Pazaka makumi asanu zapitazi, kafukufuku wochuluka wachitika pa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zosowa (makamaka ma oxide ndi ma chloride), ndipo zotsatira zina zapezeka, zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere:
1. Mu dongosolo lamagetsi lazinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa, Ma electron a 4f ali mkati mwa wosanjikiza ndipo amatetezedwa ndi ma electron a 5s ndi 5p, pamene makonzedwe a ma electron akunja omwe amatsimikizira kuti mankhwala a chinthu ndi ofanana. Choncho, poyerekeza ndi zotsatira za catalytic effect ya d transition element, palibe khalidwe lodziwikiratu, ndipo ntchitoyo siili yokwera kwambiri ngati ya d transition element;
2. Muzochitika zambiri, ntchito yochititsa chidwi ya chinthu chilichonse chosowa padziko lapansi sichisintha kwambiri, ndikupitilira nthawi 12, makamaka pa h.zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansikumene pafupifupi palibe kusintha kwa ntchito. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa d, ndipo ntchito zawo nthawi zina zimatha kusiyana ndi maulamuliro angapo a kukula; Zochita zochititsa chidwi za zinthu zitatu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizikupezeka zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri. Mtundu umodzi umagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa monotonic kwa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi (1-14) mu 4f orbital, monga hydrogenation ndi dehydrogenation, ndipo mtundu wina umagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa nthawi ndi nthawi mu dongosolo la ma electron (1-7, 7-14). ) mu 4f orbital, monga oxidation;
4. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti zopangira mafakitale zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizikupezeka nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zinthu zochepa zapadziko lapansi, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zigawo zogwira ntchito mu co catalysts kapena zosakaniza zosakanikirana.
Kwenikweni, ma catalysts ndi zida zomwe zimakhala ndi ntchito zapadera. Zosakaniza zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotere, chifukwa zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zothandizira, kuphatikizapo kuchepetsa oxidation-oxidation ndi acid-base-base properties, ndipo sizidziwika kawirikawiri m'mbali zambiri, ndi madera ambiri oti apangidwe. ; Muzinthu zambiri zothandizira, zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zimasinthasintha kwambiri ndi zinthu zina, zomwe zimatha kukhala gawo lalikulu la chothandizira, komanso gawo lachiwiri kapena cothandizira. Zosakaniza zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zothandizira zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika mosiyanasiyana; Zosakaniza zapadziko lapansi, makamaka ma oxides, zimakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso kukhazikika kwamankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu zothandizira ngati izi. Zothandizira zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka zimakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino, mitundu yosiyanasiyana, komanso zida zambiri zothandizira.
Pakadali pano, zida zapadziko lapansi zasowa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuphwanya ndi kukonza mafuta, kuyeretsa utsi wamagalimoto, mphira wopangira, ndi minda yambiri yama organic ndi inorganic mankhwala.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-11-2023