Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa dziko lapansi kosowa m'dziko kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa mafakitale ake. Zida zilizonse zapamwamba, zolondola, komanso zapamwamba, zida, ndi zida sizingasiyanitsidwe ndi zitsulo zosowa. Nchifukwa chiyani chitsulo chomwecho chimapangitsa kuti ena asachite dzimbiri kuposa inu? Kodi ndi makina opikira omwewo omwe ena amakhala olimba komanso olondola kuposa inu? Kodi ndi galasi limodzi lomwe ena amatha kutentha kwambiri 1650 ° C? Chifukwa chiyani galasi la munthu wina limakhala ndi index yokwera kwambiri chonchi? Chifukwa chiyani Toyota ingakwaniritse zotentha kwambiri zamagalimoto padziko lonse lapansi za 41%? Zonsezi zikugwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosawerengeka.
Zosowa zapadziko lapansi, omwe amadziwikanso kuti maelementi osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndi mawu ophatikiza 17 a zinthuscandium, yttrium, ndi mndandanda wa lanthanide mu gulu la periodic tebulo IIIB, lomwe nthawi zambiri limayimiridwa ndi R kapena RE. Scandium ndi yttrium zimatengedwa kuti ndizosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamodzi ndi zinthu za lanthanide muzosungiramo mchere ndipo zimakhala ndi mankhwala ofanana.
Mosiyana ndi dzina lake, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi (kupatula promethium) zomwe zili mu kutumphuka ndizokwera kwambiri, ndipo cerium ili pa nambala 25 pakuchuluka kwa zinthu zakuthambo, zomwe zimawerengera 0.0068% (pafupi ndi mkuwa). Komabe, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake a geochemical, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri siziwonjezedwa kuti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachuma. Dzina la zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa kwambiri limachokera ku kusowa kwawo. Mchere woyamba wosowa kwambiri umene anthu anaupeza unali wa silicon beryllium yttrium ore wotengedwa mumgodi wa m’mudzi wa Iterbi, ku Sweden, kumene kunachokera mayina ambiri osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Mayina awo ndi zizindikiro za mankhwala ndiSc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Yb, ndi Lu. Manambala awo a atomiki ndi 21 (Sc), 39 (Y), 57 (La) mpaka 71 (Lu).
The Discovery History of Rare Earth Elements
Mu 1787, Swedish CA Arrhenius anapeza zachilendo zachilendo earth metal ore wakuda m'tauni yaing'ono ya Ytterby pafupi Stockholm. Mu 1794, J. Gadolin wa ku Finland anapatula chinthu china chatsopano m’bukuli. Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake (1797), AG Ekeberg wa ku Sweden adatsimikizira kupezedwaku ndipo adatcha chinthu chatsopanocho yttria (yttrium earth) kutengera malo omwe adapezeka. Kenako, pokumbukira Gadolinite, mtundu uwu wa ore amatchedwa gadolinite. Mu 1803, akatswiri a zamankhwala a ku Germany MH Klaproth, akatswiri a zamankhwala a ku Sweden JJ Berzelius, ndi W. Hisinger anapeza chinthu chatsopano - ceria - kuchokera ku ore (cerium silicate ore). Mu 1839, Swedish CG Mosander anapeza lanthanum. Mu 1843, Musander anapeza terbium ndi erbium kachiwiri. Mu 1878, Swiss Marinac anapeza ytterbium. Mu 1879, Afalansa adapeza samarium, aku Sweden adapeza holmium ndi thulium, ndipo a Sweden adapeza scandium. Mu 1880, Swiss Marinac anapeza gadolinium. Mu 1885, wa ku Austria A. von Wels bach anapeza praseodymium ndi neodymium. Mu 1886, Bouvabadrand anapeza dysprosium. Mu 1901, munthu wa ku France EA Demarcay anapeza europium. Mu 1907, munthu wa ku France G. Urban anapeza lutetium. Mu 1947, anthu aku America monga JA Marinsky adapeza promethium kuchokera ku uranium fission product. Zinatenga zaka zopitilira 150 kuchokera pakulekanitsidwa kwa yttrium Earth ndi Gadolin mu 1794 mpaka kupanga promethium mu 1947.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Rare Earth Elements
Zosowa zapadziko lapansiAmadziwika kuti "mavitamini am'mafakitale" ndipo ali ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zamaginito, zowoneka bwino komanso zamagetsi, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yayikulu pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito, kukulitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchepa kwake, maiko osowa padziko lapansi akhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera kapangidwe kazinthu, kuchulukitsa zaukadaulo, komanso kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wamakampani. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga zitsulo, zankhondo, petrochemical, zoumba zamagalasi, ulimi, ndi zida zatsopano.
Makampani a Metallurgical
Dziko lapansi losowawakhala ntchito m'munda zitsulo kwa zaka zoposa 30, ndipo wapanga umisiri okhwima ndi njira. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka yosowa muzitsulo ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo ndi gawo lalikulu komanso lalikulu lomwe liri ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu. Kuphatikiza kwa zitsulo zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi, ma fluoride, ndi ma silicides ku chitsulo kumatha kukhala ndi gawo pakuyenga, desulfurization, kusokoneza zonyansa zotsika zosungunuka, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito achitsulo; Osowa Earth silicon iron alloy ndi osowa earth silicon magnesium alloy amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati spheroidizing agents kuti apange chitsulo chosowa padziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha kuyenerera kwawo kwapadera popanga zida zachitsulo zovuta zokhala ndi zofunikira zapadera, chitsulo chamtunduwu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale opanga makina monga magalimoto, mathirakitala, ndi injini za dizilo; Kuonjezera zitsulo zapadziko lapansi kuzinthu zopanda chitsulo monga magnesiamu, aluminiyamu, mkuwa, zinki, ndi faifi tambala zimatha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya thupi ndi mankhwala a alloy, komanso kumapangitsanso kutentha kwa chipinda ndi kutentha kwambiri.
Military Field
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino kwambiri monga photoelectricity ndi magnetism, dziko lapansi losowa limatha kupanga zida zatsopano zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndikuwongolera kwambiri magwiridwe antchito azinthu zina. Chifukwa chake, amadziwika kuti "golide wamakampani". Choyamba, kuwonjezera kwa nthaka yosowa kungathandize kwambiri kuti zitsulo, ma aluminiyamu apangidwe, ma aloyi a magnesium, ndi titaniyamu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga akasinja, ndege, ndi zoponya zoponya. Kuphatikiza apo, nthaka yosowa itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mafuta opangira zinthu zambiri zamakono monga zamagetsi, ma lasers, mafakitale a nyukiliya, ndi superconductivity. Ukadaulo wapadziko lapansi ukadzagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu ankhondo, mosakayikira udzabweretsa patsogolo luso lankhondo. Mwanjira ina, kulamulira kwakukulu kwa asitikali aku US munkhondo zingapo zam'deralo pambuyo pa Cold War, komanso kuthekera kwake kupha adani poyera popanda chilango, kumachokera kuukadaulo wake wosowa padziko lapansi, monga Superman.
Petrochemical industry
Zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zopangira ma cell sieve mumakampani a petrochemical, zokhala ndi zabwino monga kuchita zinthu zambiri, kusankha bwino, komanso kukana mwamphamvu ku poizoni wazitsulo zolemera. Choncho, iwo m'malo zotayidwa silicate zopangira mafuta chothandizira akulimbana njira; Popanga kupanga ammonia, kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka nitrate padziko lapansi kamene kamagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cocatalyst, ndipo mphamvu yake yopangira mpweya ndi 1.5 nthawi yayikulu kuposa ya nickel aluminium catalyst; Popanga mphira wa cis-1,4-polybutadiene ndi mphira wa isoprene, chinthu chomwe chimapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chothandizira chapadziko lapansi cha cycloalkanoate triisobutyl aluminiyamu chimakhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri, yokhala ndi zabwino zake monga zomatira zocheperako, ntchito yokhazikika, komanso njira yayifupi yochiritsira. ; Ma oxides amtundu wosowa padziko lapansi atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chothandizira kuyeretsa mpweya wochokera ku injini zoyatsira mkati, ndipo cerium naphthenate itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chowumitsa utoto.
Galasi-ceramic
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi m'makampani a galasi ndi ceramic ku China kwachulukirachulukira pafupifupi 25% kuyambira 1988, kufika pafupifupi matani 1600 mu 1998. Zoumba zamagalasi osowa padziko lapansi sizinthu zachikhalidwe zokha zamakampani ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, komanso zinthu zopangira magalasi osowa padziko lapansi. membala wamkulu wa gawo laukadaulo wapamwamba. Ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi kapena machubu osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ufa wopukutira wamagalasi owala, magalasi owonera, machubu azithunzi, machubu a oscilloscope, magalasi athyathyathya, pulasitiki, ndi zitsulo zamagetsi; Pogwiritsa ntchito galasi losungunuka, cerium dioxide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu ya okosijeni pachitsulo, kuchepetsa chitsulo mu galasi ndikukwaniritsa cholinga chochotsa mtundu wobiriwira mu galasi; Kuonjezera ma oxides osowa padziko lapansi kumatha kupanga magalasi owoneka ndi magalasi apadera pazolinga zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza magalasi omwe amatha kuyamwa cheza cha ultraviolet, asidi ndi magalasi osamva kutentha, magalasi osamva ma X-ray, ndi zina zambiri; Kuonjezera zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimasoweka ku glaze za ceramic ndi porcelain zitha kuchepetsa kugawika kwa zonyezimira ndikupanga zinthu kukhala zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zowala, kuzipangitsa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani a ceramic.
Ulimi
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti zinthu zomwe sizipezeka m'nthaka zimatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa chlorophyll muzomera, kukulitsa photosynthesis, kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mizu, ndikuwonjezera kuyamwa kwa michere ndi mizu. Zinthu zomwe sizipezeka m'nthaka zimathanso kulimbikitsa kumera kwa mbewu, kukulitsa kameredwe ka mbewu, komanso kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mbande. Kuphatikiza pa ntchito zazikuluzikulu zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, ilinso ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsira kukana kwa matenda, kukana kuzizira, komanso kukana chilala kwa mbewu zina. Kafukufuku wochuluka wasonyezanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito moyenerera zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizikupezeka kungathe kulimbikitsa kuyamwa, kusinthika, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa michere ndi zomera. Kupopera mbewu mankhwala osowa padziko lapansi kumatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa Vc, shuga wokwanira, ndi chiŵerengero cha asidi wa shuga wa zipatso za maapulo ndi zipatso za citrus, kulimbikitsa mtundu wa zipatso ndi kucha msanga. Ndipo imatha kupondereza mphamvu ya kupuma panthawi yosungira ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka.
Zatsopano munda
Zosowa za neodymium iron boron okhazikika maginito chuma, ndi mkulu remanence, high coercivity, ndi mkulu maginito mphamvu mankhwala, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi ndi zakuthambo ndi kuyendetsa makina opangira mphepo (makamaka oyenera zomera offshore mphamvu); Garnet mtundu ferrite makhiristo limodzi ndi ma polycrystals opangidwa ndi kuphatikiza koyera osowa padziko lapansi okusayidi ndi ferric okusayidi angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu microwave ndi mafakitale amagetsi; Yttrium aluminium garnet ndi galasi la neodymium lopangidwa ndi kuyeretsedwa kwakukulu kwa neodymium oxide angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zipangizo zolimba za laser; Ma hexaborides osowa padziko lapansi angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zida za cathode zotulutsa ma elekitironi; Lanthanum nickel metal ndi zinthu zatsopano zosungiramo haidrojeni m'zaka za m'ma 1970; Lanthanum chromate ndi zinthu zotentha kwambiri za thermoelectric; Pakalipano, mayiko padziko lonse lapansi achita bwino kwambiri pakupanga zida za superconducting pogwiritsa ntchito ma oxides a barium yosinthidwa ndi zinthu za okosijeni zamkuwa za barium yttrium, zomwe zimatha kupeza ma superconductors mumadzi otentha a nayitrogeni. Kuonjezera apo, maiko osowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyatsa magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga fulorosenti ufa, kukulitsa chophimba cha fulorosenti ufa, ufa wa fulorosenti wamitundu itatu, ndi ufa wa nyali (koma chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo yosowa padziko lapansi), ntchito zawo pakuwunikira zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono), komanso zinthu zamagetsi monga ma TV ndi mapiritsi; Paulimi, kugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa nitrate m'nthaka kumunda kumatha kukulitsa zokolola ndi 5-10%; M'makampani opanga nsalu zopepuka, ma chloride osowa padziko lapansi amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri potentha ubweya, utoto, utoto waubweya, ndi utoto wamakapeti; Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito posinthira makina osinthira magalimoto kuti asinthe zowononga zazikulu kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni pakutha kwa injini.
Mapulogalamu ena
Zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana za digito, kuphatikiza zomvera, kujambula, ndi zida zoyankhulirana, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zingapo monga zing'onozing'ono, zachangu, zopepuka, zogwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali, komanso kusunga mphamvu. Nthawi yomweyo, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kumadera angapo monga mphamvu zobiriwira, chisamaliro chaumoyo, kuyeretsa madzi, ndi zoyendera.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-16-2023