21 Scandium ndi njira zake zoyesera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri
Takulandilani kudziko lino lazinthu zodzaza ndi zinsinsi komanso chithumwa. Lero, tiwona chinthu chapadera pamodzi -scandium. Ngakhale izi sizingakhale zofala m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu sayansi ndi mafakitale.
Scandium, chinthu chodabwitsa ichi, chili ndi zinthu zambiri zodabwitsa. Ndi membala wa banja la rare Earth element. Monga enazosowa zapadziko lapansi, mapangidwe a atomiki a scandium ali odzaza ndi chinsinsi. Ndizinthu zapadera za atomiki izi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti scandium itenge gawo losasinthika mu sayansi ya sayansi, chemistry ndi zinthu.
Kupezeka kwa scandium kwadzaza ndi zokhotakhota ndi zovuta. Zinayamba mu 1841, pamene katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Sweden LFNilson (1840-1899) ankayembekeza kuti alekanitse zinthu zina ndi zoyeretsedwa.erbiumlapansi pophunzira zitsulo zopepuka. Atatha ka 13 kuwonongeka pang'ono kwa nitrate, pamapeto pake adapeza 3.5g yoyeraytterbiumdziko lapansi. Komabe, adapeza kuti kulemera kwa atomiki ya ytterbium yomwe adapeza sikufanana ndi kulemera kwa atomiki ya ytterbium yoperekedwa ndi Malinac kale. Nelson wamaso akuthwa anazindikira kuti mwina muli zinthu zopepuka. Chifukwa chake adapitiliza kukonza ytterbium yomwe adapeza ndi njira yomweyo. Potsirizira pake, pamene gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi la zitsanzo linatsala, kulemera kwa atomiki yoyezedwa kunatsikira ku 167.46. Chotsatirachi chili pafupi ndi kulemera kwa atomiki ya yttrium, kotero Nelson anachitcha "Scandium".
Ngakhale Nelson adapeza scandium, sizinakope chidwi chambiri ndi asayansi chifukwa chosowa komanso zovuta pakupatukana. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, pamene anthu anayamba kufufuza zinthu zokhudza dziko losowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, m'pamene anatulukiranso n'kufufuzidwa.
Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiyambe ulendo wofufuza scandium, kuti tiwulule zinsinsi zake komanso kumvetsetsa chinthu chomwe chikuwoneka ngati chachilendo koma chosangalatsa.
Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito scandium
Chizindikiro cha scandium ndi Sc, ndipo nambala yake ya atomiki ndi 21. Chinthucho ndi chitsulo chofewa, choyera chasiliva. Ngakhale scandium si chinthu chofala padziko lapansi, ili ndi magawo ambiri ofunikira, makamaka m'magawo awa:
1. Makampani a Zamlengalenga: Aluminiyamu ya Scandium ndi alloy yopepuka, yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndege, mbali za injini, ndi kupanga mizinga m'makampani opanga ndege. Kuphatikizika kwa scandium kumatha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa aloyi pomwe kumachepetsa kachulukidwe ka aloyi, kupangitsa zida zamlengalenga kukhala zopepuka komanso zolimba.
2. Njinga ndi Zida Zamasewera:Aluminiyamu ya Scandiumamagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga njinga, makalabu a gofu, ndi zida zina zamasewera. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso kupepuka kwake,scandium aloyiimatha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a zida zamasewera, kuchepetsa kulemera, ndikuwonjezera kulimba kwa zinthuzo.
3. Makampani Owunikira:Scandium iodideimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chodzaza mu nyali za xenon zamphamvu kwambiri. Mababu oterowo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula, kupanga mafilimu, kuyatsa siteji, ndi zida zachipatala chifukwa mawonekedwe awo owoneka bwino ali pafupi kwambiri ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa.
4. Ma cell amafuta:Aluminiyamu ya Scandiumimapezanso ntchito m'maselo olimba a oxide mafuta (SOFCs). Mu mabatire awa,scandium-aluminium alloyimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu za anode, zomwe zimakhala ndi ma conductivity apamwamba komanso kukhazikika, zomwe zimathandizira kukonza magwiridwe antchito amafuta amafuta.
5. Kafukufuku wa sayansi: Scandium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira mu kafukufuku wa sayansi. Pakuyesa kwa sayansi ya nyukiliya ndi ma particle accelerators, makristasi a scandium scintillation amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ma radiation ndi particles.
6. Ntchito zina: Scandium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati superconductor yotentha kwambiri komanso m'magulu ena apadera kuti apititse patsogolo zinthu za alloy. Chifukwa cha ntchito yapamwamba ya scandium mu ndondomeko ya anodizing, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zipangizo za electrode zamabatire a lithiamu ndi zipangizo zina zamagetsi.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti ngakhale kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito zambiri, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa scandium ndizochepa komanso zokwera mtengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, choncho mtengo wake ndi njira zina ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala mukamagwiritsa ntchito.
Zakuthupi za Scandium Element
1. Kapangidwe ka Atomiki: Khothi la scandium lili ndi ma protoni 21 ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi ma neutroni 20. Chifukwa chake, kulemera kwake kwa atomiki (chibale cha atomiki) ndi pafupifupi 44.955908. Pankhani ya kapangidwe ka atomiki, kasinthidwe ka elekitironi ka scandium ndi 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s².
2. Thupi Lanyama: Scandium imakhala yolimba kutentha kwa chipinda ndipo imakhala ndi maonekedwe a silvery-white. Maonekedwe ake a thupi amatha kusintha malinga ndi kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kupanikizika.
3. Kachulukidwe: Kachulukidwe ka scandium ndi pafupifupi 2.989 g/cm3. Kachulukidwe kakang'ono kameneka kamapangitsa kukhala chitsulo chopepuka.
4. Malo Osungunuka: Malo osungunuka a scandium ndi pafupifupi madigiri 1541 Celsius (2806 degrees Fahrenheit), zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ali ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri. 5. Boiling Point: Scandium imakhala ndi kuwira kwa madigiri pafupifupi 2836 Celsius (5137 degrees Fahrenheit), kutanthauza kuti imafunika kutentha kwambiri kuti isungunuke.
6. Electrical Conductivity: Scandium ndi kondakitala wabwino wa magetsi, wokhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi. Ngakhale sizofanana ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito wamba monga mkuwa kapena aluminiyamu, ndizothandizabe pazinthu zina zapadera, monga ma cell electrolytic and aerospace applications.
7. Thermal Conductivity: Scandium imakhala ndi matenthedwe apamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino yopangira kutentha kutentha kwambiri. Izi ndizothandiza pazinthu zina zotentha kwambiri.
8. Maonekedwe a Crystal: Scandium ili ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo oyandikana ndi hexagonal, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti maatomu ake amapakidwa ma hexagoni odzaza kwambiri mu kristalo.
9. Magnetism: Scandium ndi diamagnetic kutentha kwa chipinda, kutanthauza kuti samakopeka kapena kuthamangitsidwa ndi maginito. Makhalidwe ake a maginito amagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe ake amagetsi.
10. Ma radioactivity: Ma isotopu onse okhazikika a scandium sakhala ndi radioactive, choncho ndi chinthu chosatulutsa ma radio.
Scandium ndi chitsulo chopepuka, chosungunuka kwambiri chokhala ndi ntchito zingapo zapadera, makamaka muzamlengalenga ndi sayansi yazinthu. Ngakhale kuti sichipezeka kawirikawiri m'chilengedwe, mawonekedwe ake akuthupi amachititsa kuti ikhale yothandiza kwambiri m'madera angapo.
Chemical katundu wa scandium
Scandium ndi chinthu chosinthira chitsulo.
1. Kapangidwe ka atomiki: Mapangidwe a atomiki a Scandium amakhala ndi ma protoni 21 ndipo nthawi zambiri ma neutroni 20. Kapangidwe kake ka ma elekitironi ndi 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s², kusonyeza kuti ili ndi orbital imodzi yosadzazidwa.
2. Chizindikiro cha Chemical ndi nambala ya atomiki: Chizindikiro cha mankhwala a Scandium ndi Sc, ndipo nambala yake ya atomiki ndi 21.
3. Electronegativity: Scandium ili ndi electronegativity yochepa kwambiri ya 1.36 (malinga ndi Paul electronegativity). Izi zikutanthauza kuti amakonda kutaya ma elekitironi kupanga ayoni zabwino.
4. State oxidation: Scandium nthawi zambiri imakhala mu +3 oxidation state, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti yataya ma elekitironi atatu kupanga Sc³⁺ ion. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe chake chofala kwambiri cha okosijeni. Ngakhale Sc²⁺ ndi Sc⁴⁺ ndizothekanso, ndizokhazikika komanso ndizochepa.
5. Zosakaniza: Scandium imapanga kwambiri zinthu zokhala ndi zinthu monga mpweya, sulfure, nayitrojeni, ndi haidrojeni. Zina zodziwika bwino za scandium zimaphatikizaposcandium oxide (Chithunzi cha Sc2O3) ndi scandium halides (mongascandium chloride, ScCl3).
6. Reactivity: Scandium ndi chitsulo chosasunthika, koma imatulutsa okosijeni mofulumira mumlengalenga, kupanga filimu ya oxide ya scandium oxide, yomwe imalepheretsa kuwonjezereka kwa okosijeni. Izi zimapangitsanso scandium kukhala yokhazikika komanso imakhala ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri.
7. Kusungunuka: Scandium imasungunuka pang'onopang'ono mu ma acid ambiri, koma imasungunuka mosavuta pansi pa zinthu zamchere. Sasungunuke m'madzi chifukwa filimu yake ya oxide imalepheretsa kuchitapo kanthu ndi mamolekyu amadzi.
8. Mankhwala amtundu wa Lanthanide: Mankhwala a Scandium ndi ofanana ndi a lanthanide series (lanthanum, gadolinium, neodymium, etc.), kotero nthawi zina imayikidwa ngati chinthu chofanana ndi lanthanide. Kufanana uku kumawonekera makamaka mu radius ya ayoni, katundu wamagulu ndi zina zomwe zimachitikanso.
9. Isotopu: Scandium ili ndi isotopu angapo, ena okha omwe ali okhazikika. Isotopu yokhazikika kwambiri ndi Sc-45, yomwe imakhala ndi theka la moyo wautali ndipo imakhala yopanda ma radio.
Scandium ndi chinthu chosowa kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha mankhwala ake apadera komanso thupi, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'madera angapo ogwiritsira ntchito, makamaka m'makampani opanga ndege, sayansi ya zipangizo ndi ntchito zina zamakono.
Biological katundu wa scandium
Scandium si chinthu chodziwika bwino m'chilengedwe. Choncho, alibe kwachilengedwenso katundu zamoyo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri timakhudza zamoyo, kuyamwa kwachilengedwe, kagayidwe ndi zotsatira za zinthu zamoyo. Popeza scandium si chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa moyo, palibe zamoyo zodziwika zomwe zimafuna zamoyo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito scandium.
Zotsatira za scandium pa zamoyo zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi ma radioactivity ake. Ma isotopu ena a scandium amakhala ndi ma radioactive, kotero ngati thupi la munthu kapena zamoyo zina zikumana ndi ma radioactive scandium, zitha kuyambitsa kuyatsa kowopsa. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri ngati kafukufuku wa sayansi ya nyukiliya, radiotherapy kapena ngozi zanyukiliya.
Scandium sichimalumikizana mopindulitsa ndi zamoyo ndipo pali chiwopsezo cha radiation. Choncho, si chinthu chofunika kwambiri zamoyo.
Scandium ndi mankhwala osowa kwambiri, ndipo kugawa kwake m'chilengedwe kumakhala kochepa. Pano pali tsatanetsatane wa kugawa kwa scandium m'chilengedwe:
1. Zomwe zili m'chilengedwe: Scandium imapezeka pang'onopang'ono pansi pa nthaka. Pafupifupi zomwe zili mu kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi 0.0026 mg/kg (kapena magawo 2.6 pa miliyoni). Izi zimapangitsa scandium kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
2. Kutulukira mu mchere: Ngakhale kuti ndi yochepa chabe, scandium imapezeka mu mchere wina, makamaka mu mawonekedwe a oxides kapena silicates. Mchere wina wokhala ndi scandium ndi scandianite ndi dolomite.
3. Kuchotsa scandium: Chifukwa cha kugawa kwake kochepa m'chilengedwe, zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa scandium yoyera. Nthawi zambiri, scandium imapezeka ngati njira yosungunula ya aluminiyamu, chifukwa imapezeka ndi aluminium mu bauxite.
4. Kugawa malo: Scandium imagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, koma osati mofanana. Maiko ena monga China, Russia, Norway, Sweden ndi Brazil ali ndi ma depositi olemera a scandium, pomwe madera ena sakhala nawo.
Ngakhale scandium imagawika pang'ono m'chilengedwe, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamapulogalamu apamwamba komanso mafakitale, kotero
Kutulutsa ndi Kusungunula kwa Scandium Element
Scandium ndi chinthu chosowa chitsulo, ndipo njira zake zamigodi ndi zochotsa zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Zotsatirazi ndizofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za migodi ndi kutulutsa kwa scandium element:
1. Kutulutsa kwa scandium: Scandium kulibe mu mawonekedwe ake oyambira m'chilengedwe, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ore. Ore yayikulu ya scandium imaphatikizapo vanadium scandium ore, zircon ore, ndi yttrium ore. Zomwe zili mu scandium mu orezi ndizochepa.
Njira yochotsera scandium nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi izi:
a. Kukumba: Kukumba miyala yokhala ndi scandium.
b. Kuphwanya ndi kukonza zitsulo: Kuphwanya ndi kukonza miyala kuti isiyanitse miyala yofunikira ndi zinyalala.
c. Kuyandama: Kupyolera mu njira yoyandama, ores okhala ndi scandium amasiyanitsidwa ndi zonyansa zina.
d. Kusungunuka ndi Kuchepetsa: Scandium hydroxide nthawi zambiri imasungunuka kenako imachepetsedwa kukhala zitsulo zachitsulo ndi chochepetsera (nthawi zambiri aluminium).
e. Electrolytic m'zigawo: Scandium yochepetsedwa imachotsedwa kudzera mu njira ya electrolytic kuti ipeze chiyero chapamwambascandium zitsulo.
3. Kuyenga kwa scandium: Kupyolera mu njira zingapo zowonongeka ndi crystallization, chiyero cha scandium chingapitirire patsogolo. Njira yodziwika bwino ndiyo kupatukana ndi crystallize mankhwala a scandium kudzera mu chlorination kapena carbonation njira kuti apezescandium yapamwamba kwambiri.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chifukwa cha kusowa kwa scandium, njira zochotsera ndi zoyenga zimafuna luso lapadera la mankhwala, ndipo nthawi zambiri limapanga zinyalala zambiri ndi zowonongeka. Choncho, migodi ndi m'zigawo za scandium element ndi ntchito yovuta komanso yokwera mtengo, yomwe nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi migodi ndi kuchotsa zinthu zina kuti zikhale bwino pachuma.
Njira zodziwira scandium
1. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): Atomic absorption spectrometry ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a mayamwidwe pamafunde enieni kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa scandium mu chitsanzo. Imatengera chitsanzo kuti chiyesedwe mu lawi lamoto, kenako imayesa kuyamwa kwa scandium pachitsanzocho kudzera pa spectrometer. Njirayi ndiyoyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa scandium.
2. Kuphatikizika kwa plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): Kuphatikizika kwa plasma optical emission spectrometry ndi njira yowunikira kwambiri komanso yosankha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza zinthu zambiri. Imayatsa chitsanzo ndikupanga plasma, ndikuzindikira kutalika kwake komanso kukula kwa scandium mu spectrometer.
3. Kuphatikizika kwa plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ndi njira yowunikira kwambiri komanso yowunikira kwambiri yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pozindikira chiŵerengero cha isotopu ndi kufufuza zinthu. Imatengera chitsanzocho ndikupanga plasma, ndikuzindikira kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa scandium mu spectrometer yayikulu. 4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): X-ray fluorescence spectrometry imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a fluorescence omwe amapangidwa pambuyo poti chitsanzocho chikukondwera ndi X-ray kuti afufuze zomwe zili muzinthu. Imatha kudziwa mwachangu komanso mosawononga zomwe zili mu scandium mu zitsanzo.
5. Kuwerenga molunjika: Zomwe zimatchedwanso photoelectric direct reading spectrometry, ndi njira yowunikira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zomwe zili mu sampuli.Kuwerenga molunjika kumachokera pa mfundo ya atomic emission spectrometry. Zimagwiritsa ntchito zokoka zamagetsi zotentha kwambiri kapena ma arcs kuti zisungunuke mwachindunji zinthu zomwe zili muzachitsanzozo kuchokera pamalo olimba ndikutulutsa mizere yowoneka bwino m'malo okondwa. Chilichonse chimakhala ndi mzere wapadera wotulutsa, ndipo kulimba kwake kumayenderana ndi zomwe zili muchitsanzocho. Poyesa kukula kwa mizere yowoneka bwino iyi, zomwe zili mugawo lililonse muzachitsanzo zitha kudziwidwa. Njira imeneyi zimagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula zikuchokera zitsulo ndi aloyi, makamaka zitsulo, processing zitsulo, zipangizo sayansi ndi madera ena.
Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu labotale ndi mafakitale pakuwunika kuchuluka komanso kuwongolera kwamtundu wa scandium. Kusankhidwa kwa njira yoyenera kumadalira zinthu monga mtundu wa chitsanzo, malire ofunikira ozindikira komanso kuzindikira kulondola.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mwapadera njira ya scandium atomic mayamwidwe
Mu kuyeza kwa zinthu, mawonekedwe a ma atomiki a mayamwidwe a atomiki amakhala olondola kwambiri komanso omveka bwino, omwe amapereka njira yabwino yophunzirira zinthu zama mankhwala, kapangidwe kake, komanso zomwe zili muzinthu.
Kenako, tigwiritsa ntchito mayamwidwe a atomiki kuyeza zomwe zili muchitsulo.
Njira zenizeni ndi izi:
Konzani chitsanzo kuti chiyesedwe. Kukonzekera yankho la chitsanzo kuti ayezedwe, nthawi zambiri m`pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito asidi wosakaniza kuti chimbudzi kuti atsogolere miyeso wotsatira.
Sankhani spectrometer yoyenera mayamwidwe atomiki. Sankhani chowonera ma atomiki choyenera kutengera mawonekedwe achitsanzo chomwe chiyenera kuyesedwa komanso kuchuluka kwa scandium zomwe zikuyenera kuyezedwa. Sinthani magawo a mayamwidwe a atomiki spectrometer. Sinthani magawo a spectrometer ya ma atomiki, kuphatikiza gwero la kuwala, atomizer, chowunikira, ndi zina zotero, kutengera chinthu choyesedwa ndi mtundu wa chida.
Yezerani kuyamwa kwa chinthu cha scandium. Ikani chitsanzocho kuti chiyesedwe mu atomizer ndikutulutsa ma radiation opepuka a utali winawake wa kutalika kwake kudzera pa gwero la kuwala. Chinthu cha scandium chomwe chiyezedwe chidzayamwa cheza chowala ichi ndikusintha mphamvu. Yezerani kuyamwa kwa chinthu cha scandium kudzera pa chowunikira.
Werengani zomwe zili mu scandium element. Werengetsani zomwe zili muzinthu za scandium kutengera kuyamwa komanso kupindika kokhazikika.
Pantchito yeniyeni, m'pofunika kusankha njira zoyenera zoyezera malinga ndi zofunikira za malo. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza ndi kuzindikira chitsulo m'ma laboratories ndi mafakitale.
Pamapeto pa mawu athu oyambilira a scandium, tikukhulupirira kuti owerenga atha kumvetsetsa mozama komanso chidziwitso cha chinthu chodabwitsachi. Scandium, monga chinthu chofunikira pa tebulo la periodic, sichimangogwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa sayansi, komanso imakhala ndi ntchito zambiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi zina.
Pophunzira za katundu, ntchito, njira zopezera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito scandium mu sayansi yamakono ndi zamakono, tikhoza kuona kukongola kwapadera ndi kuthekera kwa chinthu ichi. Kuchokera ku zida zam'mlengalenga kupita kuukadaulo wa batri, kuchokera ku petrochemicals kupita ku zida zamankhwala, scandium imagwira ntchito yayikulu.
Inde, tiyeneranso kuzindikira kuti ngakhale scandium imabweretsa kumasuka m'miyoyo yathu, ilinso ndi zoopsa zina. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale tifunika kusangalala ndi zabwino za scandium, tiyeneranso kulabadira kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera ndikugwiritsa ntchito moyenera kuti tipewe zovuta zomwe zingachitike.Scandium ndi chinthu choyenera kuphunzira mozama ndikumvetsetsa. Pachitukuko chamtsogolo cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, tikuyembekeza kuti scandium idzaseweretsa zabwino zake m'magawo ambiri ndikubweretsa kumasuka komanso zodabwitsa m'miyoyo yathu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-14-2024