Mawu akuti 'chothandizira' akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, koma akhala akudziwika kwambiri kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, kuyambira cha m'ma 1970 pamene kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi zinthu zina zinakhala vuto. Izi zisanachitike, zidakhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuzama kwa zomera zamankhwala zomwe anthu sakanatha kuziwona, mwakachetechete koma mosalekeza kwa zaka zambiri. Ndiwo mzati waukulu wamakampani opanga mankhwala, ndipo popezeka kwa zopangira zatsopano, makampani akuluakulu a mankhwala sanapangidwebe mpaka mafakitale okhudzana ndi zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, kupezeka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira chitsulo kunayala maziko amakampani amakono opanga mankhwala, pomwe kupezeka kwa zida zopangira titaniyamu kunatsegula njira yopangira mafakitale a petrochemical ndi polymer synthesis. Ndipotu, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi pano kunayambanso ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi. Mu 1885, CAV Welsbach waku Austria adayika njira ya nitric acid yokhala ndi 99% ThO2 ndi 1% CeO2 paasibesitosi kuti apange chothandizira, chomwe chidagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zopangira nyali za nthunzi.
Pambuyo pake, ndi chitukuko cha teknoloji ya mafakitale ndi kuzama kwa kafukufuku pamayiko osowa, anapeza kuti chifukwa cha zotsatira zabwino za synergistic pakati pa mayiko osowa kwambiri ndi zitsulo zina zothandizira zitsulo, zida zapadziko lapansi zosowa kwambiri zopangidwa kuchokera ku izo sizimangokhala ndi ntchito yabwino yothandizira, komanso zimakhala ndi ntchito yabwino yotsutsa poyizoni komanso kukhazikika kwakukulu. Zimakhala zochulukira muzinthu, zotsika mtengo pamtengo, komanso zokhazikika pakugwira ntchito kuposa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ndipo zakhala mphamvu yatsopano m'munda wothandizira. Pakadali pano, zopangira zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe zasowa zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana monga kuwonongeka kwa petroleum, makampani opanga mankhwala, kuyeretsa utsi wamagalimoto, ndi kuyaka kwa gasi wachilengedwe. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka yosowa m'munda wa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kumapangitsa gawo lalikulu. United States imadya gawo lalikulu kwambiri la dziko losowa kwambiri mu catalysis, ndipo China imadyanso ndalama zambiri m'derali.
Zipangizo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zikupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo azikhalidwe monga petroleum and chemical engineering. Ndi kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso cha chilengedwe cha dziko, makamaka ndi kuyandikira kwa Masewera a Olimpiki a Beijing 2008 ndi Shanghai 2010 World Expo, kufunikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zapadziko lapansi poteteza chilengedwe, monga kuyeretsa utsi wamagalimoto, kuyaka kwamphamvu kwa gasi, mafuta amakampani ogulitsa. kuyeretsa utsi, kuyeretsa gasi wotuluka m'mafakitale, komanso kuchotseratu mpweya woipa wachilengedwe, zidzakula kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-11-2023