Nanometer rare earth materials, mphamvu yatsopano mu kusintha kwa mafakitale

Nanometer rare earth materials, mphamvu yatsopano mu kusintha kwa mafakitale

Nanotechnology ndi gawo latsopano lamitundu yosiyanasiyana lomwe linapangidwa pang'onopang'ono kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Chifukwa chakuti ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kopanga njira zatsopano zopangira, zipangizo zatsopano ndi zinthu zatsopano, zidzayambitsa kusintha kwa mafakitale atsopano m'zaka za m'ma 1950. Asayansi ambiri odzipereka pankhaniyi amaneneratu kuti chitukuko cha nanotechnology chidzakhudza kwambiri mbali zambiri zaukadaulo. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti ili ndi zinthu zachilendo komanso magwiridwe antchito apadera,Zotsatira zazikulu zotsekeredwa zomwe zimatsogolera kuzinthu zachilendo za nano rare earth materials ndizowoneka bwino pamtunda, mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe owonekera, mawonekedwe a ngalande ndi macroscopic quantum effect. Zotsatirazi zimapangitsa kuti thupi la nano system likhale losiyana ndi la zipangizo zamakono zowunikira, magetsi, kutentha ndi maginito, ndipo zimapereka zinthu zambiri zatsopano. ma nanomatadium omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri; Pangani ndikukonzekera zida ndi zida zosiyanasiyana za nano; Kuzindikira ndi kusanthula katundu wa nano-regions. Pakadali pano, dziko lapansi la nano rare makamaka lili ndi mayendedwe otsatirawa, ndipo kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake kuyenera kukonzedwanso mtsogolo.

Nanometer lanthanum oxide (La2O3)

Nanometer lanthanum oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida za piezoelectric, electrothermal materials, thermoelectric materials, magnetoresistance materials, luminescent materials (blue ufa), hydrogen storage materials, optical glass, laser materials, aloyi zosiyanasiyana, zothandizira pokonzekera mankhwala organic, ndi zothandizira kuti neutralizing. utsi wamagalimoto, ndi kutembenuka kwa kuwala kwaulimi mafilimu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku nanometer lanthanum oxide.

Nanometer cerium oxide (CeO2)

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa nano cerium oxide ndi motere: 1. Monga chowonjezera cha galasi, nano cerium oxide imatha kuyamwa kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi kuwala kwa infrared, ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa galasi la galimoto. Sizingalepheretse kuwala kwa ultraviolet, komanso kuchepetsa kutentha mkati mwa galimoto, motero kupulumutsa magetsi ku mpweya. 2. Kugwiritsa ntchito nano cerium oxide mu chothandizira choyeretsera utsi wagalimoto kumatha kuletsa bwino mpweya wambiri wotulutsa magalimoto kuti usatuluke mumlengalenga.3. Nano-cerium oxide itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu pigment to color plastics, komanso itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto, inki ndi mafakitale amapepala. 4. Kugwiritsa ntchito nano cerium oxide mu zipangizo zopukutira kwadziwika kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupukuta zitsulo za silicon ndi safiro imodzi ya crystal substrates.5. Kuphatikiza apo, nano cerium oxide itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuzinthu zosungira ma hydrogen, zida za thermoelectric, nano cerium oxide tungsten maelekitirodi, ma capacitors a ceramic, piezoelectric ceramics, nano cerium oxide silicon carbide abrasives, mafuta cell zopangira, zopangira mafuta, zida zina zokhazikika zamaginito, zitsulo zosiyanasiyana za aloyi ndi zitsulo zopanda chitsulo, etc.

Nanometer praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11)

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi nanometer praseodymium oxide ndi izi: 1. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga zitsulo zadothi ndi zoumba tsiku ndi tsiku. Itha kusakanikirana ndi glaze ya ceramic kuti ipangitse glaze yamitundu, komanso itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati underglaze pigment yokha. Pigment yokonzedwa ndi yopepuka yachikasu ndi kamvekedwe koyera komanso kokongola. 2. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maginito okhazikika ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi ndi ma mota. 3. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta opangira mafuta.Ntchitoyi, kusankha ndi kukhazikika kwa catalysis zikhoza kusintha. 4. Nano-praseodymium okusayidi itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito popukuta abrasive. Komanso, ntchito nanometer praseodymium okusayidi m'munda wa kuwala CHIKWANGWANI ndi mochuluka kwambiri.

Nanometer neodymium oxide (Nd2O3)

Nanometer neodymium oxide yakhala malo otentha pamsika kwazaka zambiri chifukwa cha malo ake apadera pazachilengedwe. Nano-neodymium okusayidi umagwiritsidwanso ntchito sanali ferrous materials.Kuwonjezera 1.5% ~ 2.5% nano neodymium okusayidi mu magnesium kapena zotayidwa aloyi akhoza kusintha mkulu kutentha ntchito, zothina mpweya ndi dzimbiri kukana aloyi, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zakuthambo. zinthu zopangira ndege. Kuphatikiza apo, nano yttrium aluminium garnet yopangidwa ndi nano neodymium oxide imapanga mtanda wa laser wozungulira, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwotcherera ndi kudula zida zoonda ndi makulidwe ochepera 10mm m'makampani. Kumbali ya zamankhwala, Nano-YAG laser doped ndi nano-Nd _ 2O _3 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa mabala opangira opaleshoni kapena kupha mabala m'malo mwa mipeni yopangira opaleshoni. Nanometer neodymium oxide imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokongoletsa magalasi ndi zida za ceramic, zinthu za mphira ndi zowonjezera.

Samarium oxide nanoparticles (Sm2O3)

Ntchito zazikulu za nano-kakulidwe samarium okusayidi ndi: nano-kakulidwe samarium okusayidi ndi kuwala chikasu, amene ntchito pa ceramic capacitors ndi chothandizira. Kuphatikiza apo, nano-kakulidwe samarium oxide ili ndi zida za nyukiliya, ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zomangira, zotchingira ndi zinthu zowongolera zamphamvu ya atomiki, kuti mphamvu yayikulu yopangidwa ndi nyukiliya ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosamala. Europium oxide nanoparticles (Eu2O3) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu phosphors.Eu3 + imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati activator ya red phosphor, ndipo Eu2 + imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phosphor ya buluu. Y0O3:Eu3+ ndiye phosphor yabwino kwambiri pakuwunikira bwino, kukhazikika kwa zokutira, mtengo wochira, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa chowongolera bwino komanso kusiyanitsa. Posachedwapa, nano europium oxide imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati stimulated emission phosphor pa X-ray medical diagnosis system. zipangizo zolamulira, zipangizo zotetezera ndi zipangizo zamapangidwe a ma atomiki. Fine particle gadolinium europium oxide (Y2O3:Eu3+) phosphor yofiira inakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito nano yttrium oxide (Y2O3) ndi nano europium oxide (Eu2O3) ngati zipangizo. Pogwiritsira ntchito pokonzekera osowa lapansi tricolor phosphor, anapeza kuti: (a) akhoza kukhala bwino ndi uniformly wothira wobiriwira ufa ndi buluu ufa; (b) Kuchita bwino kwa zokutira; (c) Chifukwa tinthu tating'ono ta ufa wofiira ndi waung'ono, malo enieniwo amawonjezeka ndipo kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumawonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa ufa wofiira mumtundu wa tricolor phosphors wapadziko lapansi ukhoza kuchepetsedwa, zomwe zimabweretsa mtengo wotsika.

Gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (Gd2O3)

Ntchito zake zazikulu ndi izi: 1. Madzi ake osungunuka a paramagnetic amatha kusintha chizindikiro cha NMR chojambula cha thupi la munthu mu chithandizo chamankhwala. 2. Base sulfure okusayidi angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati masanjidwewo gululi wa oscilloscope chubu ndi X-ray chophimba ndi kuwala kwapadera. 3. Nano-gadolinium oxide mu nano-gadolinium gallium garnet ndi gawo limodzi loyenera la maginito kuwira kukumbukira. 4. Pamene palibe Camot mkombero malire, Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati olimba maginito kuzirala sing'anga. 5. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choletsa kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ma chain reaction of nyukiliya kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo champhamvu zanyukiliya. Kuonjezera apo, kugwiritsa ntchito nano-gadolinium oxide ndi nano-lanthanum oxide kumathandiza kusintha dera la vitrification ndikuwongolera kutentha kwa galasi. Nano gadolinium oxide itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ma capacitor ndi ma X-ray intensifying screens.Pakali pano, dziko lapansi likuyesetsa kwambiri kupanga nano-gadolinium oxide ndi ma aloyi ake mufiriji yamaginito, ndipo yapita patsogolo kwambiri.

Terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb4O7)

Magawo akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito ndi awa: 1. Phosphors amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati oyambitsa ufa wobiriwira mu tricolor phosphors, monga phosphate matrix yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi nano terbium oxide, matrix silicate yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi nano terbium oxide ndi nano cerium oxide magnesium aluminate matrix yoyendetsedwa ndi nano terbium. oxide, yomwe yonse imatulutsa kuwala kobiriwira mu mkhalidwe wokondwa. 2. Zipangizo zosungirako maginito, M'zaka zaposachedwa, zida za nano-terbium oxide magneto-optical zafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa. Magneto-optical disk yopangidwa ndi filimu ya Tb-Fe amorphous imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chosungirako makompyuta, ndipo mphamvu yosungiramo imatha kuwonjezeka ndi 10 ~ 15 nthawi. 3. Magneto-optical glass, Faraday optically active glass yomwe ili ndi nanometer terbium oxide, ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri popanga rotator, isolators, annulators ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu laser technology.Nanometer terbium oxide nanometer dysprosium oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu sonar, ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ambiri, monga dongosolo la jakisoni wamafuta, kuwongolera valavu yamadzimadzi, kuyikika yaying'ono, makina oyendetsa makina, makina owongolera mapiko a telescope yamlengalenga.

Nano Dysprosium oxide Dy2O3

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwa Dy2O3 nano dysprosium oxide ndi:1. Nano-dysprosium oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati activator ya phosphor, ndipo trivalent nano-dysprosium oxide ndi ion yodalirika yoyambitsa zinthu za tricolor luminescent yokhala ndi luminescent imodzi yapakati. Makamaka imakhala ndi magulu awiri otulutsa mpweya, imodzi ndi kuwala kwachikasu, ina ndi kuwala kwa buluu, ndipo zipangizo zounikira zokhala ndi nano-dysprosium oxide zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati tricolor phosphors.2. Nanometer dysprosium okusayidi ndi zofunika zitsulo zopangira pokonzekera Terfenol aloyi ndi lalikulu magnetostrictive aloyi okusayidi nano-terbium okusayidi nano-dysprosium okusayidi, amene angathe kuzindikira zinthu zenizeni za kayendedwe makina. 3. Nanometer dysprosium okusayidi zitsulo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati magneto-kuwala zinthu yosungirako ndi mkulu kujambula liwiro ndi tilinazo kuwerenga. 4. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera nanometer dysprosium oxide lamp.Chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyali ya nano dysprosium oxide ndi nano dysprosium oxide, yomwe ili ndi ubwino wa kuwala kwakukulu, mtundu wabwino, kutentha kwamtundu, kukula kochepa ndi arc khola, ndipo wakhala amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lounikira filimu ndi kusindikiza. 5. Nanometer dysprosium oxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya nyutroni kapena ngati choyezera nyutroni mumakampani opanga mphamvu za atomiki chifukwa cha gawo lalikulu la nyutroni.

Nanometer ya Ho2O3

Ntchito zazikulu za nano-holmium oxide ndi izi: 1. Monga chowonjezera cha nyali ya halogen yachitsulo, nyali yachitsulo ya halogen ndi mtundu wa nyali yotulutsa mpweya, yomwe imapangidwa pamaziko a nyali ya mercury yapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo khalidwe lake ndi kuti babu wadzazidwa ndi zosiyanasiyana osowa lapansi halides. Pakali pano, ma iodide osowa padziko lapansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, omwe amatulutsa mizere yowoneka bwino pamene gasi akutuluka.Chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyali ya nano-holmium oxide ndi nano-holmium oxide iodide, yomwe imatha kupeza kuchuluka kwa atomu yachitsulo m'dera la arc, motero. bwino kwambiri ma radiation. 2. Nanometer holmium okusayidi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha yttrium chitsulo kapena yttrium aluminium garnet; 3. Nano-holmium oxide ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati yttrium iron aluminium garnet (Ho: YAG), yomwe imatha kutulutsa laser 2μm, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe a minofu yamunthu ku 2μm laser ndikokwera kwambiri. YAG0. Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito laser ya Ho: YAG pachipatala, sizingangowonjezera magwiridwe antchito komanso kulondola, komanso kuchepetsa malo owonongeka ndi matenthedwe kukhala ochepa. Mtengo waulere wopangidwa ndi nano holmium oxide crystal ukhoza kuthetsa mafuta popanda kutentha kwambiri, potero kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa kutentha komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi minofu yathanzi. opaleshoni. 4. Mu magnetostrictive aloyi Terfenol-D, pang'ono wa nano-kakulidwe holmium okusayidi angathe kuonjezedwa kuchepetsa munda kunja chofunika machulukitsidwe magnetization wa aloyi.5. Kuonjezera apo, optical fiber doped ndi nano-holmium oxide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zipangizo zoyankhulirana za kuwala monga optical fiber lasers, optical fiber amplifiers, optical fiber sensors, ndi zina zotero.

Nano Erbium (III) oxide

Zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi:

1. Kutulutsa kwa kuwala kwa nanometer Erbium(III) oxide pa 1550nm ndikofunika kwambiri, chifukwa kutalika kwa mafundewa ndiko kutayika kochepa kwa fiber-optic communication. Pambuyo posangalala ndi kuwala kwa 980nm ndi 1480nm, nanometer Erbium (III) oxide ion ion imasintha kuchokera pansi 4115/2 kupita ku dziko lamphamvu kwambiri 4113/2. Pamene Er3 + m'malo amphamvu kwambiri ikusintha kubwerera pansi, imatulutsa kuwala kwa 1550nm wavelength. Chingwe cha quartz chimatha kufalitsa kuwala kosiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana, Komabe, mitundu yosiyana ya kuwala kwa kuwala imasiyanasiyana, ndi 1550nm frequency band yokhala ndi mawonekedwe otsika kwambiri (0.15 decibel pa kilomita) pamafayilo amtundu wa quartz, womwe ndi pafupifupi kutsika kwa malire. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana kwa fiber optic kukagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuwala kwazizindikiro pa 1550nm, kutayika kwa kuwala kumachepetsedwa. Mwanjira iyi, ngati kuchuluka koyenera kwa nano Erbium(III) oxide kulowetsedwa mu matrix oyenerera, amplifier imatha kubweza kutayika mu njira yolumikizirana molingana ndi mfundo ya laser. Chifukwa chake, mu netiweki yama telecommunication yomwe ikufunika kukulitsa siginecha ya 1550nm, nano Erbium(III) oxide doped fiber amplifier ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri chowonera. Pakadali pano, nano Erbium(III) oxide doped silica fiber amplifier yagulitsidwa. Amanenedwa kuti pofuna kupewa kuyamwa kopanda phindu, kuchuluka kwa doping kwa nano Erbium(III) oxide mu fiber ndi makumi mpaka mazana a ppm. Kukula mwachangu kwa kulumikizana kwa fiber optical kudzatsegula gawo latsopano la nano Erbium(III) oxide.

2. Laser crystal yopangidwa ndi nanometer Erbium(III) oxide ndi kutulutsa kwake kwa 1730nm laser ndi 1550nm laser ndikotetezeka kwa maso aumunthu, kumakhala ndi ntchito yabwino yotumizira mumlengalenga, kukhala ndi luso lolowera utsi wamphamvu kubwalo lankhondo, chinsinsi chabwino, sichophweka kukhala. zozindikirika ndi mdani, ndikukhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu powunikira zolinga zankhondo. Chombo chonyamula cha Laser rangefinder chapangidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito pankhondo, chomwe chili chotetezeka kwa anthu.

3. Nanometer Erbium(III) okusayidi akhoza kuwonjezeredwa mu galasi kupanga osowa galasi lapansi laser chuma, amene ndi olimba laser zinthu ndi yaikulu linanena bungwe zimachitika mphamvu ndi apamwamba linanena bungwe mphamvu panopa.

4. Nanometer Erbium(III) okusayidi Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati ion kutsegula kwa osowa lapansi mmwamba kutembenuka laser zipangizo.

5. Nanometer Erbium(III) oxide itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pochotsa utoto ndi utoto wagalasi lamaso ndi galasi la crystalline.

Nanometer yttrium oxide (Y2O3)

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi nano yttrium oxide ndi izi: 1. Zowonjezera zazitsulo ndi zopanda chitsulo. FeCr aloyi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi 0.5% ~ 4% nano yttrium oxide, yomwe imatha kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa okosijeni ndi ductility wazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. bwino dzulo, Iwo akhoza m'malo ena sing'anga ndi amphamvu zotayidwa aloyi kwa zigawo anatsindika ndege; Kuwonjezera pang'ono kwa nano yttrium oxide osowa padziko lapansi mu Al-Zr alloy kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe ka aloyi; Aloyiyi yatengedwa ndi mafakitale ambiri amawaya ku China. Nano-yttrium oxide idawonjezedwa mu aloyi yamkuwa kuti ipititse patsogolo madutsidwe ndi mphamvu zamakina. 2. Silicon nitride ceramic zinthu zomwe zili ndi 6% nano yttrium oxide ndi 2% aluminium. 3. Kubowola, kudula, kuwotcherera ndi kukonza makina ena kumachitika pazigawo zazikuluzikulu pogwiritsa ntchito nano neodymium oxide aluminium garnet laser mtengo ndi mphamvu ya 400 Watts. 4. Chophimba cha electron microscope chopangidwa ndi Y-Al garnet single crystal chili ndi kuwala kwakukulu kwa fulorosenti, kuyamwa kochepa kwa kuwala kobalalika, komanso kukana kutentha kwapamwamba komanso kukana kuvala kwa makina.5. High nano yttrium oxide structure alloy yomwe ili ndi 90% nano gadolinium oxide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazandege ndi zochitika zina zomwe zimafuna kachulukidwe kakang'ono komanso malo osungunuka kwambiri. 6. Kutentha kwapamwamba kwa pulotoni zopangira zinthu zomwe zili ndi 90% nano yttrium oxide ndizofunika kwambiri pakupanga maselo amafuta, ma cell a electrolytic ndi masensa a mpweya omwe amafunikira kusungunuka kwa hydrogen. Kuphatikiza apo, Nano-yttrium okusayidi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zinthu zolimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri, kusungunula kwamafuta a atomiki riyakitala, chowonjezera chazinthu zokhazikika za maginito ndi getter mumakampani amagetsi.

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe tazitchulazi, nano rare earth oxides zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito muzovala zazaumoyo wa anthu komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Kuchokera kumagulu amakono ofufuza, onse ali ndi njira zina: kuwala kwa ultraviolet; Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi cheza cha ultraviolet sachedwa kudwala matenda apakhungu ndi khansa yapakhungu; Kupewa kuipitsidwa kumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kuti zowononga zimamatire ku zovala; Ikuphunziridwanso motsatira njira yotetezera kutentha.Chifukwa chakuti chikopa ndi chovuta komanso chosavuta kukalamba, chimakhala ndi mildew m'masiku amvula. Chikopacho chikhoza kufewetsedwa ndi bleaching ndi nano rare earth cerium oxide, yomwe siili yophweka kukalamba ndi mildew, ndipo imakhala yabwino kuvala. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zida zokutira za nano ndizonso zomwe zimayang'ana pa kafukufuku wa nano-materials, ndipo kafukufuku wamkulu amayang'ana kwambiri zokutira zogwira ntchito. Y2O3 yokhala ndi 80nm ku United States itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokutira zotchingira za infuraredi.Kuthekera kowonetsera kutentha ndikokwera kwambiri. CeO2 ili ndi index yotsika kwambiri komanso yokhazikika kwambiri. Pamene nano rare earth yttrium oxide, nano lanthanum oxide ndi nano cerium oxide ufa zimawonjezeredwa ku zokutira, khoma lakunja limatha kukana kukalamba, chifukwa chophimba chakunja chakunja chimakhala chosavuta kukalamba ndikugwa chifukwa utoto umakhala ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kuwala kwa ultraviolet. kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo imatha kukana kuwala kwa ultraviolet pambuyo powonjezera cerium oxide ndi yttrium oxide. zopangidwa chifukwa cha kuwala kwa ultraviolet, akasinja, magalimoto, zombo, akasinja osungira mafuta, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zingateteze bwino zikwangwani zazikulu zakunja ndi kuteteza mildew, chinyezi ndi kuipitsidwa kwa zokutira zamkati mkati. Chifukwa cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono, fumbi silophweka kumamatira ku khoma.Ndipo likhoza kutsukidwa ndi madzi. Palinso ntchito zambiri za nano rare earth oxides kuti zifufuzidwe mowonjezereka ndi kupangidwa, ndipo tikukhulupirira moona mtima kuti zidzakhala ndi tsogolo labwino kwambiri.