Rare ntiaj teb yamyog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis xws li lub zog tshiab thiab cov khoom siv, thiab muaj kev siv dav hauv kev lag luam xws li aerospace, kev tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws, thiab kev lag luam tub rog. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua tsov rog niaj hnub no qhia tau hais tias cov riam phom tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig sawv cev rau cov tub rog thev naus laus zis zoo, thiab muaj peev txheej tau lees paub. Yog li ntawd, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj kuj tau dhau los ua cov tswv yim kev lag luam uas loj kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb sib tw rau, thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv xws li cov ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj feem ntau nce mus rau cov tswv yim hauv teb chaws. Tebchaws Europe, Nyiv, Tebchaws Meskas thiab lwm lub tebchaws thiab cheeb tsam tau saib xyuas ntau dua rau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb xws li lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj. Xyoo 2008, cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb tau teev tseg raws li "cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb" los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Zog; Thaum pib ntawm 2010, European Union tau tshaj tawm kev tsim kom muaj lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj; Xyoo 2007, Nyij Pooj Ministry of Education, Culture, Science thiab Technology, nrog rau Ministry of Economy, Industry thiab Technology, twb tau npaj "Element Strategy Plan" thiab "Rare Metal Alternative Materials" plan. Lawv tau siv cov kev ntsuas tas mus li thiab cov cai hauv cov peev txheej khaws cia, kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis, nrhiav tau peev txheej, thiab nrhiav lwm yam khoom siv. Pib los ntawm tsab xov xwm no, tus editor yuav qhia meej txog qhov tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm kev txhim kho keeb kwm thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb no.
Terbium belongs rau qeb ntawm hnyav tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb, nrog ib tug tsawg abundance nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust ntawm tsuas yog 1.1 ppm.Terbium oxidetso nyiaj tsawg dua 0.01% ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv high yttrium ion hom hnyav tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb ore nrog cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws ntawm terbium, cov ntsiab lus terbium tsuas yog suav txog 1.1-1.2% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, qhia tias nws yog "noble" qeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb. Terbium yog ib qho nyiaj grey hlau nrog ductility thiab zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, uas tuaj yeem txiav qhib nrog rab riam; Melting point 1360 ℃, boiling point 3123 ℃, ceev 8229 4kg / m3. Rau ntau tshaj 100 xyoo txij li thaum nrhiav tau ntawm terbium nyob rau hauv 1843, nws tsis txaus thiab tus nqi tau tiv thaiv nws cov tswv yim siv tau ntev. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 30 xyoo dhau los uas terbium tau qhia nws cov txuj ci tshwj xeeb.
Qhov Discovery ntawm Terbium
Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thaumlanthanumtau tshawb pom, Karl G. Mosander ntawm Sweden txheeb xyuas qhov pib pomyttriumthiab luam tawm tsab ntawv tshaj tawm xyoo 1842, qhia meej tias qhov pib pom yttrium ntiaj teb tsis yog ib qho oxide elemental, tab sis ib qho oxide ntawm peb lub ntsiab. Xyoo 1843, Mossander nrhiav tau lub ntsiab terbium los ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm yttrium ntiaj teb. Nws tseem hu ua ib tug ntawm lawv yttrium ntiaj teb thiab ib tug ntawm lawverbium oxide hmoov. Nws tsis yog txog xyoo 1877 uas nws tau raug hu ua terbium, nrog lub cim cim Tb. Nws lub npe los ntawm tib lub hauv paus li yttrium, pib los ntawm lub zos ntawm Ytterby ze Stockholm, Sweden, qhov twg yttrium ore tau pom thawj zaug. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm terbium thiab ob lub ntsiab lus, lanthanum thiab erbium, tau qhib lub qhov rooj thib ob rau qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, cim rau theem thib ob ntawm lawv qhov kev tshawb pom. Nws yog thawj purified los ntawm G. Urban nyob rau hauv 1905.
Mossander
Kev siv terbium
Daim ntawv thov ntawmterbiumfeem ntau suav nrog kev siv thev naus laus zis, uas yog cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev paub siv cov phiaj xwm txiav-ntug, nrog rau cov haujlwm uas muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam, nrog rau kev nthuav dav txaus nyiam. Cov chaw thov tseem ceeb suav nrog: (1) siv rau hauv daim ntawv sib xyaw tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, nws yog siv raws li lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj compound fertilizer thiab pub additive rau kev ua liaj ua teb. (2) Activator rau ntsuab hmoov nyob rau hauv peb thawj fluorescent hmoov. Niaj hnub nimno optoelectronic cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau siv peb lub hauv paus xim ntawm phosphors, uas yog liab, ntsuab, thiab xiav, uas yuav siv tau los ua ke ntau yam xim. Thiab terbium yog ib qho khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov hmoov zoo ntsuab fluorescent. (3) Siv los ua cov khoom siv kho qhov muag magneto. Amorphous hlau terbium hloov pauv hlau alloy nyias zaj duab xis tau siv los tsim cov khoom siv magneto optical discs. (4) Kev tsim cov iav magneto optical iav. Faraday rotatory iav uas muaj terbium yog cov khoom tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov rotators, cais, thiab cov circulators hauv laser technology. (5) Kev txhim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) tau qhib cov ntawv thov tshiab rau terbium.
Rau kev ua liaj ua teb thiab tsiaj txhu
Rare ntiaj teb terbiumtuaj yeem txhim kho cov qoob loo zoo thiab nce tus nqi ntawm photosynthesis nyob rau hauv ib qho kev concentration ntau. Cov complexes ntawm terbium muaj kev ua haujlwm lom neeg siab, thiab ternary complexes ntawm terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, muaj cov kab mob zoo thiab cov kab mob bactericidal ntawm Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, thiab Escherichia coli, nrog broad-spectrum antibacterial. khoom. Txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov complexes muab kev tshawb fawb tshiab rau cov tshuaj bactericidal niaj hnub.
Siv nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm luminescence
Niaj hnub nimno optoelectronic cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau siv peb lub hauv paus xim ntawm phosphors, uas yog liab, ntsuab, thiab xiav, uas yuav siv tau los ua ke ntau yam xim. Thiab terbium yog ib qho khoom tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov hmoov zoo ntsuab fluorescent. Yog hais tias yug ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj xim TV liab fluorescent hmoov tau txhawb qhov kev thov rau yttrium thiab europium, ces daim ntawv thov thiab kev loj hlob ntawm terbium tau nce los ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj peb thawj xim ntsuab fluorescent hmoov rau cov teeb. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1980, Philips tau tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj lub zog txuag hluav taws xob fluorescent teeb thiab sai sai txhawb nws thoob ntiaj teb. Tb3 + ions tuaj yeem tawm lub teeb ntsuab nrog lub wavelength ntawm 545nm, thiab yuav luag txhua lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov hmoov fluorescent siv terbium ua tus activator.
Cov hmoov fluorescent ntsuab siv rau xim TV cathode ray hlab (CRTs) ib txwm ua raws li pheej yig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zinc sulfide, tab sis terbium hmoov yeej ib txwm siv los ua qhov projection xim TV ntsuab hmoov, xws li Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, and LaOBr: Tb3+. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntawm lub vijtsam loj-txhais TV (HDTV), kev ua haujlwm siab ntsuab fluorescent hmoov rau CRTs kuj tau tsim. Piv txwv li, hybrid ntsuab fluorescent hmoov tau tsim tawm txawv teb chaws, muaj xws li Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, thiab Y2SiO5: Tb3+, uas muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo luminescence ntawm qhov ceev tam sim no.
Cov tshuaj X-ray fluorescent hmoov yog calcium tungstate. Nyob rau xyoo 1970 thiab 1980s, lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov hmoov fluorescent rau cov ntxaij vab tshaus tau tsim, xws li terbium activated lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium activated lanthanum bromide oxide (rau cov ntxaij vab tshaus ntsuab), thiab terbium activated yttrium sulfide oxide. Piv nrog cov calcium tungstate, cov hmoov tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb fluorescent tuaj yeem txo lub sijhawm ntawm X-ray irradiation rau cov neeg mob los ntawm 80%, txhim kho cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm X-ray films, txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm X-ray raj, thiab txo lub zog noj. Terbium kuj tseem siv los ua cov tshuaj fluorescent hmoov activator rau kev kho mob X-ray txhim kho cov ntxaij vab tshaus, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov rhiab heev ntawm X-ray hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv cov duab kho qhov muag, txhim kho qhov pom tseeb ntawm X-ray films, thiab txo cov koob tshuaj X-ray zoo heev. rays rau tib neeg lub cev (los ntawm ntau tshaj 50%).
TerbiumNws kuj yog siv los ua tus activator hauv cov dawb LED phosphor zoo siab los ntawm lub teeb xiav rau lub teeb pom kev tshiab semiconductor. Nws tuaj yeem siv los tsim terbium aluminium magneto optical siv lead ua phosphors, siv lub teeb xiav emitting diodes li excitation teeb qhov chaw, thiab cov generated fluorescence yog tov nrog lub excitation teeb los tsim lub teeb dawb huv.
Cov ntaub ntawv electroluminescent ua los ntawm terbium feem ntau suav nrog zinc sulfide ntsuab fluorescent hmoov nrog terbium ua tus activator. Nyob rau hauv ultraviolet irradiation, organic complexes ntawm terbium tuaj yeem emit muaj zog ntsuab fluorescence thiab yuav siv tau raws li nyias zaj duab xis electroluminescent cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm hais tias qhov kev vam meej tseem ceeb tau ua nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj organic complex electroluminescent nyias zaj duab xis, tseem muaj qee qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj organic complex electroluminescent nyias zaj duab xis thiab cov cuab yeej tseem nyob hauv qhov tob.
Cov yam ntxwv fluorescence ntawm terbium kuj tseem siv los ua fluorescence probes. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) complex thiab deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) tau kawm siv fluorescence thiab absorption spectra, xws li fluorescence sojntsuam ntawm ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias ofloxacin Tb3 + sojntsuam tuaj yeem tsim qhov zawj khi nrog DNA molecules, thiab deoxyribonucleic acid tuaj yeem txhim kho cov fluorescence ntawm ofloxacin Tb3 + system. Raws li qhov kev hloov pauv no, deoxyribonucleic acid tuaj yeem txiav txim siab.
Rau cov ntaub ntawv magneto optical
Cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov nyhuv Faraday, tseem hu ua magneto-optical cov ntaub ntawv, tau dav siv hauv lasers thiab lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag. Muaj ob hom magneto optical cov ntaub ntawv: magneto optical crystals thiab magneto optical iav. Ntawm lawv, magneto-optical crystals (xws li yttrium hlau garnet thiab terbium gallium garnet) muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm zaus thiab siab thermal stability, tab sis lawv kim thiab nyuaj rau kev tsim khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau lub magneto-optical crystals nrog siab Faraday rotation ces kaum muaj siab nqus nyob rau hauv lub luv yoj ntau yam, uas txwv lawv siv. Piv nrog magneto optical crystals, magneto optical iav muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev xa tawm siab thiab yooj yim los ua cov blocks loj lossis fibers. Tam sim no, magneto-optical tsom iav nrog cov nyhuv Faraday siab yog cov tsom iav tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb ion doped.
Siv rau magneto optical cia khoom
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nrog rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm multimedia thiab chaw ua haujlwm automation, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom muaj peev xwm magnetic discs tshiab tau nce ntxiv. Amorphous hlau terbium hloov pauv hlau alloy nyias zaj duab xis tau siv los tsim cov khoom siv magneto optical discs. Ntawm lawv, TbFeCo alloy nyias zaj duab xis muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Terbium raws li magneto-optical cov ntaub ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug loj scale, thiab magneto-optical discs ua los ntawm lawv yog siv raws li lub computer cia Cheebtsam, nrog cia muaj peev xwm nce 10-15 zaug. Lawv muaj qhov zoo ntawm lub peev xwm loj thiab kev nkag mus ceev ceev, thiab tuaj yeem muab so thiab coated kaum tawm txhiab lub sij hawm thaum siv rau high-density optical discs. Lawv yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm hauv hluav taws xob. Cov khoom siv magneto-optical feem ntau siv rau hauv qhov pom thiab ze-infrared bands yog Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) ib leeg siv lead ua, uas yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws magneto-optical rau kev ua Faraday rotators thiab isolators.
Rau magneto optical iav
Faraday magneto optical iav muaj qhov pom zoo thiab isotropy hauv thaj chaw pom thiab infrared, thiab tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam duab. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los tsim cov khoom loj thiab tuaj yeem kos rau hauv cov fibers optical. Yog li ntawd, nws muaj dav daim ntawv thov kev cia siab nyob rau hauv magneto optical li xws li magneto optical isolators, magneto optical modulators, thiab fiber optic tam sim no sensors. Vim nws lub sij hawm sib nqus loj thiab me me nqus coefficient nyob rau hauv qhov pom thiab infrared ntau, Tb3 + ions tau dhau los ua cov ions tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb hauv cov iav magneto optical.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nrog rau kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis, cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv ntiaj teb tshiab tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim sai heev. Xyoo 1984, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory ntawm US Department of Energy, thiab US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tom qab tsim Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) tuaj) koom tes los tsim ib qho tshiab tsis tshua muaj. Lub ntiaj teb ntse khoom, uas yog terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive khoom. Cov khoom siv ntse tshiab no muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob sai rau hauv lub zog siv tshuab. Lub underwater thiab electro-acoustic transducers ua los ntawm cov khoom siv magnetostrictive loj heev tau ua tiav hauv cov khoom siv hauv nkoj, cov lus pom cov roj zoo, cov suab nrov thiab kev co tswj, thiab kev tshawb nrhiav dej hiav txwv thiab kev sib txuas lus hauv av. Yog li ntawd, sai li sai tau thaum terbium dysprosium hlau loj magnetostrictive khoom tau yug los, nws tau txais kev saib xyuas los ntawm cov teb chaws uas muaj kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Edge Technologies hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau pib tsim terbium dysprosium hlau loj loj magnetostrictive cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv 1989 thiab muab lawv lub npe Terfenol D. Tom qab ntawd, Sweden, Nyiv, Russia, United Kingdom, thiab Australia kuj tsim terbium dysprosium hlau loj magnetostrictive cov ntaub ntawv.
Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, ob qho tib si invention ntawm cov khoom thiab nws thaum ntxov monopolistic daim ntawv thov yog ncaj qha ntsig txog kev lag luam tub rog (xws li navy). Txawm hais tias Tuam Tshoj cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog tiv thaiv tau maj mam ntxiv dag zog rau lawv txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov khoom siv no. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog rau kev txhim kho tseem ceeb ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev muaj zog thoob ntiaj teb, qhov kev thov kom ua tiav lub xyoo pua 21st kev ua tub rog kev sib tw thiab kev txhim kho cov khoom siv yuav yog qhov ceev heev. Yog li ntawd, kev siv dav dav ntawm terbium dysprosium hlau loj loj magnetostrictive cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov tub rog thiab lub tuam tsev tiv thaiv lub teb chaws yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm.
Hauv luv luv, ntau yam zoo heev ntawmterbiumua rau nws yog ib tug indispensable tswv cuab ntawm ntau functional cov ntaub ntawv thiab ib tug irreplaceable txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib co daim ntawv thov teb. Txawm li cas los xij, vim yog tus nqi siab ntawm terbium, tib neeg tau kawm yuav ua li cas kom zam thiab txo qis kev siv terbium txhawm rau txo cov nqi tsim khoom. Piv txwv li, tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb magneto-optical cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau siv cov nqi qis dysprosium hlau cobalt los yog gadolinium terbium cobalt ntau li ntau tau; Sim txo cov ntsiab lus ntawm terbium hauv cov hmoov fluorescent ntsuab uas yuav tsum tau siv. Tus nqi tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb txwv tsis pub siv ntau ntawm terbium. Tab sis ntau yam khoom siv tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj nws, yog li peb yuav tsum ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "siv cov hlau zoo ntawm cov hniav" thiab sim txuag kev siv terbium kom ntau li ntau tau.
Post lub sij hawm: Aug-07-2023