Mwana wa kuwala pakati pa osowa zitsulo padziko lapansi - scandium

Scandiumndi mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha elementScndi nambala ya atomiki 21. Chinthucho ndi chitsulo chofewa, choyera chasiliva chomwe chimasakanikirana nachogadolinium, erbium, ndi zina zotero. Zomwe zimapangidwira ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo zomwe zili pamtunda wa dziko lapansi zimakhala pafupifupi 0.0005%.

1. Chinsinsi chascandiumchinthu

Malo osungunuka ascandiumndi 1541 ℃, malo otentha ndi 2836 ℃, ndipo kachulukidwe ndi 2.985 g/cm³. Scandium ndi chitsulo chopepuka, choyera chasiliva chomwe chimagwiranso ntchito kwambiri pamakina ndipo chimatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi madzi otentha kuti chipange haidrojeni. Choncho, scandium yachitsulo yomwe mukuwona pachithunzichi imasindikizidwa mu botolo ndikutetezedwa ndi mpweya wa argon. Kupanda kutero, scandium idzapanga msanga wosanjikiza wachikasu kapena imvi ndikutaya chitsulo chonyezimira.    

2. Ntchito zazikulu za scandium

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa scandium (monga chinthu chachikulu chogwirira ntchito, osati doping) kumayikidwa munjira zowala kwambiri, ndipo sikukokomeza kuyitcha mwana wa kuwala.

1). Nyali ya sodium ya Scandium ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kubweretsa kuwala kwa zikwi za mabanja. Ichi ndi gwero lamagetsi lamagetsi la halide: babu imadzazidwa ndi sodium iodide ndi scandium iodide, ndipo scandium ndi zojambulazo za sodium zimawonjezeredwa nthawi yomweyo. Pakutulutsa kwamphamvu kwambiri, ma scandium ions ndi ayoni a sodium motsatana amatulutsa kuwala ndi mawonekedwe ake ataling'ono. Mizere yowoneka bwino ya sodium ndi cheza ziwiri zodziwika zachikasu pa 589.0 ndi 589.6nm, pomwe mizere yowoneka bwino ya scandium ndi mndandanda wamtundu wapafupi ndi ultraviolet ndi buluu wotulutsa kuchokera ku 361.3 mpaka 424.7nm. Chifukwa ndi mitundu yofananira, kuwala konse komwe kumapangidwa kumakhala koyera. Ndi ndendende chifukwa nyali ya sodium ya scandium imakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri, kuwala kowala bwino, kupulumutsa mphamvu, moyo wautali wautumiki komanso kuthekera kowononga chifunga komwe kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakamera a kanema wawayilesi ndi mabwalo, mabwalo amasewera, ndi kuyatsa misewu, ndipo atchedwa mbadwo wachitatu. gwero lowala. Ku China, nyali yotereyi imalimbikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ngati teknoloji yatsopano, koma m'mayiko ena otukuka, nyali zotere zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980.

2). Maselo a dzuwa a photovoltaic amatha kusonkhanitsa kuwala komwe kunabalalika pansi ndikusandulika kukhala magetsi omwe amayendetsa anthu. Scandium ndiye chitsulo chotchinga bwino kwambiri muzitsulo-insulator-semiconductor silicon photovoltaic cell ndi ma cell a solar.

3). Gwero la Gamma ray, chida chamatsenga ichi chikhoza kutulutsa kuwala kwakukulu pachokha, koma kuwala kotereku sikungalandire ndi maso athu amaliseche. Ndi mphamvu ya photon yothamanga kwambiri. Zomwe timakonda kutulutsa kuchokera ku mchere ndi 45Sc, yomwe ndi isotope yokha yachilengedwe ya scandium. Khungu lililonse la 45Sc lili ndi ma protoni 21 ndi ma neutroni 24. Ngati tiyika scandium mu nyukiliya ya nyukiliya ndikuyisiya kuti itenge kuwala kwa neutron, monga kuyika nyani mung'anjo ya alchemy ya Taishang Laojun kwa masiku 7,749, 46Sc yokhala ndi neutroni ina mu phata idzabadwa. 46Sc, isotopu yopangira radioactive, ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la gamma ray kapena tracer atomu, ndipo itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza zotupa zoyipa. Pali ntchito zosawerengeka monga yttrium-gallium-scandium garnet lasers, scandium fluoride glass infrared optical fibers, ndi machubu a cathode ray okhala ndi scandium pama TV. Zikuwoneka kuti scandium ikuyenera kukhala yowala.

3, Zophatikiza wamba za scandium    1). Terbium scandate (TbScO3) crystal - ili ndi lattice yabwino yofananira ndi perovskite structure superconductors, ndipo ndi yabwino kwambiri ferroelectric thin film substrate material.

2).Aluminium scandium alloy- Choyamba, ndi aluminiyamu yogwira ntchito kwambiri. Pali njira zingapo zosinthira magwiridwe antchito a aluminiyamu. Pakati pawo, ma microalloying ndi kulimbikitsa ndi kulimbitsa mtima akhala patsogolo pa kafukufuku wapamwamba wa aluminiyamu m'zaka zapitazi za 20. Popanga zombo, zakuthambo Zomwe zikuyembekezeka m'magawo aukadaulo apamwamba monga mafakitale, zoponya za rocket, ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya ndizambiri.

3).Scandium oxide- Scandium oxide ili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zakuthupi komanso zamankhwala, chifukwa chake imakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana pazasayansi yazinthu. Choyamba, scandium okusayidi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera mu zida za ceramic, zomwe zingapangitse kuuma, mphamvu ndi kuvala kukana kwa ceramic, kuzipanga kukhala zolimba. Kuphatikiza apo, scandium oxide ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pokonzekera zida zotentha kwambiri za superconductor. Zidazi zimawonetsa madulidwe abwino amagetsi pamatenthedwe otsika ndipo zimakhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kogwiritsa ntchito.