Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zapadziko Lapansi mu Zamakono Zankhondo Zamakono

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaZosowa Zapadziko Lapansimu Modern Military Technology

Monga zinthu zapadera zogwirira ntchito, dziko lapansi losowa, lomwe limadziwika kuti "nyumba yamtengo wapatali" ya zipangizo zatsopano, limatha kusintha kwambiri ubwino ndi ntchito za zinthu zina, ndipo limadziwika kuti "vitamini" wamakampani amakono. Sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale azikhalidwe monga zitsulo, mafakitale a petrochemical, zoumba zamagalasi, kupota ubweya, zikopa ndi ulimi, komanso zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazinthu monga fluorescence, magnetism, laser, Fiber-Optic communication, hydrogen yosungirako mphamvu, superconductivity, etc. Iwo mwachindunji zimakhudza liwiro ndi mlingo wa chitukuko cha akutuluka mkulu-chatekinoloje mafakitale monga Optical chida, zamagetsi, Azamlengalenga, makampani nyukiliya, etc. umisiri izi akhala bwinobwino ntchito luso lankhondo, kwambiri kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha zamakono zamakono zankhondo.

Udindo wapadera wa zida zatsopano zapadziko lapansi muukadaulo wamakono wankhondo wakopa chidwi cha maboma ndi akatswiri ochokera m'maiko osiyanasiyana, monga kulembedwa ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri ndiukadaulo wankhondo ndi madipatimenti oyenera mu United States, Japan, ndi mayiko ena.

Chidule Chachidule cha Zosowa Zapadziko Lapansi ndi Ubale Wawo Ndi Asitikali ndi Chitetezo Chadziko

Kunena zoona, zonsezosowa zapadziko lapansiali ndi ntchito zina zankhondo, koma gawo lofunika kwambiri pachitetezo cha dziko ndi lankhondo liyenera kukhala kugwiritsa ntchito laser kuyambira, chitsogozo cha laser, kulumikizana ndi laser ndi madera ena.

 Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Rare Earth Steel ndi Nodular Cast Iron mu Modern Military Technology

 1.1 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chitsulo Cha Rare Earth mu Zamakono Zankhondo Zamakono

Ntchito zake zikuphatikizapo kuyeretsa, kusinthidwa, ndi kusakaniza, makamaka kuphatikizapo desulfurization, deoxidation, ndi kuchotsa mpweya, kuthetsa mphamvu ya zonyansa zosungunuka zosungunuka, kuyenga tirigu ndi kapangidwe kake, zomwe zimakhudza gawo la kusintha kwazitsulo, ndikuwongolera kuuma kwake ndi makina. . Asilikali asayansi ndi luso lazopangapanga apanga zida zambiri zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadziko lapansi.

 1.1.1 Chitsulo cha zida

 Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, makampani opanga zida ku China anayamba kufufuza za kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka yosowa mu zida zankhondo ndi zitsulo zamfuti, ndipo motsatizana amapanga zida zankhondo zamtundu wamtundu monga 601, 603, ndi 623, ndikuyambitsa nthawi yatsopano yomwe zida zofunika kwambiri. m'matanki aku China adakhazikitsidwa kunyumba.

 1.1.2 Chitsulo chosowa padziko lapansi cha carbon

Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, China idawonjezera 0.05% zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zidasowa kwambiri pazitsulo zoyambira zapamwamba za kaboni kuti apange chitsulo chosowa padziko lapansi. Mtengo wotsatira wa chitsulo chosowa padziko lapansi ichi chawonjezeka ndi 70% mpaka 100% poyerekeza ndi chitsulo choyambirira cha carbon, ndipo phindu la -40 ℃ lawonjezeka pafupifupi kawiri. Cartridge yaikulu yopangidwa ndi chitsulo ichi yatsimikiziridwa kupyolera mu mayesero owombera mumtundu wowombera kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zamakono. Pakadali pano, China idamalizidwa ndikuyikidwa mukupanga, kukwaniritsa chikhumbo chanthawi yayitali cha China chosintha mkuwa ndi chitsulo muzinthu zama cartridge.

 1.1.3 Chitsulo chosowa kwambiri cha manganese padziko lapansi komanso chitsulo chosowa padziko lapansi

Chitsulo chosowa kwambiri cha manganese padziko lapansi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsapato za thanki, ndipo chitsulo chosowa padziko lapansi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapiko a mchira, mapiko a muzzle ndi zida zankhondo zothamangitsa zida zothamangitsa zida zothamangitsa, zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa njira zogwirira ntchito. onjezerani kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndikukwaniritsa zizindikiro zamaluso ndi luso.

M'mbuyomu, zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matupi akutsogolo ku China zidapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosasunthika chokhala ndi chitsulo chapamwamba cha nkhumba chowonjezeredwa ndi 30% mpaka 40% zitsulo zotsalira. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zochepa, kuphulika kwakukulu, chiwerengero chochepa komanso chosakhala chakuthwa kwa zidutswa zogwira ntchito pambuyo pa kuphulika, ndi mphamvu zofooka zakupha, chitukuko cha kutsogolo kwa chipinda cha projectile chinali cholephereka. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1963, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipolopolo zamatope zapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosowa padziko lapansi, chomwe chawonjezera mphamvu zawo zamakina nthawi 1-2, kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha zidutswa zogwira mtima, ndikunola kuthwa kwa zidutswazo, kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zawo zakupha. Kuchuluka kwa tizidutswa tating'onoting'ono tamtundu wina wa chipolopolo cha Cannon ndi Field gun chopangidwa ndi zinthu izi ku China ndizabwinoko pang'ono kuposa zipolopolo zachitsulo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma alloys asomwe omwe si achitsulo monga magnesium ndi aluminiyamu muukadaulo wamakono wankhondo

 Dziko lapansi losowaali ndi zochita zambiri zamakina ndi ma radius akulu a Atomiki. Ikawonjezeredwa ku zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi ma aloyi awo, imatha kuyenga mbewu, kupewa tsankho, kutulutsa mpweya, kuchotsa zonyansa ndi kuyeretsa, komanso kukonza mapangidwe a metallographic, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chonse cha kukonza makina, katundu wakuthupi ndi kukonza zinthu. . Ogwira ntchito zogwirira ntchito kunyumba ndi kunja apanga ma aloyi atsopano osowa padziko lapansi a magnesium, ma aloyi a aluminiyamu, titaniyamu aloyi, ndi ma superalloys pogwiritsa ntchito chuma chosowa padziko lapansi. Zogulitsazi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wamakono wankhondo monga ndege zomenyera nkhondo, ndege zowononga, ma helikoputala, magalimoto apamlengalenga osayendetsedwa ndi anthu, ndi ma satellites a missile.

2.1 Osowa Earth magnesium alloy

Zosowa zapadziko lapansi za magnesiumkukhala ndi mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni, kumatha kuchepetsa kulemera kwa ndege, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito, komanso kukhala ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito. Mitundu yosowa ya magnesium yapadziko lapansi yopangidwa ndi China Aviation Industry Corporation (yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti AVIC) imaphatikizapo pafupifupi magiredi 10 a aloyi a magnesium opangidwa ndi aloyi opunduka, ambiri omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga komanso amakhala okhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, ZM 6 cast magnesium alloy yokhala ndi chitsulo chosowa cha neodymium monga chowonjezera chachikulu chakulitsidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zofunika monga ma helikopita ochepetsera kumbuyo kwa helikopita, nthiti zamapiko omenyera nkhondo, ndi mbale zotsogola zotsogola za 30 kW jenereta. Katundu wosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi wamphamvu kwambiri wa magnesium BM 25 wopangidwa molumikizana ndi AVIC Corporation ndi Nonferrous Metals Corporation walowa m'malo mwa ma aloyi amphamvu apakatikati ndipo wagwiritsidwa ntchito mundege zomwe zimakhudzidwa.

2.2 Zosakaniza zamtundu wa titaniyamu

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, bungwe la Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Equipment (lotchedwa Institute of Aeronautical Equipment) lidalowa m'malo mwa aluminiyamu ndi silikoni m'malo mwa rare earth metal cerium (Ce) mu Ti-A1-Mo titaniyamu aloyi, kuchepetsa mpweya wa brittle magawo ndi kupititsa patsogolo kutentha kwa alloy komanso kumapangitsa kuti matenthedwe azikhala okhazikika. Pazifukwa izi, aloyi yotentha kwambiri ya titaniyamu ZT3 yokhala ndi cerium idapangidwa. Poyerekeza ndi ma aloyi amitundu yofananira, ili ndi zabwino zina potengera mphamvu yolimbana ndi kutentha komanso magwiridwe antchito. Chophimba cha kompresa chopangidwa ndi icho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa injini ya W PI3 II, ndikuchepetsa kulemera kwa 39 kg pa ndege iliyonse komanso kuwonjezeka kwa 1.5%. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepetsedwa kwa masitepe okonzekera ndi pafupifupi 30% kwapeza phindu lalikulu laukadaulo ndi zachuma, ndikudzaza kusiyana kogwiritsa ntchito ma titaniyamu oponyera ma injini oyendetsa ndege ku China pa 500 ℃. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pali tinthu tating'ono ta cerium oxide mu microstructure ya ZT3 alloy yomwe ili ndi cerium. Cerium imaphatikiza gawo la okosijeni mu aloyi kuti ipange kuuma kolimba komanso kolimba kwambiriosowa nthaka okusayidizinthu, Ce2O3. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalepheretsa kusuntha kwa ma dislocations panthawi ya alloy deformation, kupititsa patsogolo kutentha kwa alloy. Cerium imagwira gawo la zonyansa za gasi (makamaka pamalire a tirigu), zomwe zimatha kulimbikitsa aloyi ndikusunga kukhazikika kwamafuta. Aka ndi kuyesa koyamba kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha zovuta zolimba za solute point mu ma aloyi opangidwa ndi titaniyamu. Kuphatikiza apo, Institute of Aeronautical Materials yakhala yokhazikika komanso yotsika mtengoYttrium (III) oxidemchenga ndi ufa kudzera zakafukufuku ndi luso lapadera la mineralization mu titaniyamu alloy solution mwatsatanetsatane kuponyera. Zafika pamlingo wabwinoko potengera mphamvu yokoka, kuuma komanso kukhazikika kwa titaniyamu madzi, ndipo zawonetsa zabwino zambiri pakuwongolera ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a chipolopolo slurry. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiriYttrium (III) oxidechipolopolo chopangira titaniyamu castings ndi kuti pansi pa chikhalidwe kuti kuponya khalidwe ndi mlingo ndondomeko n'zofanana ndi ndondomeko ❖ kuyanika tungsten, titaniyamu aloyi castings woonda kuposa tungsten ❖ kuyanika ndondomeko akhoza kupanga. Pakalipano, njirayi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ndege zosiyanasiyana, injini, ndi anthu wamba.

2.3 Zosawerengeka za aluminiyamu yapadziko lapansi

Aloyi ya aluminiyamu yosagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha ya HZL206 yopangidwa ndi AVIC ili ndi makina apamwamba kwambiri a kutentha ndi kutentha kwa chipinda poyerekeza ndi ma alloys akunja okhala ndi faifi tambala, ndipo yafika pamlingo wapamwamba wa ma aloyi ofanana kunja. Tsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati valavu yolimbana ndi ma helikopita ndi ma jets omenyera nkhondo okhala ndi kutentha kwa 300 ℃, m'malo mwazitsulo ndi titaniyamu. Kulemera kwapangidwe kwachepetsedwa ndipo kwayikidwa pakupanga kwakukulu. Kulimba kwamphamvu kwapadziko lapansi kosowa aluminiyamu ya silicon hypereutectic ZL117 aloyi pa 200-300 ℃ kuposa ya West Germany piston alloys KS280 ndi KS282. Kukana kwake kuvala ndikokwera ka 4-5 kuposa komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito piston alloys ZL108, yokhala ndi kagawo kakang'ono kakukulirakulira kwa mzere komanso kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazowonjezera zamtundu wa KY-5, KY-7 air compressor, ndi pistoni zama injini zamtundu wa ndege. Kuphatikizira zinthu zapadziko lapansi ku ma aluminiyamu aloyi kumathandizira kwambiri mawonekedwe a microstructure ndi makina. Njira yochitira zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka muzitsulo za aluminiyamu ndi: mapangidwe a kugawa obalalika, ndi mankhwala ang'onoang'ono a aluminiyumu akugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakulimbikitsa gawo lachiwiri; Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa kumagwira ntchito yowononga Catharsis, potero kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa pores mu aloyi ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a aloyi; Mapangidwe a aluminiyamu osowa padziko lapansi amagwira ntchito ngati ma nuclei osasinthika kuti ayeretse mbewu ndi magawo a eutectic, komanso amawongolera; Zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zimalimbikitsa kupanga ndi kukonzanso kwa magawo olemera achitsulo, kuchepetsa zotsatira zake zoyipa. α - Kuchuluka kwachitsulo mu A1 kumachepa ndikuwonjezeka kwapadziko lapansi kosowa, komwe kumapindulitsanso kulimbitsa mphamvu ndi pulasitiki.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zosowa Padziko Lonse Zankhondo Zamakono Zamakono Zankhondo

3.1 Zitsulo zenizeni zapadziko lapansi

Zitsulo zenizeni zapadziko lapansi, chifukwa cha zomwe zimagwira ntchito, zimatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi okosijeni, sulfure, ndi nayitrogeni kupanga zinthu zokhazikika. Zikakumana ndi kukangana kwakukulu ndi kuyaka, zoyaka zimatha kuyatsa zinthu zoyaka. Chifukwa chake, koyambirira kwa 1908, idapangidwa kukhala mwala. Zapezeka kuti pakati pa maelementi 17 osowa padziko lapansi, maelementi asanu ndi limodzi, kuphatikiza cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, ndi yttrium, ali ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yoyaka moto. Anthu apanga zida zosiyanasiyana zoyaka moto pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoyaka moto zamitundumitundu. Mwachitsanzo, zida za 227 kg za ku America "Mark 82" zimagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosowa zapadziko lapansi, zomwe sizimangotulutsa kupha koopsa komanso zowononga. Chombo chotchedwa "damping man" cha ku America chotchedwa air-to-ground rocket warhead chili ndi ndodo 108 zazitsulo za rare earth ngati ma liner, m'malo mwa zidutswa zopangira kale. Mayeso ophulika osasunthika awonetsa kuti kuthekera kwake koyatsa mafuta oyendetsa ndege ndi 44% kuposa omwe alibe.

3.2 Zosakaniza zamitundu yosowa kwambiri

Chifukwa cha mtengo wapamwamba wa zoyerarare earth metals, zitsulo zotsika mtengo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zoyaka moto m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Wophatikizika wosowa padziko lapansi zitsulo zoyaka zitsulo zimayikidwa mu chipolopolo chachitsulo mopanikizika kwambiri, ndi mphamvu yoyaka (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg/m3, liwiro la kuyaka 1.3-1.5 m/s, lawi lawilo la pafupifupi 500 mm, ndi kutentha kwa moto mpaka 1715-2000 ℃. Pambuyo kuyaka, thupi la incandescent limakhalabe lotentha kwa mphindi zoposa 5. Panthawi youkira dziko la Vietnam, asitikali aku US adagwiritsa ntchito zida zowombera moto poponya bomba la 40mm, lomwe linali lodzaza ndi chitsulo choyaka moto chopangidwa ndi zitsulo zosakanizika zapadziko lapansi. Pambuyo pakuphulika kwa projectile, chidutswa chilichonse chokhala ndi chingwe choyatsira chikhoza kuyatsa chandamale. Panthawiyo, kupanga bomba mwezi uliwonse kunafika maulendo a 200000, ndi maulendo apamwamba a 260000.

3.3 Ma aloyi osowa kuyaka padziko lapansi

Chigawo chosowa chapadziko lapansi choyaka ndi cholemera cha 100g chimatha kupanga 200 ~ 3000 zoyatsa, zomwe zimaphimba dera lalikulu, lomwe ndi lofanana ndi kupha kwa zida zoboola zida ndi zida zoboola zida. Choncho, chitukuko cha multifunctional zipolopolo ndi mphamvu kuyaka wakhala mmodzi wa malangizo waukulu wa zida chitukuko kunyumba ndi kunja. Kwa zida zoboola zida ndi zida zoboola zida, machitidwe awo anzeru amafunikira kuti atatha kuboola zida za thanki ya adani, amatha kuyatsa mafuta ndi zida zawo kuti awononge thankiyo. Kwa ma grenade, ndikofunikira kuyatsa zida zankhondo ndi zida zanzeru mkati mwakupha kwawo. Akuti chipangizo cha pulasitiki chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi cha Incendiary chopangidwa ku Made in USA chimapangidwa ndi magalasi opangidwa ndi nayiloni yokhala ndi katiriji yosakanikirana ya alloy lapansi mkati, yomwe imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino polimbana ndi mafuta oyendetsa ndege ndi zolinga zofanana.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zapadziko Lapansi mu Chitetezo cha Asitikali ndi Nuclear Technology

4.1 Kugwiritsa ntchito muukadaulo wachitetezo chankhondo

Zosowa zapadziko lapansi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zolimbana ndi cheza. National Neutron cross section Center of the United States yapanga mitundu iwiri ya mbale zokhala ndi makulidwe a 10 mm pogwiritsa ntchito zida za polima monga maziko, ndikuwonjezera kapena popanda kuwonjezera zinthu zapadziko lapansi, zoyeserera zoteteza ma radiation. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kutenthetsa kwa neutroni kutchinga kwa zinthu zosowa za polima zapadziko lapansi ndikwabwinoko ka 5-6 kuposa zida za polima zapadziko lapansi. Pakati pawo, zida zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka ndi Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy ndi zinthu zina zili ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la neutron Absorption cross and neutron capture effect. Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa zida zodzitetezera ku radiation yapadziko lapansi muukadaulo wankhondo zikuphatikiza izi.

4.1.1 Kuteteza ma radiation a nyukiliya

United States imagwiritsa ntchito 1% boron ndi 5% zosowa zapadziko lapansigadolinium, samariumndilanthanumkupanga 600mm wandiweyani radiation umboni konkire kuteteza fission Neutroni gwero la riyakitala dziwe losambira. France idapanga zida zodzitetezera ku radiation yapadziko lapansi powonjezera Boride, osowa padziko lapansi kapena aloyi osowa padziko lapansi ku graphite ngati maziko. The filler of this composite shielding material imayenera kugawidwa mofanana ndi kupangidwa kukhala zigawo zokonzedweratu, zomwe zimayikidwa mozungulira njira ya riyakitala malinga ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za malo otetezera.

4.1.2 Kuteteza ma radiation a tank

Zimapangidwa ndi zigawo zinayi za veneer, ndi makulidwe okwana 5-20 cm. Wosanjikiza woyamba amapangidwa ndi pulasitiki yolimbitsa magalasi, yokhala ndi ufa wosakhazikika womwe umawonjezeredwa ndi 2% yapadziko lapansi osowa ngati zodzaza kuti zitseke ma nyutroni othamanga ndikuyamwa ma neutroni pang'onopang'ono; Gawo lachiwiri ndi lachitatu limawonjezera boron graphite, polystyrene, ndi zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi zomwe zimawerengera 10% ya zodzaza zonse zomwe zidayamba kale kuti zitseke ma neutroni apakati mphamvu ndikuyamwa ma neutroni otentha; Wosanjikiza wachinayi amagwiritsa ntchito graphite m'malo mwa ulusi wagalasi, ndipo amawonjezera 25% zosoweka zapadziko lapansi kuti zitenge ma neutroni otentha.

4.1.3 Zina

Kuyika zotchingira zosagwirizana ndi ma radiation osowa padziko lapansi ku akasinja, zombo, malo okhala, ndi zida zina zankhondo zitha kukhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi cheza.

4.2 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Nuclear Technology

Osasowa Earth Yttrium(III) okusayidi angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati choyatsa choyaka chamafuta a uranium mu Boiling water reactor (BWR). Mwa zinthu zonse, gadolinium ili ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri yotengera ma neutroni, okhala ndi mipherezero pafupifupi 4600 pa atomu iliyonse. Atomu iliyonse yachilengedwe ya gadolinium imatenga pafupifupi ma neutroni 4 isanathe. Ikasakanikirana ndi uranium yomwe imatha kutha, gadolinium imatha kulimbikitsa kuyaka, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito uranium, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu. Mosiyana ndi boron carbide,Gadolinium (III) oxidesichimapanga deuterium, chinthu choyipa chochokera kuzinthu. Itha kufanana ndi mafuta a uranium ndi zinthu zake zokutira mu Nuclear reaction. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito gadolinium m'malo mwa boron ndikuti gadolinium imatha kusakanikirana mwachindunji ndi uranium kuti iteteze kufalikira kwa ndodo ya nyukiliya. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pali zida za nyukiliya za 149 zomwe zikuyembekezeka kumangidwa padziko lonse lapansi, 115 mwazo ndi zopangira madzi opanikizika.duwa losowah Gadolinium (III) oxide.Dziko lapansi samarium osowa,europium, ndi dysprosium akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma neutroni absorber mu ma neutroni breeder reactors. Dziko lapansi losowayttriumali ndi gawo laling'ono lojambula mu ma neutroni ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chitoliro chazitsulo zosungunuka zamchere. The zojambula woonda anawonjezera ndi osowa lapansi gadolinium ndi dysprosium angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nyutroni munda chodziwira mu Azamlengalenga ndi nyukiliya engineering engineering, pang'ono osowa lapansi thulium ndi erbium angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chandamale zinthu chandamale chubu jenereta Neutron, ndi osowa dziko lapansi. europium oxide iron cermet ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mbale yothandizira yowongolera riyakitala. Rare earth gadolinium itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chowonjezera chotchingira kuti muteteze radiation ya bomba la neutroni, ndipo magalimoto okhala ndi zida zokutira ndi zokutira zapadera zomwe zimakhala ndi gadolinium oxide zimatha kuteteza ma radiation ya neutroni. Rare earth ytterbium amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zoyezera kupsinjika kwa nthaka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa nyukiliya pansi pa nthaka. Pamene ytterbium yapadziko lapansi yosowa ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kukana kumawonjezeka, ndipo kusintha kwa kukana kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwerengera kupanikizika komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kulumikiza zojambulazo za gadolinium zomwe zayikidwa ndikulumikizana ndi chinthu chovuta kupsinjika zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa nyukiliya.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida 5 Zosakhazikika Zapadziko Lapansi mu Zamakono Zankhondo Zamakono

Maginito osowa padziko lapansi, omwe amadziwika kuti m'badwo watsopano wa maginito King, ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi maginito okhazikika. Ili ndi mphamvu ya maginito yoposa 100 kuposa chitsulo cha maginito chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zankhondo m'ma 1970. Pakalipano, yakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakulankhulana zamakono zamakono zamagetsi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Traveling-wave chubu ndi ma circulator m'ma satelayiti apansi opangira, ma radar ndi zina. Choncho, ili ndi zofunikira zankhondo.

Maginito a SmCo ndi maginito a NdFeB amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mtengo wa ma elekitironi omwe amayang'ana kwambiri mumayendedwe owongolera a Missile. Maginito ndi zida zazikulu zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pamtengo wa elekitironi, zomwe zimatumiza deta kumalo owongolera a mizinga. Pali pafupifupi ma 5-10 pounds (2.27-4.54 kg) a maginito pa chipangizo chilichonse cholozera cha missile. Kuphatikiza apo, maginito osowa padziko lapansi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyendetsa ma motors ndikuzungulira ma Rudder#Ndege zowongolera zoponya zowongoleredwa. Ubwino wawo ndi maginito amphamvu komanso kulemera kopepuka kuposa maginito a Al Ni Co.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zosawerengeka za Laser mu Zamakono Zankhondo Zamakono

Laser ndi mtundu watsopano wa gwero la kuwala lomwe lili ndi monochromaticity yabwino, mayendedwe, ndi kugwirizana, ndipo amatha kuwunikira kwambiri. Zida za laser ndi osowa padziko lapansi zidabadwa nthawi imodzi. Pakalipano, pafupifupi 90% ya zipangizo za laser zimaphatikizapo nthaka yosowa. Mwachitsanzo, Yttrium aluminium garnet crystal ndi laser yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yomwe imatha kupeza mphamvu zambiri zopitilira kutentha kutentha. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma lasers olimba m'magulu ankhondo amakono kumaphatikizapo izi.

6.1 Kusintha kwa laser

Neodymium doped yttrium aluminium garnet yomwe idapangidwa ku United States, Britain, France, Germany ndi mayiko ena imatha kuyeza mtunda wa 4000 ~ 20000 m molondola 5 m. Zida zankhondo monga US MI, Leopard II waku Germany, Lecler waku France, Type 90 waku Japan, Mekava wa Israel, ndi tanki yaposachedwa ya Britain Challenger 2 onse amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu uwu wa laser rangefinder. Pakali pano, mayiko ena akupanga mbadwo watsopano wa olimba a laser rangefinders kuti ateteze maso aumunthu, okhala ndi kutalika kwa mafunde kuyambira 1.5 mpaka 2.1 μ M. The laser rangefinder yogwira dzanja yopangidwa ndi United States ndi United Kingdom pogwiritsa ntchito holmium doped. Yttrium lithiamu fluoride laser ili ndi gulu logwira ntchito la 2.06 μ M, loyambira mpaka 3000 m. United States ndi International Laser Company nawonso pamodzi anagwiritsa ntchito erbium-doped Yttrium lithium fluoride laser ndipo anapanga wavelength wa 1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder ndi asilikali okhala ndi zida zambiri. Kutalika kwa laser kwa zida zankhondo zaku China ndi 1.06 μ M, kuyambira 200 mpaka 7000 m. Poyambitsa ma roketi azitali, zoponya ndi ma satellite olumikizirana oyesa, China yapeza zofunikira pakuyezera kosiyanasiyana kudzera pa Laser TV Theodolite.

6.2 Malangizo a Laser

Mabomba otsogozedwa ndi laser amagwiritsa ntchito ma laser pakuwongolera ma terminal. Cholingacho chimayatsidwa ndi laser ya Nd · YAG yomwe imatulutsa ma pulse angapo pamphindikati. Ma pulses ali ndi encoded, ndipo mphamvu zowunikira zimatha kuwongolera kuyankha kwa mizinga, potero zimalepheretsa kusokoneza kwa mizinga ndi zopinga zokhazikitsidwa ndi mdani. Mwachitsanzo, bomba lankhondo laku US la GBV-15 Glide lotchedwa "bomba lanzeru". Mofananamo, itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga zipolopolo zoyendetsedwa ndi laser.

6.3 Kulumikizana kwa laser

Kuphatikiza pa Nd · YAG ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi laser, kutulutsa kwa laser kwa lithiamu tetra Neodymium(III) phosphate crystal (LNP) ndi polarized komanso yosavuta kusinthira. Imaonedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodalirika kwambiri zama laser, zoyenera kuwala kolumikizana ndi kuwala kwa fiber, ndipo zikuyembekezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzolumikizana zophatikizika ndi kulumikizana kwamlengalenga. Kuphatikiza apo, Yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) kristalo imodzi imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zosiyanasiyana za magnetostatic surface wave ndi njira yophatikizira ma microwave, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zidazo zikhale zophatikizika komanso zocheperako, ndipo zimakhala ndi ntchito zapadera mu radar remote control ndi telemetry, navigation and countermeasures zamagetsi.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito 7 Rare Earth Superconducting Materials mu Modern Military Technology

Pamene zinthu zimakhala zotsika kuposa kutentha kwina, chodabwitsa chakuti kukana ndi zero, ndiko kuti, Superconductivity, kumachitika. Kutentha ndi kutentha kwakukulu (Tc). Superconductors ndi antimagnets. Kutentha kukakhala kocheperako kuposa kutentha koopsa, ma superconductors amathamangitsa mphamvu ya maginito iliyonse yomwe imafuna kugwiritsa ntchito. Izi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa Meissner effect. Kuonjezera zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa kwambiri kuzinthu zopangira ma superconducting kumatha kukulitsa kutentha kwakukulu kwa Tc. Izi zalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida za superconducting. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, United States, Japan ndi maiko ena otukuka motsatizana anawonjezera kuchuluka kwa lanthanum, yttrium, europium, erbium ndi ma oxides ena osowa padziko lapansi ku Barium oxide ndi Copper (II) oxide compounds, zomwe zinasakanizidwa, kukanikizidwa ndi sintered. kupanga zida za ceramic za superconducting, zomwe zimapangitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ukadaulo wa superconducting, makamaka pazankhondo, mokulirapo.

7.1 Superconducting mabwalo ophatikizika

M'zaka zaposachedwa, mayiko akunja achita kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri pamakompyuta apakompyuta, ndikupanga mabwalo ophatikizika a superconducting pogwiritsa ntchito zida zadothi za superconducting. Ngati dera Integrated ntchito kupanga superconducting makompyuta, osati ndi kukula kochepa, kulemera kuwala, ndi yabwino ntchito, komanso ali ndi liwiro kompyuta 10 kwa 100 nthawi mofulumira kuposa makompyuta semiconductor.