gwero:AZO MiningKodi Rare Earth Elements ndi Chiyani Ndipo Amapezeka Kuti?Zosowa zapadziko lapansi (REEs) zimakhala ndi zitsulo 17, zopangidwa ndi lanthanides 15 pa tebulo la periodic:LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumUtetiumScandiumYttriumAmbiri a iwo si osowa monga momwe gulu limanenera koma adatchulidwa m'zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19, poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina zodziwika bwino za 'dziko lapansi' monga laimu ndi magnesia.Cerium ndiye REE yodziwika bwino komanso yochulukirapo kuposa mkuwa kapena lead.Komabe, m'mawu a geological, ma REE sapezeka kawirikawiri m'madipoziti okhazikika monga ma seam a malasha, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala ovuta kukumba.Iwo m’malo mwake amapezeka mumitundu inayi ikuluikulu yachilendo ya miyala; ma carbonatites, omwe ndi miyala yachilendo yachilendo yochokera ku magmas olemera kwambiri a carbonate, ma alkaline igneous settings, ion-absorption clay deposits, ndi monazite-xenotime-bearer placers deposits.China Imakumba 95% ya Zinthu Zosowa Zapadziko Lapansi Kuti Ikwaniritse Zofuna za Hi-Tech Moyo ndi Mphamvu ZongowonjezeraKuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, China yakhala ikulamulira kupanga REE, ikugwiritsa ntchito matope ake omwe amayamwa dongo, omwe amadziwika kuti 'South China Clays'.Ndizopanda ndalama kuti China ichite chifukwa dongo losungiramo ndi losavuta kuchotsa ma REE pogwiritsa ntchito ma asidi ofooka.Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zamtundu uliwonse zaukadaulo, kuphatikiza makompyuta, osewera ma DVD, mafoni am'manja, kuyatsa, ma fiber optics, makamera ndi olankhula, komanso zida zankhondo, monga injini za jet, makina owongolera mizinga, ma satellite, ndi anti. - chitetezo cha mizinga.Cholinga cha 2015 Paris Climate Agreement ndi kuchepetsa kutentha kwa dziko kutsika pansi pa 2 ˚C, makamaka 1.5 ˚C, pre-industrial levels. Izi zawonjezera kufunikira kwa magalimoto ongowonjezwdwanso ndi magalimoto amagetsi, zomwe zimafunanso kuti ma REE agwire ntchito.Mu 2010, China idalengeza kuti ichepetsa kutumiza kwa REE kuti ikwaniritse kufunikira kwake, komanso kukhalabe ndi udindo wake wopereka zida zamakono kumayiko ena.China ilinso pachiwopsezo champhamvu pazachuma kuwongolera kuperekedwa kwa ma REE ofunikira mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso monga mapanelo adzuwa, mphepo, ndi ma turbines amagetsi, komanso magalimoto amagetsi.Feteleza wa Phosphogypsum Rare Earth Elements Capture ProjectPhosphogypsum imapangidwa kuchokera ku feteleza ndipo imakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimachitika mwachilengedwe monga uranium ndi thorium. Pachifukwa ichi, imasungidwa kwamuyaya, ndi zoopsa zomwe zingawononge nthaka, mpweya, ndi madzi.Choncho, ofufuza a ku yunivesite ya Penn State, apanga njira zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito ma peptide opangidwa ndi injini, zingwe zazifupi za amino acid zomwe zingathe kuzindikira molondola ndikulekanitsa ma REE pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba yopangidwa mwapadera.Popeza njira zolekanitsa zachikhalidwe sizokwanira, polojekitiyi ikufuna kupanga njira zatsopano zolekanitsira, zida, ndi njira.Mapangidwewa amatsogozedwa ndi ma computational modeling, opangidwa ndi Rachel Getman, wofufuza wamkulu komanso pulofesa wothandizira waukadaulo wamankhwala ndi biomolecular ku Clemson, ndi ofufuza a Christine Duval ndi Julie Renner, ndikupanga mamolekyu omwe angagwirizane ndi ma REE enieni.Greenlee adzayang'ana momwe amachitira m'madzi ndikuwunika momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira komanso kuthekera kosiyanasiyana kwachuma pakupanga kosinthika ndi magwiridwe antchito.Pulofesa wa zauinjiniya wa mankhwala Lauren Greenlee, ananena kuti: “Lerolino, pafupifupi matani 200,000 a zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosoŵa kwambiri atsekeredwa m’zinyalala za phosphogypsum zosakonzedwa ku Florida mokha.”Gululi likuwona kuti kuchira kwachikhalidwe kumayenderana ndi zolepheretsa zachilengedwe komanso zachuma, zomwe zimachokera kuzinthu zophatikizika, zomwe zimafunikira kuwotchedwa kwamafuta oyambira pansi komanso kumagwira ntchito molimbika.Pulojekiti yatsopanoyi idzayang'ana pa kuwabwezeretsa m'njira yokhazikika ndipo akhoza kuperekedwa pamlingo waukulu kuti apindule ndi chilengedwe ndi zachuma.Ntchitoyi ikayenda bwino, itha kuchepetsanso kudalira kwa dziko la USA ku China popereka zinthu zomwe sizipezekapezeka padziko lapansi.Ndalama za National Science Foundation ProjectPulojekiti ya Penn State REE imathandizidwa ndi thandizo la zaka zinayi la $571,658, yokwana $1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ndi mgwirizano ndi Case Western Reserve University ndi Clemson University.Njira Zina Zobwezeretsanso Zinthu Zosowa Padziko LapansiKubwezeretsa kwa RRE nthawi zambiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zazing'ono, nthawi zambiri ndi leaching ndi zosungunulira.Ngakhale njira yosavuta, leaching imafuna kuchuluka kwa mankhwala owopsa a reagents, kotero ndikosafunikira pamalonda.Kuchotsa zosungunulira ndi njira yothandiza koma sikothandiza kwenikweni chifukwa imagwira ntchito yambiri komanso imatenga nthawi.Njira ina yodziwika bwino yoti ma REE apezekenso ndi kudzera mu ulimi, womwe umadziwikanso kuti e-mining, womwe umakhudza kunyamula zinyalala zamagetsi, monga makompyuta akale, mafoni, ndi kanema wawayilesi kuchokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana kupita ku China kukachotsa REE.Malinga ndi UN Environment Programme, matani opitilira 53 miliyoni a zinyalala zamagetsi adapangidwa mu 2019, ndi zinthu pafupifupi $ 57 biliyoni zokhala ndi ma REE ndi zitsulo.Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri imatchulidwa ngati njira yokhazikika yobwezeretsanso zinthu, ilibe mavuto ake omwe amafunikabe kuthana nawo.Agromining imafuna malo ambiri osungira, zomera zobwezeretsanso, zowonongeka pambuyo pa kubwezeretsa REE, ndipo zimaphatikizapo ndalama zoyendera, zomwe zimafuna kuyatsa mafuta.Penn State University Project ili ndi kuthekera kothana ndi mavuto ena okhudzana ndi njira zachikhalidwe za REE ngati ingakwaniritse zolinga zake zachilengedwe komanso zachuma.
