Kamvulu, chindapusa hf, atomiki nambala 72, atomiki kulemera 178.49, ndi chitsulo chowoneka ngati siliva.
Hafnium ali ndi iyotopis asanu ndi limodzi mwachitsanzo: HOFNANIHAMS 174, 176, 177, 179, ndi 180, ndi ma sulfuline acid acid ndi aquarrofluoric acid ndi aqua. Dzinalo limachokera ku dzina la Chilatini la mzinda wa Copenhagen.
Mu 1925, katswiri wazamankhwala wa Swedey ndi katswiri Wachisilamu adapeza mchere wamchere wa hafrictallary ya mchere wambiri, ndikuchepetsa ndi sodium kuti apeze hefnium yoyera. Hafnium ili ndi 0.00045% ya kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zirconium mwachilengedwe.
Dzina lazogulitsa: Hafnium
Chizindikiro cha chinthu: HF
Kulemera: 178.49
Mtundu wa chinthu: chimbudzi
Katundu wathupi:
Kamvulundi chitsulo cha imvi ndi chimbudzi cha chitsulo; Pali mitundu iwiri yazitsulo: α hafnium ndi chosiyanasiyana chopanda tanthauzo (1750 ℃) ndi kutentha kwambiri kumasinthidwe kuposa zirconium. Zitsulo zazitsulo zimakhala ndi malo opatsa zipatso pamtenthedwe kwambiri. Zitsulo zatsulo zili ndi gawo laling'ono la neutron ndipo limatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowongolera pazowongolera.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma Crystal onyamula mitengo ya hexalasal pamatenthedwe pa 1300 ℃ (α (α- equation); Pamitembo Pamwamba pa 1300 ℃, ndi cubic yapamwamba (qued). Chitsulo chokhala ndi pulasitiki chomwe chimalimba ndipo chimakhala chokhazikika pamaso pa zosayera. Khola mlengalenga, amangoyambira pansi pomwe adawotchedwa. Mafinya amatha kutchulidwa ndi lawi la machesi. Katundu wofanana ndi zirconium. Sizitengera ndi madzi, kuchepetsa ma acid acid, kapena zigawo zamphamvu, koma zimasungunuka mosavuta ku Aqua Reglia ndi hydrofluoric acid. Makamaka popanga ndi khwawa 4. Hafnium Anoy (Ta4hfc5) amadziwika kuti ali ndi malo okwera kwambiri (pafupifupi 4215 ℃).
Kapangidwe ka kristalo: Selo la galasi limakhala hexanal
Nambala ya Cas: 7440-58-6
Malo osungunuka: 2227 ℃
Malo owiritsa: 4602 ℃
Mankhwala:
Mankhwala a hafnium ndi ofanana ndi a Zirconium, ndipo amakhala ndi kukana kwabwino ndipo sikunamiririka mosavuta ndi General Acid Alkali alquaous. Kusungunuka mosavuta mu hydrofluoric acid kuti apange ma stchtoring ma screening. Kutentha kwambiri, kuvuta kwa Hafnium kumatha kuphatikizaponso mwachindunji ndi mpweya monga mpweya wabwino ndi nayitrogeni kuti apange oxissides ndi nitrides.
Nthawi zambiri ku Hafnium nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi mphamvu 4 yopanga. Gawo lalikulu ndihafnium oxideHfo2. Pali mitundu itatu yosiyana ya Hafnium Oxide:hafnium oxidezopezeka ndi kuwerengetsa kosalekeza kwa hafnium sulfate ndi chloride oxide ndi chosiyana cha monoclinic; The Hufnium oxide omwe amapezeka pothirira hydroxide ya hafnium pa 400 ℃ ndi chosiyana cha tetragonal; Ngati awerengedwa pamwamba pa 1000 ℃, chosiyanasiyana cha kilic chitha kupezeka. Gawo lina ndiHafnium Tetrachloride, yomwe ndi yophika yokonzekeretsa kutsanzira wachitsulo ndipo imatha kukonzekera mpweya wa chlorine pa chisakanizo cha hafnium oxide ndi kaboni. Hafnium Tetrachloride amayamba kulumikizana ndi madzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo hydrolyzos kukhala hfo (4h2o) 2 +. HFon + ions ipezekanso m'mapanga ambiri a Hafnium, ndipo amatha kuphwanya singano ya Oxtchloride HFOCLLORDID HFOCLLLORDID HFOCLLORID HFOCLLORID HFOCLLA Acid acid Hafrochloric Tetrachloride.
4-Valent hafnium imakondanso kupanga ma sluoride, yopangidwa ndi K2hff6, K3hff7, (nhhft6, ndi (Nhhft7) 3hff7. Zovuta izi zagwiritsidwa ntchito polekanitsa a zirconium ndi hafnium.
Zofala Zofala:
Hafnium Dioxide: Tchulani Hafnium dioxide; Hafnium dioxide; Ma molecular fomula: hfo2 [4]; Katundu: ufa woyera wokhala ndi mapangidwe atatu a crystal, a Monoclinic, tetragonal, ndi cubic. Miyala ndi 2,3, 10.1, ndi 10.43g / cm3, motero. Malo osungunuka 278-2920K. Owotcha 5400k. Kuchulukitsa kwa mafuta ophatikizika 5.8 × 10-6 / ℃. Zopanda m'madzi, hydrochloric acid, ndi nitric acid, koma osungunuka mu sulfuric acid ndi hydrofluoric acid. Zopangidwa ndi kuwola kwa mafuta kapena hydrolysis a mankhwala monga hafnium sulfate ndi hafnium oxychlaride. Zida zopangira zopanga zitsulo za hafnium ndi hafnium. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zophatikizira, zokutira za anti railesi, ndi othandizira. [5] Atomiki Energyl HFO ndichinthu chomwe chimapezeka munthawi yomweyo mukapanga atomiki mphamvu za atomiki! Zro. Kuyambira ku selorinary, njira zodziyeretsa, kuchepetsa, ndipo vacuum diacuum pafupifupi ofanana ndi zirconium.
Hafnium Tetrachloride: Hafnium (IV) chloride, hofnium tetrachlor moleclal formula foster hfcl4 molecular kulemera 320.30 Khalidwe: Crystalline block. Chidwi ndi chinyezi. Sungunuka mu acetone ndi methanol. Hydrollyze m'madzi kuti mutulutse hafnium oxychloride (HFOCL2). Kutentha mpaka 250 ℃ ndikutuluka. Kukwiyitsa maso, kupuma, ndi khungu.
HOFNANIHY HYNROXIDE: HEFNAND HYNROXIDE (H4hFo4), nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati yopanda hyd y Kutentha mpaka 100 ℃ kupanga Hafnium hydroxide hfo (o) 2. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mankhwala ena a Hafnium.
Mbiri Yofufuza
Kupeza Mbiri Yabwino:
Mu 1923, katswiri wazamankhwala wa Steder ndi Dokotala wa Chidatch D. Koster adapeza Hafnium ku Norway ndi Greenland, ndipo adautcha kuti dzina la Chilatini Hafdenagen. Mu 1925, hervey ndi cester adalekanitsa zirconium ndi titanium pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolira ma crystallization a mchere wa Hafnium; Ndipo muchepetse mchere wa Hafnium ndi sodium kuti mupeze hefnium yoyera. Hervey adakonza mitundu ingapo ya milligmuum yoyera.
Zoyesa zamankhwala pa zirconium ndi hafnium:
Poyesedwa ndi profesa Carl Collins ku Yunivesite ya Texas mu 1998, idanenedwa kuti gamma adangotulutsa mphamvu kwambiri kuposa momwe amathandizira. (8] Lipoti la Collins linena kuti gramu imodzi ya HF178M2 (HOFNANIMO 178M2) ili ndi Megajoules pafupifupi 1330 megajoules, yomwe ikufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma kilogalamu 300 a ma kilogalamu 300. Ripoti la Collins likuwonetsa kuti mphamvu zonse zomwe zimachitika mu mawonekedwe a X-rays kapena ma rams, omwe amasula mphamvu movutikira kwambiri. [9] Pentagon yapereka ndalama zofufuzira. Poyesera, kuchuluka kwa---noise kunali kotsika kwambiri (ndi zolakwa zazikulu), ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, ndipo a Contlict sanathe kutsimikizira kuti aboma aboma) inapangitsa kuti Gammay yotulutsira mphamvu kuchokera ku HF178M2 (Hafnium 178M2) [15], koma asayansi ena adatsimikizira kuti izi sizingatheke. [16] HF178M2 (Hafnium 178M2) amakhulupirira kwambiri maphunziro kuti asakhale gwero lamphamvu
Gawo la ntchito:
Hafnium ndi yothandiza kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kutulutsa ma electrons, monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ngati nyali m'mayendes. Kugwiritsa ntchito ngati cakati ya X-ray, ndipo ma Inlos a Hafnium ndi Tungsten kapena Molybdenum amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati electrodes otayira mafuta kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'bokosi ndi makampani opanga ma ray a X-ray. Hafnium yoyera ndi nkhani yofunika mu makampani a atomiki chifukwa cha pulasitiki, kukonza kosavuta, kutentha kwambiri komanso kukana kwa kutentha. Hafnium ali ndi malo ambiri owombera a neutron ndipo ndi njira yabwino ya neutron, yomwe imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chowongolera ndi chida choteteza cha atomic reactors. Hafnium ufa ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati protellant ya maroketi. Chikato cha machubu a X-ray chitha kupangidwa m'makampani amagetsi. Alnoy alnoy amatha kukhala gawo lotetezera loteteza la rockeles ndi ndege yolowera, pomwe HF TAMOY itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zitsulo zopanga zitsulo ndi zolimba. Hafnium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chowonjezera pamawu osokoneza kutentha, monga tungsten, Molybdenum, ndi tantlum. HFC itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera pazinthu zovuta chifukwa cha kuuma kwake komanso malo osungunuka. Malo osungunuka a 4tachfc ali pafupifupi 4215 ℃, ndikupangitsa kukhala pawiri ndi malo abwino kwambiri odziwika. Hafnium itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera m'magulu ambiri. Zowonjezera za Hafnium zimatha kuchotsa mpweya wosafunikira monga mpweya wabwino ndi nayitrogeni womwe ulipo m'dongosolo. Hafnium nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera mu mafuta a hydraulic kuti otetezedwa a hydraulic mafuta pangozi, ndipo ali ndi mphamvu ya anti wamphamvu. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafuta a mafakitale a mafakitale. Mafuta a Hydraulic.
Vuto la Hafnium limagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu ma nanopucleors aposachedwa. Chifukwa chopanga silicon dioxide (Sio2) ndi kuthekera kwake kuchepetsa makulidwe kuti apititsetse dioxide kukhala dioxide ya patchire. Intel itayambitsa njira ya 65 nanometer yopanga chipata cha diicon diicox daicecric mpaka ma atomu. Chifukwa chake, ngati zida zamakono zikugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndipo makulidwe amachepetsedwanso, kutayikira pa chipata kuti chikuwonjezereka, kubweretsa ukadaulo wa tratsistor kumanda. Kuti athane ndi vuto lalikululi, Intel ikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba za kmambo (za Hafnium) ngati diacon dioxide, yomwe yachepetsa kutaya matabwa oposa 10. Poyerekeza ndi ukadaulo wakale wa 65nm ukadaulo wa 65nm, ma Intel's 45nm amawonjezera kupindika kwa tratsistar pomwe kawiri, kulola kuwonjezeka kwa otumiza kapena kuchepetsedwa kwa voliyumu. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira kusinthasintha ndikutsika, kuchepetsa kumwa mphamvu ndi 30%. Kulumikizana kwamkati kumapangidwa ndi waya wamkuwa wokhala ndi ma juellectric, kukonza bwino bwino ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndipo liwiro losinthali ndi lachangu.
Kugawa michere:
Hafnium ali ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa zitsulo zomwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito, Cadmium, ndi Mercury, ndipo ndizofanana muzomwe zili mu Berlllium, Germanium, ndi Uranium. Michere yonse yokhala ndi zirconium imakhala ndi hafnium. Zircon zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani zili ndi 0,5-2% hafnium. Beryllium zirrnon (Alvite) mu Seconiary Ore atha kukhala ndi 15% hafnium. Palinso mtundu wa miyala ya metamorphic, cyfolite, yomwe ili ndi 5% hfo. Malo osungirako awiri omaliza ali ochepa ndipo sanatengerebe m'mafakitale. Hafnium makamaka amabwezeretsedwa pakupanga zirconium.
Imakhalapo ku zirconium kwambiri. 19 [18] chifukwa pali zokhumudwitsa zocheperako. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zirconium ndipo alibe ore.
Njira Yokonzekera:
1. Itha kukonzekera kuchepetsedwa kwa magnesium ya hafnium tetrachloride kapena kuwonongeka kwa Hafnium. HFCL4 ndi K2hff6 imatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zida zopangira. Njira yopangira ma electrolytic ku Nacl Kcl HFCL4 kapena K2hff6 Sungunulani ndizofanana ndi kupanga elecrolytere kupanga kwa zirconium.
2. Zopangira zopangira nthochi ndi hafnium oxile oxile odzilekanitsidwa panthawi yopanga zirsenium. Chotsani Hafnium oxide pogwiritsa ntchito ion Kusinthana kwa mafinya, kenako gwiritsani ntchito njira yomweyo ngati zirconium kukonzekera zitsulo kuchokera ku hafnium oxide.
3. Itha kukonzedwa ndikutenthetsa hafnium tetrachloride (hfcl4) ndi sodium chifukwa chochepetsa.
Njira zoyambirira zolekanitsa zirsenium ndipo hafnium inali crystallization ya mchere wambiri komanso mpweya wabwino wa phosphate. Njirazi ndizovuta kugwira ntchito ndipo zimagwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsira ntchito labotale. Tekinoloji yatsopano yosiyanitsa zirsenium ndi hafnium, zosungunulira, zosungunulira, zosintha, komanso zimapangitsa wina ndi mzake, popanga zosungunulira. Magulu awiriwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma cyccanamen a cycloheanone dongosolo ndi fusphatyl nitric asidi asidi. Zogulitsa zomwe zalembedwa ndi njira zomwe zidafotokozedwazo ndizovuta zonse za hafniium, ndipo oxide oxide a Hafnium amatha kupezeka ndi kuwerengedwa. Kuyera kwa hafnium kumatha kupezeka ndi njira ya ion kusinthira.
M'makampani, kupanga kwa hafnium yazitsulo nthawi zambiri kumafuna njira zonse za Kroll ndi njira yosungirako. Njira ya Kur Drive imaphatikizapo kuchepetsa kwa Hafnium Tetrachloride pogwiritsa ntchito magnellic:
2mg + hfcl4- → 2mgcl2 + hf
Njira yosungirako madoko osungirako madoko omwe amapezekanso.
5. Kusungunula kwa Hafnium ndi chimodzimodzi ndi za zirconium:
Gawo loyamba ndikuwopseza kwa ore, yomwe imaphatikizapo njira zitatu: chlorination ya zircon kuti mupeze (ZR, HF) CL. Alkali kusungunuka kwa zircon. Zircon asungunuka ndi Naoh pafupi ndi 600, ndi kupitirira 90% ya (ZR, HF) o, zr, HF) O, ndi Sio) O, zomwe zasungunuka m'madzi kuti muchotse. Na (zr, hf) o itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati yankho loyambirira la kulekanitsa zirconium ndi hafnium atasungunuka ku HNO. Komabe, kukhalapo kwa malembawo kumapangitsa kuti kupatuka polekanitsa. White ndi Ksif ndi zilowerere m'madzi kuti apeze K (ZR, HF) F. Njira yothetsera vutoli imatha kulekanitsa zirkenium ndi hafnium kudutsa crystallization;
Gawo lachiwiri ndikulekanitsidwa kwa zirconium ndi hafnium, yomwe imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zolekanitsira a ady (methyl isobutyl ketone) dongosolo ndi Hno-TBP (Twityl phosphate) dongosolo. Ukadaulo wa kuchuluka kwa magawo angapo pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyana kwa HFCL pakati pa HFCL ndi zrcl kusungunuka pansi popanikizika kwambiri (pamwambapa 20) komwe kumaphunziridwa kale, komwe kumathetsa ndalama zachiwiri ndikuchepetsa mtengo. Komabe, chifukwa cha vuto la chiwonongeko cha (ZR, HF) CL ndi HCL, sizophweka kupeza zida zopanga zopanga, ndipo zidzachepetsa mtundu wa ZRCL ndi HFCL, zoyeretsa. Mu 1970s, anali akadali mu gawo lazitali kwambiri;
Gawo lachitatu ndi lachiwiri la chllorinary wa HM kuti mupeze HFCL HFCL pakuchepetsa;
Gawo lachinayi ndikutsuka kwa hfcl ndi magnesium. Njirayi ndi yofanana ndi kuyeretsa ndi kuchepetsa zrcl, ndipo chifukwa chomaliza-chomaliza ndikupanga sponger hafnium;
Gawo lachisanu ndikuturuka spange havumu kuchotsa mgcl ndikuchiritsa magnerol magnesium, chifukwa chomaliza chomaliza cha spongel hafnium. Ngati wothandizira wothandizira amagwiritsa ntchito sodium m'malo magnesium, gawo lachisanu liyenera kusinthidwa kukhala madzi
Njira:
Sungani malo osungirako ozizira komanso ozizira. Pewani ku spark ndi magwero otentha. Iyenera kusungidwa mosiyana ndi oxidants, mabotolo, ndi zina, ndipo pewani kusakaniza kosakanikirana. Kugwiritsa ntchito malo owundaponda ophulika ndi mpweya wabwino. Letsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamakina zamakina zomwe zimakonda kuzimiririka. Malo osungira ayenera kukhala ndi zida zoyenera kukhala ndi kutayikira.
Post Nthawi: Sep-25-2023