Thulium, gawo 69 la tebulo la periodic.
Thulium, chinthu chomwe chili ndi zinthu zochepa kwambiri zapadziko lapansi, makamaka zimakhala pamodzi ndi zinthu zina mu Gadolinite, Xenotime, ore wakuda wagolide wakuda ndi monazite.
Zinthu zachitsulo za Thulium ndi lanthanide zimakhalira limodzi muzinthu zovuta kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo amagetsi ofanana kwambiri, mawonekedwe awo akuthupi ndi mankhwala nawonso amafanana kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchotsa ndi kupatukana kukhala kovuta kwambiri.
Mu 1879, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Sweden Cliff anaona kuti nthaka ya Atomiki ya erbium sinali yokhazikika pamene anaphunzira nthaka ya erbium yotsalayo atalekanitsa nthaka ya ytterbium ndi nthaka ya scandium, choncho anapitiriza kulekanitsa nthaka ya erbium ndipo pomalizira pake analekanitsa nthaka ya erbium, nthaka ya holmium ndi nthaka ya erbium. nthaka ya thulium.
Metal thulium, siliva yoyera, ductile, yofewa, imatha kudulidwa ndi mpeni, imakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri komanso otentha, osawonongeka mosavuta mumlengalenga, ndipo imatha kusunga mawonekedwe achitsulo kwa nthawi yaitali. Chifukwa cha chipolopolo chapadera cha extranuclear Electron, mankhwala a thulium ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi zinthu zina zachitsulo za lanthanide. Ikhoza kusungunuka mu hydrochloric acid kuti ikhale yobiriwira pang'onoThulium (III) kloride, ndipo zopsereza zopangidwa ndi tinthu tating'ono toyaka mumpweya zitha kuwonekanso pagudumu logundana.
Mankhwala a Thulium amakhalanso ndi mphamvu za fluorescence ndipo amatha kutulutsa fluorescence ya buluu pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zilembo zotsutsana ndi chinyengo za ndalama zamapepala. The radioactive isotope thulium 170 of thulium ndi imodzi mwa magwero anayi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zida zowunikira zamankhwala ndi mano, komanso zida zodziwira zolakwika zamakina ndi zida zamagetsi.
Thulium, yomwe ili yochititsa chidwi, ndiyo teknoloji ya thulium laser therapy ndi chemistry yatsopano yosavomerezeka yomwe idapangidwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera amagetsi a extranuclear.
Thulium doped Yttrium aluminium garnet imatha kutulutsa laser yokhala ndi kutalika kwapakati pa 1930 ~ 2040 nm. Laser ya gululi ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa opaleshoni, magazi omwe ali pamalo owala amaundana mwachangu, bala la opaleshoni limakhala laling'ono, ndipo hemostasis ndi yabwino. Chifukwa chake, laser iyi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yocheperako ya prostate kapena maso. Laser yamtunduwu imakhala ndi kutayika kochepa potumiza mumlengalenga, ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito patali komanso kulumikizana kwa kuwala. Mwachitsanzo, Laser rangefinder, coherent Doppler wind radar, etc., idzagwiritsa ntchito laser yotulutsidwa ndi thulium doped fiber laser.
Thulium ndi mtundu wapadera kwambiri wazitsulo m'chigawo cha f, ndipo mphamvu zake zopanga ma complexes okhala ndi ma elekitironi mu f wosanjikiza zachititsa chidwi asayansi ambiri. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zachitsulo za lanthanide zimatha kupanga ma trivalent mankhwala, koma thulium ndi imodzi mwazinthu zochepa zomwe zimatha kupanga ma divalent compounds.
Mu 1997, Mikhail Bochkalev adachita upainiya wa chemistry yokhudzana ndi divalent rare earth compounds mu yankho, ndipo adapeza kuti divalent Thulium(III) iodide imatha kusintha pang'onopang'ono kubwerera ku thulium ion yachikasu pazikhalidwe zina. Pogwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwechi, thulium ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino yochepetsera akatswiri a zamankhwala ndipo imatha kukonza zitsulo zokhala ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, ukadaulo wa maginito, komanso kukonza zinyalala za nyukiliya. Posankha ma ligands oyenerera, thulium imatha kusinthanso kuthekera kokhazikika kwamagulu enaake achitsulo a redox. Iodide ya Samarium(II) ndi zosakaniza zake zosungunuka mu zosungunulira za organic monga tetrahydrofuran zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri azamankhwala kwazaka 50 kuti azitha kuwongolera machitidwe ochepetsa ma elekitironi amodzi pamagulu angapo ogwira ntchito. Thulium ilinso ndi mikhalidwe yofananira, ndipo kuthekera kwa ligand yake kuwongolera organic metal compounds ndi zodabwitsa. Kuwongolera mawonekedwe a geometric ndi kuphatikizika kwa orbital kwa zovuta kumatha kukhudza awiriawiri ena a redox. Komabe, monga chinthu chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, kukwera mtengo kwa thulium kumalepheretsa kwakanthawi kuti isalowe m'malo mwa samarium, komabe imakhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu mu chemistry yatsopano yosavomerezeka.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-01-2023