaj mob thiab kev kho mob ntawm cov qog vim tias nws cov affinity siab rau cov qog nqaij hlav, hnyav lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj ntau tshaj li lub teeb.tsawg ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov affinity ntawm Yu yog qhov loj tshaj plaws.

(3) (3) X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (xiav) yog siv los ua activator nyob rau hauv lub phosphor ntawm X-ray sensitization screen los txhim kho qhov muag rhiab heev, yog li txo qhov raug thiab raug mob ntawm X-ray rau tib neeg beings × Cov koob tshuaj hluav taws xob yog 50%, uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev siv tshuaj kho mob.

(4) (4) Lub teeb hlau halide tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom ntxiv hauv qhov chaw teeb pom kev tshiab.

(5) (5) Tm3 + tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau hauv iav kom tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb iav laser cov khoom, uas yog cov khoom siv hauv lub xeev laser nrog cov zis ntau tshaj plaws thiab lub zog tso zis ntau tshaj.Tm3 + kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv los ua cov ion ua kom muaj zog. ntawm tsawg ntiaj teb upconversion laser cov ntaub ntawv.

14

Ytterbium(Yb)

Ytterbium hlau(data map)

(1) Raws li cov khoom siv thermal shielding txheej.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias daim iav tuaj yeem txhim kho corrosion ntawm electrodeposited zinc txheej pom tseeb, thiab cov lis loj ntawm txheej nrog daim iav yog me dua li cov txheej tsis muaj daim iav.

(2) Raws li cov khoom siv magnetostrictive.Cov khoom no muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm magnetostriction loj heev, uas yog, nthuav dav hauv magnetic teb.The alloy yog tsim los ntawm daim iav / ferrite alloy thiab dysprosium / ferrite alloy, thiab ib feem ntawm manganese ntxiv rau tsim loj magnetostriction.

(3) Daim iav iav siv rau kev ntsuas siab. Cov kev sim qhia tau hais tias qhov rhiab heev ntawm daim iav lub ntsiab yog siab nyob rau hauv lub calibrated siab ntau yam, uas qhib ib txoj kev tshiab rau daim ntawv thov ntawm daim iav nyob rau hauv lub siab ntsuas.

(4) Resin-based fillings rau kab noj hniav ntawm cov molars los hloov cov nyiaj amalgam feem ntau siv yav dhau los.

(5) Cov kws tshawb fawb Nyij Pooj tau ua tiav qhov kev npaj ntawm daim iav-doped vanadium បាត garnet embedded kab waveguide laser, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm laser technology. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim iav kuj tseem siv rau fluorescent hmoov activator, xov tooj cua ceramics, hluav taws xob lub computer nco lub caij (sib nqus npuas) additive, iav fiber ntau flux thiab optical iav additive, thiab lwm yam.

15

Lutetium(Lu)

Lutetium oxidehmoov (data map)

Yttrium lutetium silicate siv lead ua (cov ntaub ntawv daim ntawv qhia)

(1) ua qee qhov tshwj xeeb alloys. Piv txwv li, lutetium aluminium alloy yuav siv tau rau neutron activation tsom xam.

(2) ruaj khovlutetiumnuclides ua si lub luag haujlwm catalytic hauv roj av tawg, alkylation, hydrogenation thiab polymerization.

(3) Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm yttrium hlau los yog yttrium aluminium garnet tuaj yeem txhim kho qee yam khoom.

(4) Raw khoom ntawm magnetic npuas reservoir.

(5) Cov khoom siv ua haujlwm sib xyaw ua ke, lutetium-doped aluminium yttrium neodymium tetraborate, belongs rau cov kev lag luam ntawm ntsev tov txias siv lead ua kev loj hlob. Cov kev sim qhia tau hais tias lutetium-doped NYAB siv lead ua yog superior rau NYAB siv lead ua nyob rau hauv optical uniformity thiab laser kev ua tau zoo.

(6) Nws tau pom tiaslutetiummuaj peev xwm siv nyob rau hauv electrochromic zaub thiab tsawg-dimensional molecular semiconductors. Ntxiv rau,lutetiumkuj tseem siv rau hauv lub zog roj teeb technology thiab activator ntawm phosphor.

16

Yttrium(y)

Yttriumyog siv dav, yttrium aluminium garnet tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv laser, yttrium hlau garnet yog siv rau microwave technology thiab acoustic zog hloov, thiab europium-doped yttrium vanadate thiab europium-dopedyttrium oxideyog siv los ua phosphor rau xim TV teeb. (data map)

(1) Additives rau hlau thiab non-ferrous alloys. FeCr alloy feem ntau muaj 0.5-4%yttrium, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho oxidation tsis kam thiab ductility ntawm cov hlau stainless; Cov khoom zoo ntawm MB26 alloy yog pom tseeb los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom tsim nyog ntawm yttrium-nplua nuj sib xyaw.tsawg ntiaj teb, uas tuaj yeem hloov qee qhov nruab nrab-muaj zog aluminium alloys thiab siv rau hauv cov khoom hnyav ntawm cov dav hlau. Ntxiv me me ntawm yttrium-nplua nujtsawg ntiaj tebrau hauv Al-Zr alloy, Cov conductivity ntawm cov hlau no tuaj yeem txhim kho; Lub alloy tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab xaim hauv Suav teb. Ntxiv yttrium rau hauv tooj liab alloy txhim kho conductivity thiab mechanical zog.

(2) Silicon nitride ceramic khoom muaj 6%yttriumthiab 2% txhuas tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov cav cav.

(3) Nd: Y: Al: Garnet laser beam nrog lub zog ntawm 400 watts yog siv los laum, txiav thiab vuam cov khoom loj.

(4) Lub tshuab ntsuas hluav taws xob ntsuas hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm Y-Al garnet ib leeg siv lead ua muaj lub teeb ci siab fluorescence, tsis nqus ntawm lub teeb tawg, thiab qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam thiab txhua yam hnav tsis kam.

(5) SiabyttriumCov txheej txheem alloy muaj 90% YTTRACY tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov aviation thiab lwm qhov chaw uas xav tau cov ntom ntom me me thiab siab melting point.

(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 high-temperature proton conductive material, uas attracts ntau xim tam sim no, tseem ceeb heev rau zus tau tej cov roj hlwb, electrolytic hlwb thiab roj sensors uas yuav tsum tau high hydrogen solubility. Ntxiv rau,yttriumNws kuj tseem siv tau los ua cov khoom siv kub-kub txau, diluent rau atomic reactor roj, ib qho ntxiv rau cov khoom sib nqus mus tas li, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv kev lag luam.

17

Scandium(Sc)

Hlau scandium(data map)

Piv nrog yttrium thiab lanthanide cov ntsiab lus, scandium muaj qhov tshwj xeeb me me ionic vojvoog thiab qhov tshwj xeeb tsis muaj zog alkalinity ntawm hydroxide. Yog li ntawd, thaumscandiumthiab tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw ua ke,scandiumyuav precipitate ua ntej thaum kho nrog ammonia (los yog tsis tshua muaj dilute alkali), yog li nws yuav yooj yim cais los ntawmtsawg ntiaj tebcov ntsiab lus los ntawm txoj kev "fractional nag lossis daus". Lwm txoj kev yog siv cov polarization decomposition ntawm nitrate rau kev sib cais.Scandium nitrate yog qhov yooj yim tshaj rau decompose, yog li ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib cais.

Sc tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm electrolysis.ScCl3, KCl thiab LiCl yog co-melted thaum scandium refining, thiab cov zinc molten yog siv los ua cathode rau electrolysis, yog li ntawd.scandiumyog precipitated ntawm zinc electrode, thiab ces zinc yog evaporated kom tauscandium. Ntxiv rau,scandiumNws yog ib qho yooj yim rov qab tau thaum ua cov ore los tsim uranium, thorium thiab lanthanide cov ntsiab lus. Comprehensive rov qab txuamscandiumlos ntawm tungsten thiab tin ore kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawmscandium.Scandiumyog nyob rau hauv trivalent lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub compound, uas yog yooj yim oxidized rau hauvSc2O 3nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab poob nws cov xim hlau luster thiab hloov mus rau hauv maub grey.

Lub ntsiab siv ntawmscandiumyog:

(1)Scandiumtuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog dej kub kom tso tawm hydrogen, thiab tseem soluble hauv cov kua qaub, yog li nws yog tus neeg sawv cev muaj zog.

(2)Scandium oxidethiab hydroxide tsuas yog alkaline, tab sis nws cov tshauv ntsev tsis tuaj yeem ua rau hydrolyzed. Scandium chloride yog siv lead ua dawb, soluble hauv dej thiab deliquescent hauv huab cua.
(3) Hauv kev lag luam metallurgical,scandiumfeem ntau yog siv los ua alloys (additives ntawm alloys) los txhim kho lub zog, hardness, kub kuj thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm alloys. Piv txwv li, ntxiv me me ntawmscandiumrau molten hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cam khwb cia hlau, thaum ntxiv me me ntawmscandiumrau aluminium tuaj yeem txhim kho nws lub zog thiab kub ua haujlwm.

(4) Hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob,scandiumtuaj yeem siv ua ntau yam khoom siv semiconductor. Piv txwv li, daim ntawv thov ntawm scandium sulfite hauv semiconductors tau nyiam nyob hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, thiab cov ferrite muaj.scandiumkuj tseem muaj kev vam meej hauv computer magnetic cores.

(5) Hauv kev lag luam chemical,scandiumcompound yog siv los ua cawv dehydrogenation thiab lub cev qhuav dej tus neeg sawv cev, uas yog ib qho zoo catalyst rau zus tau tej cov ethylene thiab chlorine los ntawm pov tseg hydrochloric acid.

(6) Hauv kev lag luam iav, iav tshwj xeeb uas muajscandiumtuaj yeem tsim tau.

(7) Hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob teeb pom kev lag luam,scandiumthiab sodium teeb ua los ntawmscandiumthiab sodium muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab thiab zoo lub teeb xim.

(8)Scandiummuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm 45Sc nyob rau hauv xwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cuaj radioactive isotopes ntawmScandium, uas yog 40 ~ 44Sc thiab 46 ~ 49Sc. Ntawm lawv, 46Sc, raws li tus neeg taug qab, tau siv hauv kev lag luam chemical, metallurgy thiab dej hiav txwv. Hauv tshuaj, muaj cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas kawm siv 46Sc los kho mob qog noj ntshav.