Zinthu Zosowa Zapadziko | Scandium (Sc)

Mu 1879, mapulofesa a chemistry aku Sweden LF Nilson (1840-1899) ndi PT Cleve (1840-1905) adapeza chinthu chatsopano mu minerals osowa gadolinite ndi ore wakuda wagolide osowa pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo. Iwo anatcha chinthu ichi "Scandium", yomwe inali "boron ngati" chinthu chomwe chinanenedweratu ndi Mendeleev. Kupeza kwawo kumatsimikiziranso kulondola kwa lamulo la periodic la zinthu ndi kuoneratu zam'tsogolo kwa Mendeleev.

Poyerekeza ndi zinthu za lanthanide, scandium ili ndi radius yaing'ono ya ayoni ndipo alkalinity ya hydroxide imakhalanso yofooka kwambiri. Choncho, pamene scandium ndi zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi zisakanizidwa palimodzi, amathandizidwa ndi ammonia (kapena kusungunula kwambiri alkali), ndipo scandium idzayamba kugwa. Chifukwa chake, imatha kupatulidwa mosavuta ndi zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi ndi njira ya "kugwa kwamvula". Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito kuwonongeka kwa polar kwa nitrate kuti apatukane, chifukwa scandium nitrate ndiyosavuta kuwola, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chopatukana.

Chitsulo cha scandium chikhoza kupezedwa ndi electrolysis. Pakuyenga kwa scandium,ScCl3, KCl, ndi LiCl amasungunuka, ndipo zinki yosungunuka imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cathode ya electrolysis kuti ipangitse scandium pa electrode ya zinki. Kenako, zinki amasanduka nthunzi kuti apeze scandium zitsulo. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikosavuta kuchira scandium pokonza miyala kuti ipange uranium, thorium, ndi lanthanide element. Kuchira kwathunthu kwa scandium yotsagana ndi migodi ya tungsten ndi malata ndikonso gwero lofunikira la scandium. Scandium imakhala mu trivalent state mumagulu ndipo imakhala ndi okosijeni mosavutaChithunzi cha Sc2O3mumlengalenga, kutaya kuwala kwake kwachitsulo ndikusanduka imvi yakuda. Scandium imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi madzi otentha kuti itulutse haidrojeni ndipo imasungunuka mosavuta mu ma acid, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yochepetsera kwambiri. Ma oxides ndi ma hydroxides a scandium amangowonetsa zamchere, koma phulusa lawo lamchere silingathe kupangidwa ndi hydrolyzed. Kloridi ya scandium ndi krustalo yoyera yomwe imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi ndipo imatha kunyowa mumlengalenga. Ntchito zake zazikulu ndi izi.

(1) M'makampani opanga zitsulo, scandium imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma alloys (zowonjezera za aloyi) kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu zawo, kuuma, kukana kutentha, ndi magwiridwe antchito. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka chitsulo chosungunula kungathe kupititsa patsogolo kwambiri zitsulo zachitsulo, pamene kuwonjezera pang'ono scandium ku aluminiyumu kungapangitse mphamvu zake ndi kukana kutentha.

(2) M'makampani amagetsi, scandium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za semiconductor, monga kugwiritsa ntchito scandium sulfite mu semiconductors, zomwe zachititsa chidwi m'mayiko ndi kunja. Ma Ferrite okhala ndi scandium alinso ndi ntchito zabwino pamakompyuta maginito cores.

(3) M'makampani opanga mankhwala, mankhwala a scandium amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandizira kuti athetse mowa wa dehydrogenation ndi kutaya madzi m'thupi popanga ethylene ndi kupanga chlorine kuchokera ku zinyalala za hydrochloric acid.

(4) M'makampani agalasi, magalasi apadera okhala ndi scandium amatha kupangidwa.

(5) M'makampani opangira magetsi, nyali za sodium za scandium zopangidwa kuchokera ku scandium ndi sodium zili ndi ubwino wochita bwino kwambiri komanso mtundu wabwino wowala.

Scandium ilipo mu mawonekedwe a 15Sc m'chilengedwe, ndipo palinso ma isotopu 9 a radioactive a scandium, omwe ndi 40-44Sc ndi 16-49Sc. Pakati pawo, 46Sc yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tracer m'minda yamankhwala, zitsulo, ndi nyanja. Zamankhwala, palinso maphunziro akunja omwe amagwiritsa ntchito 46Sc kuchiza khansa.