Zosowa zapadziko lapansindizofunika kwambiri pakukula kwaukadaulo wapamwamba monga mphamvu zatsopano ndi zida, ndipo zimakhala ndi phindu lalikulu m'magawo monga zakuthambo, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi mafakitale ankhondo. Zotsatira zankhondo zamakono zikuwonetsa kuti zida zankhondo zapadziko lapansi ndizosawoneka bwino pankhondo, zopindulitsa zaukadaulo zapadziko lapansi zimayimira zabwino zaukadaulo wankhondo, ndipo kukhala ndi zida ndizotsimikizika. Chifukwa chake, maiko osowa asandukanso zida zomwe chuma chachikulu padziko lonse lapansi chimapikisana nacho, ndipo njira zazikulu zopangira zinthu monga zosoweka zapadziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri zimatengera njira zadziko. Europe, Japan, United States ndi maiko ena ndi zigawo amalabadira kwambiri zinthu zofunika monga dziko osowa. Mu 2008, zida zapadziko lapansi zosowa zidalembedwa ngati "makina ofunikira" ndi dipatimenti yamagetsi ya United States; Kumayambiriro kwa 2010, European Union inalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa strategic reserve of rare earth; Mu 2007, Unduna wa Maphunziro, Chikhalidwe, Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo waku Japan, komanso Unduna wa Zachuma, Zamakampani ndi Umisiri, udapereka kale malingaliro a "Element Strategy Plan" ndi dongosolo la "Rare Metal Alternative Materials". Iwo atenga njira ndi ndondomeko mosalekeza m'malo osungira zinthu, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kupeza zinthu, ndikusakasaka zida zina. Kuyambira m'nkhaniyi, mkonzi afotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ntchito zofunika komanso zofunika kwambiri zachitukuko chambiri komanso maudindo a zinthu zapadziko lapansi.
Terbium ali m'gulu la zolemera zosowa zapadziko lapansi, zokhala ndi kutsika kwapadziko lapansi kwa 1.1 ppm.Terbium oxideamawerengera zosakwana 0.01% za dziko losowa padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale mumtundu wa yttrium ion wolemera kwambiri wapadziko lapansi wosowa kwambiri wokhala ndi terbium kwambiri, zomwe zili mu terbium zimangowerengera 1.1-1.2% ya dziko lapansi losowa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ili m'gulu la "zolemekezeka" lazinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi. Terbium ndi chitsulo chotuwa chasiliva chokhala ndi ductility komanso mawonekedwe ofewa, omwe amatha kudulidwa ndi mpeni; Malo osungunuka 1360 ℃, malo otentha 3123 ℃, osalimba 8229 4kg/m3. Kwa zaka zopitilira 100 kuyambira pomwe terbium idapezeka mu 1843, kusowa kwake komanso kufunika kwake kwalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwanthawi yayitali. Ndi zaka 30 zapitazi pomwe terbium yawonetsa luso lake lapadera.
Kupezeka kwa Terbium
Pa nthawi yomweyo pamenelanthanumanatulukira, Karl G. Mosander wa ku Sweden anasanthula zimene anapeza poyambayttriumndipo adafalitsa lipoti mu 1842, kulongosola kuti dziko lapansi la yttrium lomwe linapezeka poyamba silinali elemental oxide imodzi, koma oxide ya zinthu zitatu. Mu 1843, Mossander anapeza element terbium kudzera mu kafukufuku wake pa yttrium lapansi. Iye adatchabe mmodzi wa iwo yttrium lapansi ndi mmodzi wa iwoerbium okusayidi. Sizinafike mpaka 1877 pomwe idatchedwa terbium, yokhala ndi chizindikiro cha Tb. Dzinali limachokera kumalo omwewo monga yttrium, akuchokera kumudzi wa Ytterby pafupi ndi Stockholm, Sweden, kumene miyala ya yttrium inapezedwa koyamba. Kupezeka kwa terbium ndi maelementi ena awiri, lanthanum ndi erbium, kunatsegula chitseko chachiwiri cha kutulukira kwa zinthu zosowa kwambiri zapadziko lapansi, zomwe zimasonyeza gawo lachiwiri la kutulukira kwawo. Anayeretsedwa koyamba ndi G. Urban mu 1905.
Mossander
Kugwiritsa ntchito terbium
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwaterbiummakamaka kumakhudza minda yapamwamba, amene ali kwambiri luso ndi chidziwitso kwambiri kudula-m'mphepete ntchito ntchito, komanso ntchito zopindulitsa kwambiri zachuma, ndi ziyembekezo wokongola chitukuko. Magawo akuluakulu ogwiritsira ntchito ndi awa: (1) kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthaka yosowa. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wosowa padziko lapansi komanso zowonjezera zaulimi. (2) Woyambitsa wa ufa wobiriwira mu ufa atatu woyambirira wa fulorosenti. Zipangizo zamakono za optoelectronic zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yofunikira ya phosphors, yofiira, yobiriwira, ndi yabuluu, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndipo terbium ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamafuta ambiri apamwamba obiriwira a fulorosenti. (3) Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magneto kuwala kosungirako zinthu. Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy films woonda amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma magneto Optical discs apamwamba kwambiri. (4) Kupanga magalasi owoneka bwino a maginito. Magalasi ozungulira a Faraday okhala ndi terbium ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga ma rotator, ma isolator, ndi ma circulator muukadaulo wa laser. (5) Kukula ndi chitukuko cha terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive aloyi (TerFenol) watsegula ntchito zatsopano terbium.
Zaulimi ndi kuweta ziweto
Zosowa zapadziko lapansi terbiumimatha kupititsa patsogolo mbewu ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa photosynthesis mkati mwa ndende inayake. Ma complexes a terbium ali ndi zochitika zambiri zamoyo, ndipo ma ternary complexes a terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, ali ndi zotsatira zabwino za antibacterial ndi bactericidal pa Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, ndi Escherichia coli, ndi antibacterial antibacterial. katundu. Kufufuza kwa zovutazi kumapereka njira yatsopano yofufuzira mankhwala amakono a bactericidal.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda wa luminescence
Zipangizo zamakono za optoelectronic zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yofunikira ya phosphors, yofiira, yobiriwira, ndi yabuluu, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndipo terbium ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamafuta ambiri apamwamba obiriwira fulorosenti. Ngati kubadwa kwa osowa dziko lapansi mtundu TV wofiira fulorosenti ufa kwalimbikitsa kufunika kwa yttrium ndi europium, ndiye ntchito ndi chitukuko cha terbium akhala akulimbikitsidwa ndi osowa lapansi atatu oyambirira mtundu wobiriwira fulorosenti ufa nyali. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, Philips adapanga nyali yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yopulumutsa mphamvu ya fulorosenti ndikuilimbikitsa padziko lonse lapansi. Tb3 + ions imatha kutulutsa kuwala kobiriwira ndi kutalika kwa 545nm, ndipo pafupifupi mitundu yonse yamafuta obiriwira obiriwira amtundu wa fulorosenti amagwiritsa ntchito terbium ngati cholumikizira.
Ufa wobiriwira wa fulorosenti womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga machubu amtundu wa TV cathode ray (CRTs) nthawi zonse wakhala umachokera ku zinc sulfide yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza, koma ufa wa terbium wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati utoto wobiriwira wa TV, monga Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, ndi LaOBr: Tb3+. Ndi chitukuko cha kanema wawayilesi wapamwamba kwambiri (HDTV), ufa wobiriwira wobiriwira wobiriwira wa CRTs ukupangidwanso. Mwachitsanzo, ufa wosakanizidwa wobiriwira wa fulorosenti wapangidwa kunja, wopangidwa ndi Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, ndi Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, omwe ali ndi luminescence bwino kwambiri pa mphamvu zamakono zamakono.
Mwachikhalidwe cha X-ray fulorescent ufa ndi calcium tungstate. M'zaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, zida zamtundu wa fluorescent zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka za zowonetsera zolimbikitsa zidapangidwa, monga terbium activated lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium activated lanthanum bromide oxide (kwa zowonetsera zobiriwira), ndi terbium activated yttrium sulfide oxide. Poyerekeza ndi calcium tungstate, ufa wosawerengeka wa dziko lapansi ukhoza kuchepetsa nthawi ya X-ray kwa odwala ndi 80%, kusintha mafilimu a X-ray, kuwonjezera moyo wa machubu a X-ray, ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi. Terbium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati fulorosenti ufa activator kwa mankhwala X-ray kuwongola zowonetsera, amene kwambiri kusintha tilinazo X-ray kutembenuka mu zithunzi kuwala, kusintha kumveka kwa X-ray mafilimu, ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri kukhudzana mlingo X- kuwala kwa thupi la munthu (kuposa 50%).
Terbiumimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati cholumikizira mu phosphor yoyera ya LED yokondwa ndi kuwala kwabuluu pakuwunikira kwatsopano kwa semiconductor. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, pogwiritsa ntchito ma diode otulutsa buluu ngati magwero owunikira, ndipo fluorescence yopangidwa imasakanizidwa ndi kuwala kosangalatsa kutulutsa kuwala koyera koyera.
Zida za electroluminescent zopangidwa kuchokera ku terbium makamaka zikuphatikizapo zinki sulfide wobiriwira fulorosenti ufa ndi terbium monga activator. Pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, ma organic complexes a terbium amatha kutulutsa fluorescence yobiriwira ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati filimu yopyapyala yama electroluminescent. Ngakhale kuti kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika pa kafukufuku wa mafilimu osowa padziko lapansi a electroluminescent osowa padziko lapansi, pali kusiyana kwina kuchokera ku zochitika zenizeni, ndipo kafukufuku wa mafilimu osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi a electroluminescent ndi zipangizo zoonda akadali zozama.
Makhalidwe a fluorescence a terbium amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ma probes fluorescence. Mgwirizano wapakati pa ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) ndi deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) unayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a fluorescence ndi mayamwidwe, monga fluorescence probe ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti probe ya ofloxacin Tb3+ imatha kupanga polumikizira ndi mamolekyu a DNA, ndipo deoxyribonucleic acid imatha kukulitsa kwambiri fluorescence ya ofloxacin Tb3+ system. Kutengera kusinthaku, deoxyribonucleic acid imatha kudziwitsidwa.
Kwa magneto kuwala kwa zipangizo
Zida zokhala ndi Faraday effect, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti magneto-optical materials, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu lasers ndi zipangizo zina zowunikira. Pali mitundu iwiri yodziwika bwino ya zida zowoneka bwino za magneto: maginito optical crystals ndi magneto optical glass. Pakati pawo, makristasi a magneto-optical (monga yttrium iron garnet ndi terbium gallium garnet) ali ndi ubwino wosinthika maulendo ogwiritsira ntchito komanso kukhazikika kwapamwamba kwa kutentha, koma ndi okwera mtengo komanso ovuta kupanga. Kuphatikiza apo, makristasi ambiri a magneto-optical okhala ndi ma angles apamwamba a Faraday amayamwa kwambiri pamafunde amfupi, omwe amalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo. Poyerekeza ndi maginito optical crystals, maginito kuwala galasi ali ndi ubwino transmittance mkulu ndipo n'zosavuta kupanga midadada lalikulu kapena ulusi. Pakadali pano, magalasi a magneto-optical okhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya Faraday ndi magalasi osowa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magneto optical storage materials
M'zaka zaposachedwa, ndikukula kwachangu kwa ma multimedia ndi automation ya ofesi, kufunikira kwa ma discs apamwamba kwambiri akuwonjezeka. Mafilimu a Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy woonda akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma magneto optical discs apamwamba kwambiri. Pakati pawo, TbFeCo aloyi woonda filimu ali ndi ntchito yabwino. Zida za Terbium zochokera ku magneto-optical zapangidwa pamlingo waukulu, ndipo ma magneto-optical discs opangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zigawo zosungirako makompyuta, ndi mphamvu zosungirako zowonjezera nthawi 10-15. Iwo ali ndi ubwino wa mphamvu yaikulu ndi mofulumira kupeza liwiro, ndipo akhoza misozi ndi TACHIMATA zikwi makumi a nthawi pamene ntchito mkulu-kachulukidwe kuwala zimbale. Ndizinthu zofunikira muukadaulo wosungira zidziwitso zamagetsi. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi magneto-optical material mumagulu owoneka ndi pafupi ndi infrared ndi Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) crystal imodzi, yomwe ndi yabwino kwambiri ya magneto-optical material popanga Faraday rotator ndi isolator.
Kwa galasi la magneto Optical
Galasi la Faraday magneto Optical lili ndi kuwonekera bwino komanso isotropy m'malo owoneka bwino komanso owoneka bwino, ndipo imatha kupanga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ovuta. Ndizosavuta kupanga zinthu zazikuluzikulu ndipo zimatha kukokedwa mu ulusi wamagetsi. Chifukwa chake, ili ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pazida zowoneka bwino za magneto monga ma magneto optical isolator, ma magneto optical modulators, ndi masensa apano a fiber optic. Chifukwa cha mphindi yake yayikulu ya maginito komanso mayamwidwe ang'onoang'ono pamawonekedwe owoneka ndi ma infrared, ma ma ion a Tb3 + akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lapansi m'magalasi a magneto Optical.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, ndikukula kosalekeza kwakusintha kwaukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi, zida zatsopano zogwiritsira ntchito padziko lapansi zidayamba kupezeka mwachangu. Mu 1984, Iowa State University, Ames Laboratory ya US Department of Energy, ndi US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (kumene ogwira ntchito akuluakulu a Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) adachokera) adagwirizana kuti apange njira yatsopano yosowa. zanzeru padziko lapansi, zomwe ndi terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive zakuthupi. Zinthu zatsopano zanzeruzi zili ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yosinthira mwachangu mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu zamakina. Ma transducers apansi pamadzi ndi ma electro-acoustic opangidwa ndi chimphona chachikulu cha magnetostrictive ichi adakonzedwa bwino mu zida zapamadzi, olankhula ozindikira bwino mafuta, makina owongolera phokoso ndi kugwedezeka, komanso kufufuza kwanyanja ndi njira zoyankhulirana zapansi panthaka. Chifukwa chake, terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material itangobadwa, idalandira chidwi chofala kuchokera kumayiko otukuka padziko lonse lapansi. Edge Technologies ku United States anayamba kupanga terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials mu 1989 ndipo anazitcha Terfenol D. Kenako, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, ndi Australia anapanganso terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Kuchokera m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha nkhaniyi ku United States, kupangidwa kwa zinthuzo ndi ntchito zake zoyambirira za monopolistic zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi makampani ankhondo (monga asilikali apanyanja). Ngakhale madipatimenti ankhondo ndi chitetezo aku China akulimbitsa pang'onopang'ono kumvetsetsa kwawo kwa nkhaniyi. Komabe, ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamphamvu za dziko la China, kufunikira kokwaniritsa njira zopikisana zankhondo zazaka za zana la 21 ndikukweza zida zankhondo kudzakhala kwachangu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofala kwa terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials ndi madipatimenti ankhondo ndi chitetezo cha dziko kudzakhala kofunikira m'mbiri.
Mwachidule, zambiri zabwino katundu waterbiumipange kukhala membala wofunikira pazida zambiri zogwirira ntchito komanso malo osasinthika m'magawo ena ogwiritsira ntchito. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa terbium, anthu akhala akuphunzira momwe angapewere ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito terbium kuti achepetse ndalama zopangira. Mwachitsanzo, zosowa zapadziko lapansi za magneto-optical ziyeneranso kugwiritsa ntchito zotsika mtengo za dysprosium iron cobalt kapena gadolinium terbium cobalt momwe zingathere; Yesetsani kuchepetsa zomwe zili mu terbium mu ufa wobiriwira wa fulorosenti womwe uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mtengo wakhala chinthu chofunikira choletsa kufalikira kwa terbium. Koma zipangizo zambiri zogwirira ntchito sizingathe kuchita popanda izo, choncho tiyenera kumamatira ku mfundo ya "kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chabwino pa tsamba" ndikuyesera kupulumutsa kugwiritsa ntchito terbium momwe tingathere.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-07-2023