Pamene tikufufuza dziko lodabwitsa la zinthu,erbiumimakopa chidwi chathu ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito. Kuchokera kunyanja yakuzama kupita kumlengalenga, kuchokera ku zida zamakono zamakono kupita kuukadaulo wamagetsi obiriwira, kugwiritsa ntchitoerbiumm'munda wa sayansi ikupitiriza kukula, kusonyeza phindu lake losayerekezeka.
Erbium idapezedwa ndi katswiri wamankhwala waku Sweden Mosander mu 1843 posanthula yttrium. Poyamba adatcha oxide ya erbium ngatiterbium oxide,kotero m'mabuku oyambirira a Chijeremani, terbium oxide ndi erbium oxide anasokonezeka.
Sizinali mpaka pambuyo pa 1860 pamene izo zinakonzedwa. Mu nthawi yomweyo pamenelanthanumatapezeka, Mosander adasanthula ndikuphunzira zomwe zidapezedwa poyambayttrium, ndipo inafalitsa lipoti mu 1842, kufotokoza kuti poyamba anapezayttriumsanali chinthu chimodzi okusayidi, koma okusayidi wa zinthu zitatu. Adatchulanso mmodzi wa iwo yttrium, natcha mmodzi wa iwoerbia(erbium lapansi). Chizindikiro cha element chimayikidwa ngatiEr. Amatchulidwa kutengera malo omwe miyala ya yttrium idapezeka koyamba, tauni yaying'ono ya Ytter yomwe ili pafupi ndi Stockholm, Sweden. Kupezeka kwa erbium ndi zinthu zina ziwiri,lanthanumnditerbium, anatsegula chitseko chachiwiri cha kupezeka kwazosowa zapadziko lapansi, yomwe ili gawo lachiŵiri la kutulukira kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosoŵa. Kupeza kwawo ndi gawo lachitatu la zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa pambuyo pakeceriumndiyttrium.
Lero, tiyamba ulendo wofufuza limodzi kuti timvetsetse mozama za zinthu zapadera za erbium ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake muukadaulo wamakono.
Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito erbium element
1. Ukadaulo wa laser:Erbium element imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wa laser, makamaka mu ma laser olimba. Erbium ma ion amatha kupanga ma laser okhala ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi ma microns 1.5 muzinthu zolimba za laser, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamagawo monga kulumikizana ndi fiber-optic ndi opaleshoni yachipatala ya laser.
2. Kulumikizana kwa Fiber-Optic:Popeza erbium element imatha kupanga kutalika kwa mafunde ofunikira kuti igwire ntchito mu fiber-optic communications, imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzowonjezera za fiber. Izi zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo mtunda wotumizira ndi mphamvu ya ma siginecha owoneka bwino ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a maukonde olumikizirana.
3. Opaleshoni yachipatala ya laser:Ma lasers a Erbium amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazachipatala, makamaka pakudula minofu ndi kukomoka. Kusankhidwa kwa kutalika kwake kumapangitsa kuti ma lasers a erbium atengeke bwino ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa opaleshoni ya laser yolondola kwambiri, monga opaleshoni ya ophthalmic.
4. Zipangizo zamaginito ndi kujambula kwa maginito (MRI):Kuphatikizika kwa erbium kuzinthu zina zamaginito kumatha kusintha maginito awo, kuwapangitsa kukhala ofunikira pakujambula kwa maginito a resonance (MRI). Maginito owonjezera a Erbium angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonza kusiyana kwa zithunzi za MRI.
5. Optical amplifiers:Erbium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu optical amplifiers. Powonjezera erbium ku amplifier, phindu likhoza kupindula mu njira yolankhulirana, kuonjezera mphamvu ndi kufalikira kwa mtunda wa chizindikiro cha kuwala.
6. Makampani opanga mphamvu za nyukiliya:Erbium-167 isotope ili ndi gawo lalikulu la nyutroni, chifukwa chake imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la nyutroni mumakampani opanga mphamvu za nyukiliya pozindikira ma neutroni ndikuwongolera zida zanyukiliya.
7. Kafukufuku ndi ma laboratories:Erbium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira chapadera komanso cholembera mu labotale pofufuza ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma labotale. Mawonekedwe ake apadera a spectral ndi maginito amachititsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku wa sayansi.
Erbium imatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri mu sayansi yamakono ndi ukadaulo ndi zamankhwala, ndipo mawonekedwe ake apadera amapereka chithandizo chofunikira pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana.
Zakuthupi za Erbium
Maonekedwe: Erbium ndi siliva woyera, chitsulo cholimba.
Kachulukidwe: Erbium ili ndi kachulukidwe pafupifupi 9.066 g/cm3. Izi zikusonyeza kuti erbium ndi chitsulo cholimba kwambiri.
Melting Point: Erbium ili ndi malo osungunuka a 1,529 degrees Celsius (2,784 degrees Fahrenheit). Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa kutentha kwambiri, erbium imatha kusintha kuchoka kumtunda kupita ku madzi.
Boiling Point: Erbium ili ndi kuwira kwa madigiri 2,870 Celsius (5,198 degrees Fahrenheit). Apa ndi pamene erbium imasintha kuchokera ku madzi kupita ku mpweya wotentha kwambiri.
Conductivity: Erbium ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi magetsi abwino.
Magnetism: Kutentha kwachipinda, erbium ndi ferromagnetic material. Imawonetsa ferromagnetism pansi pa kutentha kwina, koma imataya katunduyo pa kutentha kwakukulu.
Mphindi ya maginito: Erbium ili ndi mphindi yayikulu ya maginito, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunikira muzinthu zamaginito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maginito.
Kapangidwe ka kristalo: Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, mawonekedwe a kristalo a erbium ndi hexagonal pafupi kwambiri. Kapangidwe kameneka kumakhudza katundu wake mu chikhalidwe cholimba.
Thermal conductivity: Erbium imakhala ndi matenthedwe apamwamba, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti zimagwira ntchito bwino muzotentha.
Radioactivity: Erbium palokha si chinthu cha radioactive, ndipo ma isotopu ake okhazikika ndi ochuluka.
Mawonekedwe a Spectral: Erbium imawonetsa mayamwidwe enieni ndi mizere yotulutsa m'malo owoneka bwino komanso pafupi ndi ma infrared spectral, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza paukadaulo wa laser ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuwala.
Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chinthu cha erbium zimapangitsa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri muukadaulo wa laser, kulumikizana ndi kuwala, zamankhwala ndi magawo ena asayansi ndiukadaulo.
Chemical katundu wa erbium
Chizindikiro cha mankhwala: Chizindikiro cha mankhwala cha erbium ndi Er.
Makutidwe ndi okosijeni: Erbium nthawi zambiri imakhala mu +3 oxidation state, yomwe ndi nthawi yodziwika bwino ya okosijeni. Pamagulu, erbium imatha kupanga Er^3+ ions.
Reactivity: Erbium imakhala yokhazikika kutentha kwa firiji, koma imatenthedwa pang'onopang'ono mumlengalenga. Imakhudzidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi ndi zidulo, kotero imatha kukhala yokhazikika pamapulogalamu ena.
Kusungunuka: Erbium amasungunuka mu ma inorganic acid kuti apange mchere wofananira wa erbium.
Zomwe zimachitika ndi mpweya: Erbium imakumana ndi okosijeni kupanga ma oxides, makamakaEr2O3 (erbium dioxide). Ichi ndi cholimba chofiyira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma ceramic glaze ndi ntchito zina.
Zomwe zimachitika ndi ma halojeni: Erbium imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi ma halogens kupanga ma halides ofanana, mongaerbium fluoride (ErF3), erbium kloridi (ErCl3), etc.
Zomwe zimachitika ndi sulfure: Erbium imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi sulfure kupanga sulfide, mongaerbium sulfide (Er2S3).
Zomwe zimachitika ndi nayitrogeni: Erbium imakumana ndi nitrogen kupangaerbium nitride (ErN).
Zovuta: Erbium imapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, makamaka mu chemistry ya organometallic. Ma complex awa ali ndi mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito catalysis ndi zina.
Ma isotopu okhazikika: Erbium ili ndi ma isotopu angapo okhazikika, ochuluka kwambiri omwe ndi Er-166. Kuphatikiza apo, erbium ili ndi ma isotopu ena otulutsa ma radio, koma kuchuluka kwawo kumakhala kochepa.
Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi element erbium zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri pamapulogalamu ambiri apamwamba kwambiri, kuwonetsa kusinthasintha kwake m'magawo osiyanasiyana.
Zachilengedwe zimatha erbium
Erbium ili ndi zinthu zochepa zamoyo m'zamoyo, koma kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti akhoza kutenga nawo mbali muzochitika zina zamoyo.
Kupezeka kwachilengedwe: Erbium ndi chinthu chofufuza zamoyo zambiri, koma bioavailability yake mwa zamoyo ndi yochepa.Lanthanumma ion ndi ovuta kuyamwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zamoyo, choncho nthawi zambiri samagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa zamoyo.
Poizoni: Erbium nthawi zambiri imadziwika kuti ili ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono, makamaka poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi. Mankhwala a Erbium amaonedwa kuti alibe vuto lililonse pamagulu ena. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ayoni a lanthanum kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zovulaza zamoyo, monga kuwonongeka kwa maselo ndi kusokoneza ntchito zathupi.
Kutengapo mbali kwa Zamoyo: Ngakhale kuti erbium ili ndi ntchito zochepa m'zamoyo, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti ikhoza kutenga nawo mbali muzochitika zina zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti erbium ingathandize kuti zomera zikule ndi kutulutsa maluwa.
Ntchito zachipatala: Erbium ndi mankhwala ake alinso ndi ntchito zina zachipatala. Mwachitsanzo, erbium angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa matenda a radionuclides, monga wothandizila Mosiyana kwa thirakiti m'mimba, ndi ngati chowonjezera chothandizira mankhwala enaake. Pazithunzi zachipatala, mankhwala a erbium nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosiyanitsa.
Zomwe zili m'thupi: Erbium imakhalapo pang'ono m'chilengedwe, kotero kuti zomwe zili m'zamoyo zambiri ndizochepa. M'maphunziro ena, zapezeka kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndi zomera zimatha kuyamwa ndikuunjikira erbium.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti erbium si chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'thupi la munthu, kotero kumvetsetsa kwa ntchito zake zamoyo kumakhalabe kochepa. Pakali pano, ntchito yaikulu ya erbium ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito m'magawo aukadaulo monga sayansi yazinthu, mawonekedwe amagetsi, ndi zamankhwala, osati pankhani ya biology.
Kukumba ndi kupanga erbium
Erbium ndi chinthu chosowa padziko lapansi chomwe chili chosowa m'chilengedwe.
1. Kukhala m’nthaka ya dziko lapansi: Erbium ilipo pansi pa nthaka, koma zimene zili m’munsi mwake n’zochepa. Avereji yake ndi pafupifupi 0.3 mg/kg. Erbium imapezeka makamaka mu mawonekedwe a ores, pamodzi ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi.
2. Kugawa mu ore: Erbium imakhalapo makamaka mu mawonekedwe a ores. Ores wamba amaphatikizapo yttrium erbium ore, erbium aluminiyamu mwala, erbium potaziyamu mwala, ndi zina zotero. Miyala imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimasowa nthawi imodzi. Erbium nthawi zambiri imapezeka mu mawonekedwe a trivalent.
3. Mayiko akuluakulu opanga erbium: Mayiko akuluakulu opanga erbium akuphatikizapo China, United States, Australia, Brazil, ndi zina zotero.
4. Njira yochotsera: Erbium nthawi zambiri imatengedwa kuchokera ku miyala yamtengo wapatali kudzera mu njira yochotsa zinthu zapadziko lapansi. Izi zimaphatikizapo masitepe angapo amankhwala ndi osungunula kuti alekanitse ndi kuyeretsa erbium.
5. Ubale ndi zinthu zina: Erbium ili ndi katundu wofanana ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka, choncho pochotsa ndi kupatukana, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunikira kuganizira za kukhalira limodzi ndi kuyanjana ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi.
6. Malo ogwiritsira ntchito: Erbium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa sayansi ndi zamakono, makamaka mu optical communications, laser technology ndi imaging yachipatala. Chifukwa cha anti-reflection mu galasi, erbium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga galasi la kuwala.
Ngakhale kuti erbium ndi yosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera muzogwiritsira ntchito zamakono zamakono, kufunikira kwake kwawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zachititsa kuti chitukuko chipitirire ndi kupititsa patsogolo njira zamakono zokhudzana ndi migodi ndi kuyenga.
Njira Zodziwira Zodziwika za Erbium
Njira zodziwira za erbium nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizira njira zowunikira zama chemistry. Zotsatirazi ndikuyambitsa mwatsatanetsatane njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira erbium:
1. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS): AAS ndi njira yowunikira kachulukidwe yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pozindikira zomwe zili muzitsulo zachitsulo. Mu AAS, chitsanzocho chimapangidwa ndi atomu ndipo chimadutsa mumtengo wa kuwala kwa msinkhu winawake, ndipo mphamvu ya kuwala yomwe imalowetsedwa mu chitsanzocho imadziwika kuti izindikire kuchuluka kwa chinthucho.
2. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES): ICP-OES ndi njira yowunikira kwambiri yowunikira yoyenera kusanthula zinthu zambiri. Mu ICP-OES, chitsanzocho chimadutsa mu plasma yophatikizidwa mochititsa chidwi kuti apange plasma yotentha kwambiri yomwe imakondweretsa maatomu omwe ali mu chitsanzo kuti atulutse sipekitiramu. Pozindikira kutalika kwa mafunde ndi mphamvu ya kuwala komwe kumatulutsa, kuchuluka kwa chinthu chilichonse muzachitsanzo kungadziwike.
3. Misa Spectrometry (ICP-MS): ICP-MS imagwirizanitsa mbadwo wa plasma wophatikizidwa mochititsa chidwi ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa misa spectrometry ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza zofunikira pazigawo zochepa kwambiri. Mu ICP-MS, chitsanzocho chimapangidwa ndi vaporized ndi ionized, kenako chimazindikiridwa ndi spectrometer yayikulu kuti ipeze kuchuluka kwa chinthu chilichonse, potero kudziwa ndende yake.
4. Fluorescence spectroscopy: Fluorescence spectroscopy imatsimikizira ndende mwa kusangalatsa gawo la erbium mu chitsanzo ndikuyesa chizindikiro cha fluorescence. Njira imeneyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri pofufuza zinthu zapadziko lapansi.
5. Chromatography: Chromatography ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupatukana ndi kuzindikira mankhwala a erbium. Mwachitsanzo, ion exchange chromatography ndi reversed phase liquid chromatography zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunika kwa erbium.
Njirazi nthawi zambiri zimafunika kuchitidwa kumalo a labotale ndipo zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zida zapamwamba. Kusankhidwa kwa njira yoyenera yodziwira nthawi zambiri kumadalira mtundu wa chitsanzo, kukhudzidwa kofunikira, kuthetsa, ndi kupezeka kwa zipangizo za labotale.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji njira ya mayamwidwe a atomiki poyezera chinthu cha erbium
Mu kuyeza kwa zinthu, njira yoyamwitsa ma atomiki imakhala yolondola kwambiri komanso yomveka bwino, ndipo imapereka njira yabwino yophunzirira zinthu zama mankhwala, kapangidwe kake komanso zomwe zili muzinthu.
Kenako, timagwiritsa ntchito njira ya mayamwidwe a atomiki kuyeza zomwe zili mu chinthu cha erbium. Njira zenizeni ndi izi:
Choyamba, m'pofunika kukonzekera chitsanzo chokhala ndi erbium element. Chitsanzocho chikhoza kukhala cholimba, chamadzimadzi kapena gasi. Kwa zitsanzo zolimba, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofunikira kuzisungunula kapena kuzisungunula chifukwa cha ndondomeko ya atomization.
Sankhani spectrometer yoyenera mayamwidwe atomiki. Malinga ndi zomwe zachitsanzozo ziyenera kuyezedwa komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe zili mu erbium zomwe zikuyenera kuyezedwa, sankhani chowonera cha ma atomiki choyenera.
Sinthani magawo a mayamwidwe a atomiki spectrometer. Malinga ndi chinthu chomwe chiyenera kuyezedwa ndi mtundu wa chida, sinthani magawo a spectrometer ya ma atomiki, kuphatikiza gwero la kuwala, atomizer, chowunikira, ndi zina zambiri.
Yezerani kuyamwa kwa chinthu cha erbium. Ikani chitsanzocho kuti chiyesedwe mu atomizer, ndi kutulutsa ma radiation opepuka a utali winawake wautali kudzera mu gwero la kuwala. Chinthu cha erbium chomwe chiyenera kuyesedwa chidzayamwa kuwala kumeneku ndikupanga kusintha kwa mphamvu. Kuyamwa kwa erbium element kumayesedwa ndi chowunikira.
Werengani zomwe zili mu chinthu cha erbium. Werengetsani zomwe zili mu chinthu cha erbium potengera kuyamwa ndi piritsi lokhazikika.
Pa gawo la sayansi, erbium, ndi zinthu zake zodabwitsa komanso zapadera, yawonjezera kukhudza kodabwitsa pakufufuza kwaukadaulo wamunthu komanso luso lake. Kuchokera pansi pa nthaka kupita ku zipangizo zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito mu labotale, ulendo wa erbium wawona kulondola kwa anthu kosalekeza kwa chinsinsi cha elementi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake muukadaulo wolumikizirana ndi kuwala, ukadaulo wa laser ndi mankhwala kwalowetsa mwayi wambiri m'miyoyo yathu, kutilola kuyang'ana m'malo omwe kale anali obisika.
Monga momwe erbium imawalira kudzera mu galasi la kristalo mu optics kuti iwunikire msewu wosadziwika kutsogolo, imatsegula chitseko cha phompho la chidziwitso kwa ofufuza mu holo ya sayansi. Erbium si nyenyezi yonyezimira yokha pa tebulo la periodic, komanso wothandizira wamphamvu kuti anthu akwere pamwamba pa sayansi ndi zamakono.
Ndikuyembekeza kuti m'zaka zikubwerazi, tikhoza kufufuza chinsinsi cha erbium mozama ndikukumba mapulogalamu odabwitsa kwambiri, kotero kuti "nyenyezi ya chinthu" iyi idzapitirizabe kuwala ndikuwunikira njira yopita patsogolo pa chitukuko cha anthu. Nkhani ya element erbium ikupitirira, ndipo tikuyembekezera zomwe zozizwitsa zamtsogolo zomwe erbium zidzatiwonetsere pa sayansi.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-21-2024