Zida zolimba zamphamvu

Mawu akuti 'chothandizira' chagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1800, koma zadziwika kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, koma zikuchitikanso kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, koma zikuchitikanso mpaka kusokonekera kwa zaka za m'ma 1970s pomwe panali vuto. Izi zisanachitike, zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kuya kwa mbewu za mankhwala omwe anthu samatha kuwona, mwakachetechete koma mosalekeza kwazaka zambiri. Ndi mzati wawukulu wa makampani opanga mankhwala, ndipo ndi kupezeka kwa othandizira atsopano, makampani akuluakulu amachipatala sanakonzebe mpaka makampani okhudzana ndi zinthu zofananira. Mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa mphaka chitsulo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito maziko a mafakitale amakono, pomwe kupezeka kwa canlystication ya Titaniyamu yopangidwa ndi mafayilo a Petrochemical ndi polymer. M'malo mwake, kugwiritsa ntchito koyambirira kwa zinthu zachilengedwe padziko lapansi kunayambanso ndi mphambo. Mu 1885, ku Austriach Welsbach adalemba Nitric acid yankho lake ndi 99% Tho2 ndi 1% CEO2 pa Asbestos kuti apangitse malonda a Asbestos, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga maenje a Steace Hishshades.

Pambuyo pake, ndikukula kwa ukadaulo wamakampani ndi zokulirapo zofufuzadziko lapansi, zidapezeka kuti chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwabwino pakati pa nthaka zamtundu wina ndi zigawo zina zamiyala, zida zamphongo zopangidwa ndi iwo sizimangokhala ndi ntchito yabwino yothandizira komanso kukhazikika kwamphamvu. Amakhala ndi ndalama zambiri, zotsika mtengo pamtengo, komanso khola lokhazikika kuposa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kuposa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ndipo zakhala mphamvu yatsopano mu gawo la catalytic. Pakadali pano, zopweteka zapadziko lapansi zamtunduwu zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'minda yopanda mafuta monga ma petroleum osokoneza, makampani osinthana amakono, kuyeretsedwa kwamagetsi, ndi mpweya wachilengedwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito dziko lapansi kwamtundu wa zaka za catalytic kumayiko ena. United States imawononga gawo lalikulu kwambiri la dziko lapansi ku Catalysis, ndipo China limadyanso ndalama zambiri m'derali.

Zida zam'madzi zapansi pano zikupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'minda ya ma petroleum ndi mainjiniya. Ndikupititsa patsogolo chilengedwe cha dziko lonse lapansi, makamaka poyandikira ku Beijing 2008 ndi Shanghai 2010 Chuma cha Inlory Extictic, ndipo chilengedwe cha mpweya wambiri, ndipo chimawonjezeka kwambiri.