21 Scandarium ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri
Takulandilani ku dziko lino la zinthu zodzala ndi chinsinsi ndi chithumwa. Masiku ano, tiona zinthu zapadera limodzi -sinandium. Ngakhale kuti zinthu izi sizingakhale zofala patsiku lathu latsiku ndi tsiku, limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu sayansi ndi makampani.
Sinandium, chinthu chodabwitsa ichi, chili ndi zinthu zambiri zodabwitsa. Ndilo membala wa banja loipa la padziko lapansi. Monga zinazinthu zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi, Kapangidwe ka ambin wa Scandarium kuli ndi chinsinsi. Uwu ndi magulu apadera a atomu omwe amapangitsa kuti spandium azikhala ndi gawo losasinthika mu sayansi ya chimatenti, chemistry ndi zida za zinthu sizingayansi.
Kupezeka kwa svandarium kumadzaza ndi zopindika komanso kutembenuka komanso zovuta. Zinayamba mu 1841, pomwe ma aminito a Sweden Lfnilson (1840 ~ 1899) amayembekeza kupatukana zinthu zina kuchokera kutsukidwaErbiumdziko lapansi pophunzira zitsulo zopepuka. Pambuyo ka 13 kambiri katatu wa nitrate, adalandira 3.5g oyerayterbiumdziko lapansi. Komabe, adapeza kuti atomiki kulemera kwa yterbium adapeza sanafanane ndi kulemera kwa ma atomiki operekedwa ndi MalinaC kale. Nelson anazindikira kuti pakhoza kukhala chinthu china chopeputu. Chifukwa chake anapitiliza kukonza Yteterbium yomwe anapeza chimodzimodzi. Pomaliza, gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi la zitsanzo lidatsala, lomwe limayesedwa atomiki limagwera mpaka 167.46. Zotsatirazi zili pafupi ndi kulemera kwa atomiki ya Y Witrium, motero Nelson adatcha "Scandium".
Ngakhale Nelson anali atazindikira kuti anapeza, sizinakope chidwi kwambiri kuchokera kudera lasayansi chifukwa cha kuvutika komanso kuvuta popatukana. Sipanatenge kumapeto kwa zinthu zachilengedwe padziko lapansi, kunachitika, kuti padenderium uja anali atapezanso komanso kuphunzira.
Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiyambe kutsatira ulendowu wa kufufuza Theondanium, kuti tivule chinsinsi chake ndikumvetsetsa izi wamba koma wamba.
Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito pandenda
Chizindikiro cha Scandarium ndi sc, ndipo nambala yake ya atomiki ndi 21. Chimodzi ndi chitsulo choyera, choyera cha silvery. Ngakhale Swalandium si chinthu wamba m'dziko lapansi, lili ndi magawo ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito, makamaka pazotsatira:
1. Kuphatikiza kwa svandarium kumatha kusintha mphamvu ndi kuwonongeka kwa chivomerezi cha mankhwalawa pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa zitsulo, kupanga zida zolimba komanso zolimba.
2. Njinga ndi zida zamasewera:Scandium aluminiyamuimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga njinga, makalabu a gofu, ndi zida zina zamasewera. Chifukwa champhamvu ndi kuwunika kwake kwakukulu,scandain aloyimatha kukonza magwiridwe antchito a masewera, kuchepetsa thupi, ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika kwa nkhaniyi.
3. Makampani owunikira:Scandain iodideimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati filler pamtunda wambiri wa ma noenon. Mabali oterewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula, kuphika, kuyatsa magetsi, ndi zida zamankhwala chifukwa mawonekedwe awo ali pafupi kwambiri ndi kuwala kwachilengedwe.
4. Maselo Mafuta:Scandium aluminiyamuImapezanso ntchito mu maselo opangira mafuta osungira ma oxide (sofcs). M'mabatire awa,scandium-aluminium aloyimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe, omwe ali ndi zochitika zapamwamba komanso kukhazikika, kuthandiza kukonza luso ndi ma seloni amafuta.
5. Kafukufuku wasayansi: Spandium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholembera zolemba zasayansi. Mu zoyeserera zanyukiliya zanyukiliya ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, scanda yachithunzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira ma radiation ndi tinthu.
6. Mapulogalamu ena: Scandarium imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati nduna yapamwamba kwambiri komanso munthawi zina zapadera kuti musinthe zofunikira za alloy. Chifukwa cha magwiridwe apamwamba kwambiri owonera pochotsa, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zida zamagetsi za mabatire a lithuum ndi zida zina zamagetsi.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti ngakhale anali kugwiritsa ntchito zambiri, kupanga kwa uliri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kochepa komanso kotsika mtengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake, kotero mtengo wake ndi njira zake zimayenera kulingaliridwa mosamala mukamagwiritsa ntchito.
Katundu wakuthupi wa slium
1. Kapangidwe ka atomiki: Nyuzi yaubongo imakhala ndi ma proton 21 ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ma neutrons 20. Chifukwa chake, kulemera kwake kwa atomiki (wachibale atomiki misa) ndi pafupifupi 44.955908. Potengera kapangidwe ka atomiki, kasinthidwe wamagetsi wa Scandarium ndi 1S²E 2 ²½ro 3SS 3D¹ 4SS 4SS 4S.
2. Mkhalidwe wathupi: Scandarium ndi yolimba firiji ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe oyera oyera. Boma lake lathupi limatha kusintha malinga ndi kusintha kwa kutentha ndi kupanikizika.
3. Chuma: Kuchulukitsa kwa scandarium ndi pafupifupi 2.989 g / cm3. Kuchulukitsa kocheperako kumapangitsa kuti zitsulo zopepuka.
4. Malo osungunuka: malo osungunuka ndi pafupifupi 1541 digiri Celsius (806 madigiri Fahrenheit), zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti ili ndi malo okwera kwambiri. 5. Poiwirira: Scandarium ili ndi malo owira pafupifupi 2836 digiri Celsius (5137 madigiri Fahrenheit), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimafunikira kutentha kwambiri kuti zitheke.
6. Umunthu wamagetsi: Spandium ndi wochititsa magetsi, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Ngakhale sizabwino monga zida zodziwika bwino monga mkuwa kapena aluminiyamu, ndizothandizabe pazogwiritsa ntchito zapadera, monga maselo a elentolytic.
7. Ulendo wambiri: Scandarium ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ndikupangitsa kukhala wochititsa thupi kukhala wothamanga pamtenthedwe kwambiri. Izi ndizothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba kwambiri.
8. Kapangidwe ka Crystal: Scandarium ali ndi mawonekedwe a galasi oyandikira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ma atomu ake amadzaza m'matumbo odzaza ndi makristalo.
9. Magnetism: Scandarium ndi diamaginet firiti ya firiji, kutanthauza kuti sizikukopedwa kapena kupenyedwa ndi maginito. Mphamvu zake zimakhudzana ndi kapangidwe kake pakompyuta.
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Scandarium ndi chitsulo chopepuka, chosungunuka kwambiri chokhala ndi mapulogalamu angapo apadera, makamaka mu malonda a Aerossace ndi zida sayansi. Ngakhale sikuti sizipezeka kawirikawiri mwachilengedwe, zinthu zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza m'malo angapo.
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo
Scandarium ndi chinthu chachitsulo chosinthira.
1. Kapangidwe ka atomiki: Kapangidwe ka atomiki ya Atomikiyi kuli ndi ma proton 21 ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi ma neutrons 20. Kukhazikitsidwa kwake kwa electron ndi 1S² sepa 3Pa 3SS 3D¹ 4D¹ 4S, kuwonetsa kuti ili ndi D Orbital imodzi yopanda tanthauzo.
2. Chizindikiro cha Miction ndi nambala ya atomiki: chizindikiro cha mankhwala a scandachium ndi sc, ndipo nambala yake ya atomiki ndi 21.
3. Electronegatality: Scandarium ili ndi electronegasitity yotsika pafupifupi 1.36 (malinga ndi Paul Entractronegatato). Izi zikutanthauza kuti zimataya ma elekitoni kuti apange anyezi wabwino.
4. Mkhalidwe wa oxidation: scandariyation nthawi zambiri imakhalapo mu makutidwe a +3 okutidwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti wataya ma elekitironi atatu kuti apange sc³⁺ ion. Ichi ndiye boma lake lodziwika bwino. Ngakhale SP² ndi Sc⁴⁺ ndi zothekanso, ndizosakhazikika komanso zochepa.
5. Mapangidwe: Scandarium makamaka mafomu ndi zinthu monga okosijeni, sulfure, nayitrogeni, ndi haitrogeni. Makina ena wamba owoneka bwino amaphatikizidwascandaum oxide (Sco2o3) ndi scandium halides (mongascandaum chloride, sccl3).
6. Kuchititsidwana: Siyani ndi chitsulo chojambulidwa, koma imapanga filimu yofulumira yamlengalenga, ndikupanga kanema wa oxide wa scanda, zomwe zimalepheretsa oxidium, zomwe zimalepheretsa maxithation. Izi zimapangitsanso khungu lokhazikika ndipo limatsutsana.
7. Kusungunuka: Scandalla amasungunuka pang'onopang'ono m'macitidi ambiri, koma amasungunuka mosavuta pansi pa mikhalidwe ya milkaline. Ndizopanda mphamvu m'madzi chifukwa kanema wake wa otumbayo amalepheretsa kusinthana ndi mamolekyulu amadzi.
8.Lanthanum, gadolinium, Newdyoum, etc.), nthawi zina nthawi zina zimakhala ngati chinthu cha Lantanide. Kufanana uwu kumawonekera makamaka mu radius ya ionic, katundu wambiri komanso ena akumanja.
9. Isotopis: Scandarium ili ndi ma isotopees angapo, omwe ndi okhawo omwe ali okhazikika. Inofope kwambiri ndi SC-45, yomwe ili ndi moyo wautali ndipo sizikuyenda bwino.
Scandarium ndi chinthu chosowa chochepa, koma chifukwa cha zina mwazinthu zapadera zamankhwala komanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'magawo angapo ogwiritsa ntchito, makamaka mu malonda a Aerossace, zida zapamwamba komanso ntchito zapamwamba.
Zachilengedwe za spandium
Scandium si chinthu wamba mwachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, ilibe zolengedwa zachilengedwe. Zinthu zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chilengedwe, kuyamwa kwazitsulo, kagayidwe kazinthu zina za zinthu zomwe zili pamoyo. Popeza mantha si chinthu chofunikira pamoyo, zolengedwa zosadziwika zimakhala ndi chosowa chachilengedwe kapena kugwiritsa ntchito sponder.
Zotsatira za scanda pazamoyo zimagwirizana makamaka ndi wailesiyaka. Asotopes ena a standium ndi azosowa, ndiye ngati thupi la munthu kapena zolengedwa zina zimawonekera pa scandium, zitha kuyambitsa kuwonekera kwa radiation. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri pamakhalidwe ena monga kafukufuku wa zanyukiliya, radiotherapy kapena ngozi za nyukiliya.
Scandarium siyimayanjana ndi zolengedwa ndipo pali zoopsa za radiation. Chifukwa chake, si chinthu chofunikira kwambiri mu zolengedwa.
Scandarium ndi chinthu chosowa chamankhwala, ndipo kugawa kwake zachilengedwe kumakhala kochepa. Nayi mawu atsatanetsatane pakugawidwa kwa scandarium m'chilengedwe:
1. Zithunzi mu chilengedwe: Scandarim ilipo pang'ono ponseponse. Zomwe zimapezeka kumtunda kwa dziko lapansi kuli pafupifupi 0,0026 mg / kg (kapena 2,6 miliyoni). Izi zimanyoza imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimachitika padziko lapansi.
2. Kupeza mu michere: Ngakhale kuti ndizochepa, scandarium imatha kupezeka m'michere inayake, makamaka ngati ma oxides kapena silturts. Mitembo ina yokhala ndi abodza imaphatikizapo Scandiite ndi Dolomite.
3. Kuchotsa kwa Scandarium: Chifukwa chakugawana pang'ono mwachilengedwe, ndizovuta kutulutsa slideum yoyera. Nthawi zambiri, scandarium imapezeka ngati yotupa ya aluminium, chifukwa imachitika ndi aluminium ku bauxite.
4. Kugawa kwa malo: Scandarium amagawa padziko lonse lapansi, koma ngakhale. Mayiko ena monga China, Russia, Norway, Sweden ndi Brazil ali ndi mabwinja olemera, pomwe zigawo zina sizimakhala nazo.
Ngakhale Scandarium ili ndi kufalitsa pang'ono mwachilengedwe, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri muukadaulo wapamwamba ndi mafakitale, kotero
Kuchotsera ndi kufooketsa kwa chinthu
Scandarium ndi chinthu chachitsulo chosowa, ndipo migodi yake ndi m'zigawo zake ndizovuta. Otsatirawa ndikuyamba mwatsatanetsatane ku migodi ndi kuchotsa njira yamphamvu yowoneka bwino:
1. Kuchotsa kwa scandarium: scandaum sikupezeka mu mawonekedwe ake oyambira mu chilengedwe, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta ku Ores. Mafuta akuluakulu a ORES amaphatikizapo Vadium Scandaum Ore, Zircon Ore, ndi YNTRAN. Zovuta zomwe zili mu ores izi ndizotsika kwambiri.
Njira yodziwitsira za Spandium nthawi zambiri imakhudza njira zotsatirazi:
a. Migodi: Kufukula ma ores okhala ndi mantha.
b. Kupsinjika ndi kukonza: Kuphwanya ndi kukonza ores kuti muletse zothandiza ma ores kuchokera ku zinyalala.
c. Flotation: Kudzera mu njira yolongosola, ore okhala ndi scandarium asiyanitsidwa ndi zosayera.
d. Kusungunuka ndi Kuchepetsa: Scandaum Hydroxide nthawi zambiri imasungunuka kenako yochepetsedwa itallic ndi mankhwala ochepetsa (nthawi zambiri aluminiyamu).
e. Electrolytic Eale-electrolyticium: mawonekedwe ochepetsedwa amatengedwa kudzera mu njira ya electrolytic kuti mupeze oyerachitsulo.
3. Kuthana ndi Scandarium: Kupyola zingapo zosungunulira ndi ma crystallization, kuyera kwa khungu kumatha kusintha. Njira yodziwika ndi yolekanitsa ndi crystallizescandium yayitali.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa scanda, kuchotsa komanso njira zoyenga bwino kumafunikira maluso owoneka bwino, ndipo amapanga zinyalala zambiri komanso zopangidwa ndi zinthu. Chifukwa chake, migodi ndi kuchotsera kwa owoneka bwino ndi ntchito yovuta komanso yodula, nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi migodi ndi kuchotsa njira zina zothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito bwino pachuma.
Njira zodziwika za scanda
1. Mayamiki a atomu (AAS): ma atomi a atomu a atomic ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apadera kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa spandium mu zitsanzo. Zimapangitsa kuti zitsanzo ziziyesedwa mu lawi, kenako ndikuyesa kuyamwa kwa scandarium mu zitsanzo kudzera mu mawonekedwe. Njirayi ndiyoyenera kuika kwa kufufuza kwa swalandium.
2. Imatola zitsanzo ndipo amapanga ma plsma, ndikuwonetsa kuti ndi phokoso lamphamvu komanso kulimba kwa standarium yowoneka bwino.
3. Imatola chitsanzocho ndikupanga kuchuluka kwa plasma, ndikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa scandarium mu misa misa. 4. X-ray fluorescence Spectrometry (Xrf) Imatha kudziwa bwino zomwe zili mu scandium mu zitsanzo.
5. Kuwerenga mwachindunji: Kudziwikanso monga Photoelectric Flowmentry kuwerenga Spertmetry, ndi njira yowunikira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha mawonekedwe a zinthu. Imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi otentha kwambiri kapena ma arcs kuti musungunuke mwachindunji zinthu zomwe zili mu chiwonetsero cha boma lolimba ndi kutulutsa mizere yolimba. Chuma chilichonse chimakhala ndi chingwe chapadera choyimitsidwa, ndipo mphamvu yake ndiyofanana ndi zomwe zili mu zitsanzo. Mwa kuyeza kukula kwa mizere yowoneka bwino iyi, zomwe zili mu sampuli zitha kutsimikizika. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakuwunika kwa zitsulo ndi ma entys, makamaka ku metallingo, zitsulo, zida zina za sayansi ndi minda ina.
Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu labotale ndi makampani ophunzitsira kuchuluka ndi kuwongolera kwapamwamba. Kusankhidwa kwa njira yoyenera kumadalira zinthu monga mtundu wake, kuwunika kofunikira ndi kulondola.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mwapadera kwa ma atomium atomium atomium
Muyezo wa chinthu, kuyamwa kwa atomu
Kenako, tigwiritsa ntchito mafoloko oyamwa kwambiri poyerekeza zomwe zili pachitsulo.
Malingaliro ake ali motere:
Konzani zitsanzo kuti ziyesedwe. Kuti akonze yankho la zitsanzo kuti ayesedwe, ndiye kufunika kugwiritsa ntchito acid osakaniza kuti chimbudzi kuti chithandizireni magawo.
Sankhani mawonekedwe oyenera a atomu owoneka bwino. Sankhani mawonekedwe oyenera a atomu okonda kutengera zinthu zomwe zimayesedwa komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe zakhala zikuyezedwa. Sinthani magawo a atomiki a atomu. Sinthani magawo a mawonekedwe a atomiki, kuphatikizapo gwero lowunikira, atomizer, wonyansa, etc., kutengera chinthu choyesedwa ndi chida.
Yerekezerani kuyamwa kwa chinthu. Ikani zitsanzo kuti ziyesedwe kukhala atomizer ndikuwunika kwa ma radiation ya chiwongola dzanja china. Chovuta choyesedwa chimatha kuyamwa radiation iyi yopepuka iyi ndikusintha mphamvu. Yerekezerani kuyamwa kwa cholembera kudzera mwa chofufuzira.
Kuwerengera zomwe zili pazinthu. Werengani zomwe zili mu scandium dementium yotengera kuyanjana ndi curve.
Pantchito yeniyeni, ndikofunikira kusankha njira zoyenera zoyeserera malinga ndi zosowa zina za malowa. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunika ndi kuzindikira zachitsulo m'magulu ndi mafakitale.
Pamapeto pa mawu athu oti tioneke a Spendium, tikuyembekeza kuti owerenga angamvetsetse bwino komanso kudziwa zinthu zabwinozi. Scandium, monga chinthu chofunikira patebulo la nthawi, sikuti amangochita nawo gawo lalikulu kwambiri pankhani ya sayansi, komanso amagwiritsanso ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi minda ina.
Pophunzira zinthuzo, kugwiritsa ntchito, kufufuza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa scandarium mu sayansi ndi ukadaulo wapadera komanso kuthekera kwa chinthu ichi. Kuchokera ku zida za Aeroptace ku Technology, kuchokera ku petrochemicals toza zida zamankhwala, scander amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri.
Inde, tiyeneranso kuzindikira kuti pamene Scandarium imabweretsa mwayi m'miyoyo yathu, imakhalanso ndi ngozi zina. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale tifunika kusangalala ndi ma spondium, tiyeneranso kusamala kuti tizigwiritsa ntchito moyenera kuti tipewe mavuto. M'chitukuko chamtsogolo cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, tikuyembekeza kuti pali ukadaulo kuti azisewera ndi maubwino ake apadera m'minda yambiri ndikubweretsa zosavuta komanso zodabwitsa m'miyoyo yathu.
Post Nthawi: Nov-14-2024