Zosowa zapadziko lapansi | yttrium (Y)

Mu 1788, Karl Arrhenius, msilikali waku Sweden yemwe anali wokonda kuphunzira chemistry ndi mineralogy ndikusonkhanitsa ores, adapeza mchere wakuda wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a phula ndi malasha m'mudzi wa Ytterby kunja kwa Stockholm Bay, wotchedwa Ytterbit malinga ndi dzina la komweko.

Mu 1794, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Finnish John Gadolin anasanthula chitsanzo ichi cha Itebite. Zinapezeka kuti kuwonjezera pa oxides beryllium, silicon, ndi chitsulo, okusayidi munali 38% ya zinthu zosadziwika amatchedwa "dziko lapansi latsopano". Mu 1797, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Sweden, Anders Gustaf Ekeberg, anatsimikizira “dziko lapansi latsopano” limeneli ndipo analitcha yttrium earth (kutanthauza kuti okusayidi wa yttrium).

Yttriumndi chitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi zotsatirazi zazikulu ntchito.

(1) Zowonjezera zazitsulo ndi zosakaniza zopanda chitsulo. Ma alloys a FeCr amakhala ndi 0.5% mpaka 4% yttrium, yomwe imatha kukulitsa kukana kwa okosijeni ndi ductility zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri izi; Pambuyo powonjezera kuchuluka koyenera kwa yttrium wolemera osowa dziko osakaniza kuti MB26 aloyi, ntchito yonse ya aloyi ndi bwino bwino, amene akhoza m'malo ena sing'anga mphamvu zotayidwa zotayidwa ntchito mu ndege katundu katundu zigawo zikuluzikulu; Kuwonjezera pang'ono yttrium wolemera wapadziko lapansi osowa ku Al Zr alloy kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe ka aloyi; Aloyi izi wakhala anatengera ambiri m'nyumba mawaya mafakitale; Kuonjezera yttrium ku ma alloys amkuwa kumapangitsa kuti ma conductive komanso mphamvu zamakina.

(2) Zida za ceramic za silicon nitride zomwe zili ndi 6% yttrium ndi 2% aluminiyamu zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zida za injini.

(3) Gwiritsani ntchito 400W neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet laser mtengo kuti mugwiritse ntchito makina monga kubowola, kudula, ndi kuwotcherera pazinthu zazikulu.

(4) Chotchinga cha electron microscope fluorescent chopangidwa ndi Y-A1 garnet single crystal wafers chili ndi kuwala kwakukulu kwa fulorosenti, kuyamwa kochepa kwa kuwala kwamwazikana, kukana bwino kutentha kwambiri komanso kuvala kwamakina.

(5) High yttrium structural alloys yomwe ili ndi 90% yttrium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ndege ndi ntchito zina zomwe zimafuna kutsika kochepa komanso kusungunuka kwakukulu.

(6) Pakali pano, yttrium doped SrZrO3 kutentha kwambiri kwa pulotoni kuchititsa zinthu zachititsa chidwi kwambiri, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga maselo amafuta, ma cell a electrolytic ndi masensa agesi omwe amafunikira kusungunuka kwa hydrogen. Kuphatikiza apo, yttrium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kutentha kwambiri, kusungunula mafuta a nyukiliya, chowonjezera maginito okhazikika ndi getter mumakampani amagetsi.

Yttrium zitsulo ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndi yttrium aluminium garnet yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati laser material, yttrium iron garnet yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa teknoloji ya microwave ndi kutulutsa mphamvu zomveka, ndi europium doped yttrium vanadate ndi europium doped yttrium oxide yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati phosphors kwa ma TV amtundu.