Holmium Element ndi Njira Zodziwika Zodziwika
Mu tebulo la periodic la zinthu za mankhwala, pali chinthu chotchedwaholmium, chomwe ndi chitsulo chosowa. Chigawochi chimakhala cholimba kutentha ndipo chimakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri komanso kuwira. Komabe, iyi si mbali yokongola kwambiri ya holmium element. Chithumwa chake chenicheni chagona m’chenicheni chakuti chikasangalala, chimatulutsa kuwala kobiriŵira kokongola. The holmium element mu mkhalidwe wokondwa ili ngati mwala wonyezimira wobiriwira, wokongola komanso wodabwitsa. Anthu ali ndi mbiri yaufupi ya chidziwitso cha chinthu cha holmium. Pophunzira erbium yodetsedwa, adapeza holmium mwa kuchotsayttriumndiscandium. Anatcha chinthu chabulauni Holmia (dzina lachilatini la Stockholm) ndi chinthu chobiriwira Thulia. Kenako analekanitsa bwino dysprosium kuti alekanitse holmium koyera. Holmium ndi chinthu chosowa padziko lapansi chokhala ndi maginito amphamvu kwambiri, choncho nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maginito. Nthawi yomweyo, holmium ilinso ndi index yotsika kwambiri, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri popanga zida zowonera ndi ulusi wamagetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, holmium imagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazamankhwala, mphamvu, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Lero, tiyeni tiyende muzinthu zamatsenga izi ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana - holmium. Onani zinsinsi zake ndikuwona kuthandizira kwake kwakukulu kwa anthu.
Ntchito minda ya holmium element
Holmium ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi nambala ya atomiki ya 67 ndipo ndi ya lanthanide mndandanda. Zotsatirazi ndikuwulula mwatsatanetsatane magawo ena ogwiritsira ntchito holmium element:
1. Maginito a Holmium:Holmium ili ndi maginito abwino ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chinthu chopangira maginito. Makamaka pakufufuza kwapamwamba kwambiri, maginito a holmium amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida za superconductors kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu ya maginito ya ma superconductors.
2. Magalasi a Holmium:Holmium imatha kupereka magalasi apadera owoneka bwino ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalasi agalasi a holmium. Holmium lasers chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala ndi mafakitale, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kuchiza matenda maso, kudula zitsulo ndi zipangizo zina, etc.
3. Makampani opanga mphamvu za nyukiliya:Holmium's isotope holmium-165 ili ndi gawo lalikulu la nyutroni yogwidwa ndi neutron ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kusinthasintha kwa neutron ndi kugawa mphamvu kwa zida zanyukiliya.
4. Zida zowonera: Holmium alinso ntchito zina mu zipangizo kuwala, monga kuwala waveguides, photodetectors, modulators, etc. mu kuwala CHIKWANGWANI kulankhulana.
5. Zida za fulorosenti:Mankhwala a Holmium atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida za fulorosenti kupanga nyali za fulorosenti, zowonetsera fulorosenti ndi zizindikiro za fulorosenti.6. Zida zachitsulo:Holmium akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku zitsulo zina kuti aloyi kusintha bata matenthedwe, kukana dzimbiri ndi kuwotcherera ntchito zitsulo. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga injini za ndege, injini zamagalimoto ndi zida zama mankhwala. Holmium ili ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri mu maginito, ma lasers agalasi, makampani opanga mphamvu za nyukiliya, zida zowunikira, zida za fulorosenti ndi ma aloyi achitsulo.
Zakuthupi za holmium element
1. Kapangidwe ka atomiki: Mapangidwe a atomiki a holmium amapangidwa ndi ma elekitironi 67. Mu kasinthidwe kake kamagetsi, pali ma electron awiri mu gawo loyamba, ma electron 8 mu gawo lachiwiri, ma electron 18 mu gawo lachitatu, ndi ma electron 29 mu gawo lachinayi. Chifukwa chake, pali ma 2 awiriawiri amodzi a ma elekitironi mu wosanjikiza wakunja.
2. Kachulukidwe ndi kuuma: Kuchulukana kwa holmium ndi 8.78 g/cm3, komwe kumakhala kachulukidwe kakang'ono kwambiri. Kuuma kwake kuli pafupi kuuma kwa 5.4 Mohs.
3. Malo osungunuka ndi malo owira: Malo osungunuka a holmium ndi pafupifupi 1474 digiri Celsius ndipo malo owira ndi pafupifupi 2695 digiri Celsius.
4. Magnetism: Holmium ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi maginito abwino. Zimasonyeza ferromagnetism pa kutentha otsika, koma pang'onopang'ono amataya maginito pa kutentha kwambiri. Mphamvu ya maginito ya holmium imapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito maginito komanso pakufufuza kwapamwamba kwambiri kwapamwamba kwambiri.
5. Mawonekedwe a Spectral: Holmium imawonetsa mayamwidwe owonekera komanso mizere yotulutsa mu mawonekedwe owoneka. Mizere yake yotulutsa imapezeka makamaka mumitundu yobiriwira ndi yofiira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma holmium azikhala ndi mitundu yobiriwira kapena yofiira.
6. Thermal conductivity: Holmium imakhala ndi matenthedwe okwera kwambiri pafupifupi 16.2 W/m·Kelvin. Izi zimapangitsa kuti holmium ikhale yofunikira pamapulogalamu ena omwe amafunikira matenthedwe abwino kwambiri. Holmium ndi chitsulo chokhala ndi kachulukidwe kwambiri, kuuma komanso maginito. Imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu maginito, ma superconductors otentha kwambiri, ma spectroscopy ndi matenthedwe matenthedwe.
Chemical katundu wa holmium
1. Reactivity: Holmium ndi chitsulo chokhazikika chomwe chimagwira pang'onopang'ono ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe sizitsulo ndi ma asidi. Sichitapo kanthu ndi mpweya ndi madzi pa kutentha kwa chipinda, koma ikatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri, imakhudzidwa ndi mpweya mumlengalenga kupanga holmium oxide.
2. Kusungunuka: Holmium imakhala ndi kusungunuka kwabwino muzitsulo za acidic ndipo imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi sulfuric acid, nitric acid ndi hydrochloric acid kuti ipange mchere wofanana wa holmium.
3. State oxidation: The oxidation state of holmium nthawi zambiri imakhala +3. Itha kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga ma oxides (Ho2O3kloridi ()HoCl3sulfates (Ho2(SO4)3), etc. Kuphatikiza apo, holmium imathanso kupereka makutidwe ndi okosijeni monga +2, +4 ndi +5, koma makutidwe ndi okosijeniwa ndi ochepa.
4. Complexes: Holmium ikhoza kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma complexes, omwe amapezeka kwambiri omwe ali ndi ma ions a holmium (III). Maofesiwa amatenga gawo lofunikira pakuwunika kwamankhwala, zothandizira komanso kafukufuku wa biochemical.
5. Reactivity: Holmium nthawi zambiri imawonetsa reactivity pang'ono pamachitidwe amankhwala. Itha kutenga nawo gawo mumitundu yambiri yamachitidwe amankhwala monga momwe ma oxidation-reduction reactions, coordination reaction, and complex reactions. Holmium ndi chitsulo chosasunthika, ndipo mankhwala ake amawonekera makamaka mukuchitanso pang'ono, kusungunuka kwabwino, makutidwe ndi okosijeni osiyanasiyana, komanso mapangidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Makhalidwewa amapangitsa kuti holmium igwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pamachitidwe amankhwala, chemistry yolumikizana, komanso kafukufuku wam'chilengedwe.
Zachilengedwe zimatha holmium
Zachilengedwe za holmium sizinaphunziridwe pang'ono, ndipo zomwe tikudziwa mpaka pano ndizochepa. Zotsatirazi ndi zina mwazinthu za holmium m'zamoyo:
1. Bioavailability: Holmium ndi yosowa kwambiri m'chilengedwe, choncho zomwe zili mu zamoyo ndizochepa kwambiri. Holmium ili ndi bioavailability yochepa, ndiko kuti, mphamvu ya chamoyo yomeza ndi kuyamwa holmium ndi yochepa, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe ntchito ndi zotsatira za holmium m'thupi la munthu sizikumveka bwino.
2. Physiological function: Ngakhale kuti pali chidziwitso chochepa cha momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito la holmium, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti holmium ikhoza kuphatikizidwa muzinthu zina zofunika kwambiri za biochemical m'thupi la munthu. Kafukufuku wa sayansi wasonyeza kuti holmium ikhoza kukhala yokhudzana ndi thanzi la mafupa ndi minofu, koma makina enieniwo sakudziwikabe.
3. Poizoni: Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa bioavailability, holmium ili ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono kwambiri m'thupi la munthu. M'maphunziro a zinyama za labotale, kukhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a holmium kumatha kuwononga chiwindi ndi impso, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa wokhudzana ndi kawopsedwe wowopsa wa holmium ndi wocheperako. Zachilengedwe za holmium m'zamoyo sizinamveke bwino. Kafukufuku wamakono amayang'ana kwambiri momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito komanso zotsatirapo zake zoyipa zamoyo. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha holmium apitilira kuzama.
Kugawa kwachilengedwe kwa holmium
Kugawidwa kwa holmium m'chilengedwe ndikosowa kwambiri, ndipo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimakhala zochepa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zotsatirazi ndikugawidwa kwa holmium m'chilengedwe:
1. Kugaŵikana m’nthaka ya dziko lapansi: Zomwe zili mu holmium m’nthaka ya dziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi 1.3ppm (magawo pa miliyoni), yomwe ndi chinthu chosowa kwambiri m’nthaka ya dziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti holmium ili yochepa, imapezeka m'miyala ndi miyala ina, monga miyala yomwe ili ndi zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi.
2. Kukhalapo mu mchere: Holmium imapezeka makamaka mu ore mu mawonekedwe a oxides, monga holmium oxide (Ho2O3). Ho2O3 ndiosowa nthaka okusayidiore omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa holmium.
3. Kapangidwe ka Chilengedwe: Holmium nthawi zambiri imakhala limodzi ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zomwe ndi zachilendo komanso mbali ya maelementi a lanthanide. Zitha kukhalapo mwachilengedwe mu mawonekedwe a oxides, sulfates, carbonates, etc.
4. Malo ogawa: Kugawidwa kwa holmium kumakhala kofanana padziko lonse lapansi, koma kupanga kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri. Mayiko ena ali ndi chuma cha holmium ore, monga China, Australia, Brazil, ndi zina zotero. Holmium ndi osowa m'chilengedwe ndipo imakhalapo mu mawonekedwe a oxides mu ores. Ngakhale zili zochepa, zimakhala pamodzi ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi ndipo zimapezeka m'malo ena apadera. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake komanso zoletsa zogawa, kukumba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito holmium kumakhala kovuta.
Kutulutsa ndi Kusungunula kwa Holmium Element
Holmium ndi chinthu chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo migodi yake ndi njira yochotsera ndi yofanana ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi. Zotsatirazi ndikufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za migodi ndi m'zigawo za holmium element:
1. Kufufuza miyala ya holmium: Holmium imapezeka m'matanthwe osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo ore wamba a holmium amaphatikizapo oxide ores ndi carbonate ores. Ma ore awa amatha kukhala pansi pa nthaka kapena pansi pa dzenje la mchere.
2. Kuphwanyidwa ndi Kugaya Mwala: Mukatha kukumba, miyala ya holmium imafunika kuphwanyidwa ndi kuphwanyidwa kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuyengedwanso.
3. Kuyandama: Kulekanitsa mwala wa holmium ku zonyansa zina ndi njira yoyandama. Pakuyandama, wothirira ndi thovu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga holmium ore kuyandama pamtunda wamadzimadzi, kenako ndikuchiritsa thupi ndi mankhwala.
4. Kuthira madzi: Pambuyo pa kuyandama, miyala ya holmium idzapatsidwa chithandizo cha hydration kuti isanduke mchere wa holmium. Chithandizo cha hydration nthawi zambiri chimaphatikizapo kuchitapo kanthu ndi ore ndi dilute acid solution kupanga mchere wa holmium acid.
5. Mpweya ndi kusefera: Posintha momwe zinthu zimachitikira, holmium mu holmium acid salt solution imayamba. Kenako, sefa madziwo kuti mulekanitse mpweya wabwino wa holmium.
6. Calcination: Holmium precipitates ayenera kuchitidwa calcination mankhwala. Kuchita zimenezi kumaphatikizapo kutenthetsa holmium precipitate mpaka kutentha kwambiri kuti isanduke kukhala holmium oxide.
7. Kuchepetsa: Holmium okusayidi amakumana ndi kuchepetsa mankhwala kusintha zitsulo holmium. Nthawi zambiri, zochepetsera (monga haidrojeni) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa kutentha kwambiri. 8. Kuyenga: Holmium yachitsulo yochepetsedwa ikhoza kukhala ndi zonyansa zina ndipo iyenera kuyeretsedwa ndi kuyeretsedwa. Njira zoyenga zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa zosungunulira, electrolysis, ndi kuchepetsa mankhwala. Pambuyo masitepe pamwamba, mkulu-chiyeroholmium zitsuloangapezeke. Zitsulo za holmiumzi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ma alloys, maginito, mafakitale amagetsi a nyukiliya, ndi zida za laser. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti njira yopangira migodi ndi kuchotsa zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimafuna luso lamakono ndi zipangizo kuti zitheke kupanga bwino komanso zotsika mtengo.
Njira zodziwira za holmium element
1. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): Atomic absorption spectrometry ndi njira yowunikira kachulukidwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a mayamwidwe a kutalika kwa mafunde kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa holmium mu zitsanzo. Imatengera chitsanzo kuti chiyesedwe mulawi lamoto, ndiyeno imayesa kuyamwa kwa holmium pachitsanzocho kudzera pa spectrometer. Njirayi ndiyoyenera kuzindikira holmium pamlingo wapamwamba.
2. Kuphatikizika kwa plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): Kuphatikizika kwa plasma optical emission spectrometry ndi njira yowunikira kwambiri komanso yosankha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza zinthu zambiri. Imapanga atomize chitsanzo ndikupanga madzi a m'magazi kuti ayeze kutalika kwake komanso mphamvu ya holmium emission mu spectrometer.
3. Kuphatikizika kwa plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ndi njira yowunikira kwambiri komanso yowunikira kwambiri yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira chiŵerengero cha isotopu ndi kufufuza zinthu. Imapanga atomize chitsanzo ndikupanga plasma kuti iyese chiŵerengero cha misa-to-charge ya holmium mu spectrometer yaikulu.
4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): X-ray fluorescence spectrometry imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a fluorescence opangidwa ndi chitsanzo atatha kukondwera ndi X-ray kuti afufuze zomwe zili muzinthu. Imatha kudziwa mwachangu komanso mosawononga zomwe zili mu holmium mu zitsanzo. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma laboratories ndi m'mafakitale pofufuza kuchuluka kwa holmium ndi kuwongolera khalidwe la holmium. Kusankhidwa kwa njira yoyenera kumadalira zinthu monga mtundu wa chitsanzo, malire ofunikira ozindikira komanso kuzindikira kulondola.
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya holmium atomic mayamwidwe
Mu kuyeza kwa ma element, njira ya mayamwidwe a atomiki imakhala yolondola kwambiri komanso yomveka bwino, ndipo imapereka njira yothandiza yophunzirira za mankhwala, kapangidwe kake ndi zomwe zili mu maelementi. Kenako, timagwiritsa ntchito njira ya mayamwidwe a atomiki kuyeza zomwe zili mu holmium. Masitepe enieni ndi awa: Konzani chitsanzo kuti chiyesedwe. Konzani chitsanzo kuti chiyezedwe kukhala yankho, lomwe nthawi zambiri limayenera kugayidwa ndi asidi wosakanikirana kuti muyesedwe. Sankhani chowonera mayamwidwe atomu choyenera. Malinga ndi zomwe zachitsanzozo ziyenera kuyezedwa komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu za holmium zomwe zikuyenera kuyezedwa, sankhani chowonera ma atomiki choyenera. Sinthani magawo a mayamwidwe a atomiki spectrometer. Malingana ndi chinthu chomwe chiyenera kuyezedwa ndi chitsanzo cha chipangizo, sinthani magawo a spectrometer ya ma atomiki, kuphatikizapo gwero la kuwala, atomizer, chowunikira, ndi zina zotero. Yezerani kuyamwa kwa holmium. Ikani chitsanzocho kuti chiyezedwe mu atomizer, ndi kutulutsa ma radiation opepuka a utali winawake wautali kupyola mu gwero la kuwala. Chinthu cha holmium chomwe chidzayezedwe chidzayamwa ma radiation awa ndi kupanga kusintha kwa mphamvu. Yezerani kuyamwa kwa holmium kudzera mu chowunikira. Werengani zomwe zili mu holmium. Malinga ndi kuyamwa komanso kupindika kokhazikika, zomwe zili mu holmium zimawerengedwa. Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chida choyezera holmium.
Holmium (Ho) muyezo: holmium okusayidi (kuwunika kalasi).
Njira: Yeretsani molondola 1.1455g Ho2O3, sungunulani mu 20mL 5Mole hydrochloric acid, tsitsani ku 1L ndi madzi, kuchuluka kwa Ho mu njira iyi ndi 1000μg/mL. Sungani mu botolo la polyethylene kutali ndi kuwala.
Mtundu wamoto: nitrous oxide-acetylene, lawi lolemera
Kusanthula magawo: Wavelength (nm) 410.4 Spectral bandwidth (nm) 0.2
Zosefera 0.6 Nyali yovomerezeka (mA) 6
Mphamvu yamagetsi yopanda mphamvu (v) 384.5
Kutalika kwa mutu woyaka (mm) 12
Integration nthawi (S) 3
Kuthamanga kwa mpweya ndi kuyenda (MP, mL/min) 0.25, 5000
Kuthamanga kwa nitrous oxide ndi kutuluka (MP, mL/mphindi) 0.22, 5000
Kuthamanga kwa Acetylene ndi kutuluka (MP, mL/mphindi) 0.1, 4500
Linear corelation coefficient 0.9980
Kukhazikika kwa Makhalidwe (μg/mL) 0.841
Njira yowerengera Njira yopitilira Kuthetsa acidity 0.5%
HCl yoyezera tebulo:
Mpiringidzo wa Calibration:
Kusokoneza: Holmium ndi ionized pang'ono mu lawi la nitrous oxide-acetylene. Kuonjezera potaziyamu nitrate kapena potassium chloride ku potassium ndende yomaliza ya 2000μg/mL kungalepheretse ionization ya holmium. Pantchito yeniyeni, m'pofunika kusankha njira yoyenera yoyezera malinga ndi zofunikira za malo. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza ndi kuzindikira cadmium m'ma laboratories ndi mafakitale.
Holmium yawonetsa kuthekera kwakukulu m'magawo ambiri ndi zinthu zake zapadera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Pomvetsetsa mbiriyakale, njira zopezera,kufunika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito holmium, tikhoza kumvetsa bwino kufunika ndi kufunika kwa chinthu chamatsenga ichi. Tiyeni tiyembekeze mwachidwi ku holmium kubweretsa zodabwitsa zambiri ndi zopambana kwa anthu m'tsogolomu ndikupereka zambiri pakulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi zamakono ndi chitukuko chokhazikika.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri kapena kufunsa Holmium kulandiridwa kwaLumikizanani nafe
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Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-13-2024