Hafniumamatha kupanga ma aloyi ndi zitsulo zina, zomwe zimayimilira kwambiri ndi hafnium tantalum alloy, monga pentacarbide tetratantalum ndi hafnium (Ta4HfC5), yomwe imakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri. Malo osungunuka a pentacarbide tetratantalum ndi hafnium amatha kufika 4215 ℃, kupangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri.
Hafnium, yokhala ndi chizindikiro cha mankhwala Hf, ndi chinthu chachitsulo chomwe chili m'gulu lachitsulo chosinthira. Maonekedwe ake oyambira ndi silver gray ndipo ali ndi zitsulo zonyezimira. Ili ndi kulimba kwa Mohs kwa 5.5, malo osungunuka a 2233 ℃, ndipo ndi pulasitiki. Hafnium imatha kupanga zokutira za oxide mumlengalenga, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amakhala okhazikika kutentha. Powdered hafnium imatha kuyatsa mlengalenga, ndipo imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi mpweya ndi nayitrogeni pa kutentha kwambiri. Hafnium sichitapo kanthu ndi madzi, imachepetsa ma asidi monga hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, ndi mankhwala amphamvu amchere. Imasungunuka mu ma acid amphamvu monga aqua regia ndi hydrofluoric acid, ndipo imakhala ndi kukana dzimbiri.
Chinthuhafniuminapezeka mu 1923. Hafnium ili ndi zochepa zomwe zili mu dziko lapansi, 0.00045% yokha. Nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zirconium zachitsulo ndipo zilibe miyala yosiyana. Hafnium imapezeka m'migodi yambiri ya zirconium, monga beryllium zircon, zircon, ndi mchere wina. Mitundu iwiri yoyambirira ya ore imakhala ndi hafnium yambiri koma malo ocheperako, ndipo zircon ndiye gwero lalikulu la hafnium. Padziko lonse lapansi, nkhokwe zonse za hafnium ndizoposa matani 1 miliyoni. Maiko omwe ali ndi nkhokwe zazikulu makamaka akuphatikizapo South Africa, Australia, United States, Brazil, India, ndi madera ena. Migodi ya Hafnium imagawidwanso ku Guangxi ndi zigawo zina za China.
Mu 1925, asayansi awiri ochokera ku Sweden ndi Netherlands adapeza chinthu cha hafnium ndikukonza chitsulo hafnium pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya fluorinated complex salt fractional crystallization njira ndi zitsulo zochepetsera sodium. Hafnium ili ndi zida ziwiri za kristalo ndipo imawonetsa kulongedza kwa hexagonal wandiweyani pa kutentha pansi pa 1300 ℃ (α- Kutentha kukakhala pamwamba pa 1300 ℃, kumawoneka ngati thupi lokhala ndi mawonekedwe a cubic (β- Equation). Hafnium ilinso ndi ma isotopu asanu ndi limodzi okhazikika, omwe ndi hafnium 174, hafnium 176, hafnium 177, hafnium 178, hafnium 179, ndi hafnium 180. Padziko lonse lapansi, United States ndi France ndizomwe amapanga hafnium yachitsulo.
Zosakaniza zazikulu za hafnium zikuphatikizapohafnium dioksidindi (HfO2), hafnium tetrachloride (HfCl4), ndi hafnium hydroxide (H4HfO4). Hafnium dioxide ndi hafnium tetrachloride angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zitsulohafnium, hafnium dioxideAngagwiritsidwenso ntchito pokonza ma aloyi a hafnium, ndipo hafnium hydroxide angagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzekera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya hafnium. Hafnium imatha kupanga ma aloyi ndi zitsulo zina, zomwe zimayimilira kwambiri ndi hafnium tantalum alloy, monga pentacarbide tetratantalum ndi hafnium (Ta4HfC5), yomwe imakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri. Malo osungunuka a pentacarbide tetratantalum ndi hafnium amatha kufika 4215 ℃, kupangitsa kuti ikhale chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chili ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri.
Malinga ndi "2022-2026 Deep Market Research and Investment Strategy Suggestions Report on Metal Hafnium Industry" yotulutsidwa ndi Xinsijie Industry Research Center, hafnium yachitsulo itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma incandescent nyali, ma X-ray chubu cathodes, ndi ma processor gate dielectrics. ; Hafnium tungsten alloy ndi hafnium molybdenum alloy angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ma elekitirodi otulutsa machubu apamwamba kwambiri, pomwe aloyi a hafnium tantalum angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zida zokana ndi zitsulo zamagetsi; Carbide carbide (HfC) angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa rocket nozzles ndi ndege kutsogolo zigawo zoteteza, pamene hafnium boride (HfB2) angagwiritsidwe ntchito monga aloyi kutentha mkulu; Kuphatikiza apo, hafnium yachitsulo imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la mayamwidwe a neutroni ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chowongolera komanso chida choteteza cha ma reactor a atomiki.
Ofufuza zamakampani ochokera ku Xinsijie adanenanso kuti chifukwa cha zabwino zake za kukana kwa okosijeni, kukana kwa dzimbiri, kukana kutentha kwambiri, komanso kuwongolera bwino, hafnium ili ndi ntchito zambiri zakutsika kwazitsulo, ma aloyi, mankhwala, ndi zina, monga zida zamagetsi, zida zolimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, zida zolimba za aloyi, ndi zida zamphamvu za atomiki. Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha mafakitale monga zida zatsopano, zidziwitso zamagetsi, ndi zakuthambo, magawo ogwiritsira ntchito hafnium akukulirakulirabe, ndipo zatsopano zikutuluka nthawi zonse. Chiyembekezo cha chitukuko chamtsogolo chikulonjeza.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-27-2023