Kodi mumadziwa? Njira yotulukira anthuyttriumanali wodzaza ndi zokhotakhota ndi zovuta. Mu 1787, Karl Axel Arrhenius waku Sweden adapeza mwangozi mwala wakuda wandiweyani komanso wolemera m'mabowo pafupi ndi mudzi wakwawo wa Ytterby ndikuutcha "Ytterbite". Pambuyo pake, asayansi ambiri kuphatikizapo Johan Gadolin, Anders Gustav Ekberg, Friedrich Wöhler ndi ena adafufuza mozama za miyalayi.
Mu 1794, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Finnish Johan Gadolin anasiyanitsa bwino oksidi watsopano ndi miyala ya ytterbium ndipo anaitcha yttrium. Aka kanali koyamba kuti anthu apeze chinthu china chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Komabe, kutulukira kumeneku sikunakope anthu ambiri nthaŵi yomweyo.
M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, asayansi atulukira zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi zosapezekapezeka. Mu 1803, German Klaproth ndi Swedes Hitzinger ndi Berzelius anapeza cerium. Mu 1839, Swede Mosander anapezalanthanum. Mu 1843, adapeza erbium nditerbium. Zomwe anapezazi zinapereka maziko ofunikira a kafukufuku wasayansi wotsatira.
Sipanakhalepo mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 pamene asayansi analekanitsa bwino chinthu "yttrium" ndi miyala ya yttrium. Mu 1885, Austrian Wilsbach anapeza neodymium ndi praseodymium. Mu 1886, Bois-Baudran anapezadysprosium. Zopezedwazi zinalemeretsanso banja lalikulu la zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosoŵa.
Kwa zaka zoposa zana pambuyo pa kutulukira kwa yttrium, chifukwa cha zofooka za luso lamakono, asayansi sanathe kuyeretsa chinthu ichi, chomwe chayambitsanso mikangano ndi zolakwika zamaphunziro. Komabe, izi sizinalepheretse asayansi kukhala ndi chidwi chophunzira yttrium.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso lazopangapanga, asayansi pomalizira pake anayamba kutha kuyeretsa zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosapezekapezeka. Mu 1901, Mfalansa Eugene de Marseille anapezaeuropium. Mu 1907-1908, Austrian Wilsbach ndi Mfalansa Urbain paokha anapeza lutetium. Zomwe anapezazi zinapereka maziko ofunikira a kafukufuku wasayansi wotsatira.
Mu sayansi yamakono ndi zamakono, kugwiritsa ntchito yttrium kukukulirakulira. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kumvetsetsa kwathu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito yttrium kudzachulukirachulukira mozama.
Magawo ogwiritsira ntchito yttrium element
1.Magalasi owoneka ndi ceramic:Yttrium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magalasi owoneka bwino ndi zoumba, makamaka popanga zoumba zowonekera ndi magalasi owoneka. Mapangidwe ake ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri owoneka bwino ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za lasers, kulumikizana ndi fiber-optic ndi zida zina.
2. Phosphor:Mapangidwe a Yttrium amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu phosphors ndipo amatha kutulutsa fluorescence yowala, motero amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zowonera pa TV, zowunikira ndi zida zowunikira.Yttrium oxidendi zinthu zina nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zowunikira kuti ziwongolere komanso kumveka bwino kwa kuwala.
3. Aloyi zowonjezera: Popanga ma aloyi azitsulo, yttrium imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera kuti chiwongolere zida zamakina komanso kukana dzimbiri kwazitsulo.Mitundu ya Yttriumnthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo zolimba kwambiri komansozitsulo za aluminiyamu, kuwapangitsa kuti asatenthedwe komanso kuti asachite dzimbiri.
4. Zothandizira: Zipangizo za Yttrium zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazothandizira zina ndipo zimatha kufulumizitsa kuchuluka kwa machitidwe amankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zoyeretsera utsi wamagalimoto ndi zopangira zopangira mafakitale, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwazinthu zoyipa.
5. Ukadaulo wojambula zamankhwala: Ma isotopu a Yttrium amagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo woyerekeza zamankhwala kukonza ma isotopu a radioactive, monga kulemba ma radiopharmaceuticals ndi kuzindikira kuyerekeza kwachipatala cha nyukiliya.
6. Ukadaulo wa laser:Ma lasers a Yttrium ion ndi laser wamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zasayansi zosiyanasiyana, mankhwala a laser ndi ntchito zamafakitale. Kupanga ma lasers kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena a yttrium ngati oyambitsa.Yttrium zinthundi zosakaniza zawo zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu sayansi yamakono ndi zamakono ndi mafakitale, kuphatikizapo madera ambiri monga optics, zipangizo za sayansi, ndi mankhwala, ndipo zathandiza kwambiri kupita patsogolo ndi chitukuko cha anthu.
Zakuthupi za yttrium
Nambala ya atomiki yayttriumndi 39 ndipo chizindikiro chake chamankhwala ndi Y.
1. Mawonekedwe:Yttrium ndi chitsulo choyera-siliva.
2. Kachulukidwe:Kuchulukana kwa yttrium ndi 4.47 g/cm3, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazinthu zolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi.
3. Malo osungunuka:Malo osungunuka a yttrium ndi 1522 degrees Celsius (2782 degrees Fahrenheit), kutanthauza kutentha komwe yttrium imasintha kuchoka ku cholimba kupita kumadzi pansi pa kutentha.
4. Malo otentha:Kutentha kwa yttrium ndi 3336 degrees Celsius (6037 degrees Fahrenheit), kutanthauza kutentha komwe yttrium imasintha kuchoka kumadzi kupita ku gasi pansi pa kutentha.
5. Gawo:Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, yttrium imakhala yolimba.
6. Kuwongolera:Yttrium ndi conductor wabwino wamagetsi wokhala ndi ma conductivity apamwamba, motero imakhala ndi ntchito zina pakupanga zida zamagetsi ndiukadaulo wamagetsi.
7. Magnetism:Yttrium ndi chinthu cha paramagnetic kutentha kwachipinda, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ilibe maginito owoneka bwino ku maginito.
8. Kapangidwe ka kristalo: Yttrium ilipo mu mawonekedwe a kristalo ozungulira a hexagonal.
9. Mphamvu ya atomiki:Voliyumu ya atomiki ya yttrium ndi 19.8 kiyubiki centimita pa mole, zomwe zikutanthauza voliyumu yomwe imakhala ndi mole imodzi ya ma atomu a yttrium.
Yttrium ndi chinthu chachitsulo chokhala ndi kachulukidwe kwambiri komanso malo osungunuka, ndipo imakhala ndi ma conductivity abwino, motero imakhala ndi ntchito zofunikira pamagetsi, sayansi yazinthu ndi magawo ena. Nthawi yomweyo, yttrium ndi chinthu chosowa kwambiri, chomwe chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri muukadaulo wina wapamwamba komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale.
Chemical katundu wa yttrium
1. Chizindikiro cha mankhwala ndi gulu: Chizindikiro cha mankhwala cha yttrium ndi Y, ndipo chili mu nthawi yachisanu ya tebulo la periodic, gulu lachitatu, lomwe likufanana ndi zinthu za lanthanide.
2. Kapangidwe kamagetsi: Kapangidwe kamagetsi ka yttrium ndi 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f¹⁴ 5s². Mu gawo lakunja la electron, yttrium ili ndi ma electron awiri a valence.
3. Valence state: Yttrium nthawi zambiri imawonetsa valence state ya +3, yomwe ndi valence state yodziwika bwino, koma imathanso kuwonetsa valence state ya +2 ndi +1.
4. Reactivity: Yttrium ndi chitsulo chokhazikika, koma pang'onopang'ono imadzaza ndi okosijeni ikakhala ndi mpweya, kupanga oxide wosanjikiza pamwamba. Izi zimapangitsa yttrium kutaya kuwala kwake. Pofuna kuteteza yttrium, nthawi zambiri imasungidwa pamalo owuma.
5. Kuchita ndi ma oxides: Yttrium imakhudzidwa ndi ma oxides kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizayttrium oxide(Y2O3). Yttrium oxide nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga phosphors ndi zoumba.
6. **Kuchita ndi ma acid**: Yttrium imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi asidi amphamvu kuti ipange mchere wofananira, mongayttrium kloridi (YCl3) kapenayttrium sulphate (Y2(SO4)3).
7. Kuchitapo kanthu ndi madzi: Yttrium sichichita mwachindunji ndi madzi pansi pazikhalidwe zabwinobwino, koma pa kutentha kwakukulu, imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi nthunzi yamadzi kuti ipange hydrogen ndi yttrium oxide.
8. Zomwe zimachitika ndi sulfides ndi carbides: Yttrium imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi sulfides ndi carbides kupanga zinthu zofanana monga yttrium sulfide (YS) ndi yttrium carbide (YC2). 9. Isotopu: Yttrium ili ndi ma isotopu angapo, yomwe ili yokhazikika kwambiri ndi yttrium-89 (^89Y), yomwe imakhala ndi theka la moyo wautali ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala a nyukiliya ndi kulemba isotopu.
Yttrium ndi chinthu chokhazikika chachitsulo chokhala ndi maiko angapo a valence komanso kuthekera kochita zinthu ndi zinthu zina kuti apange mankhwala. Ili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana mu optics, sayansi yazinthu, mankhwala, ndi mafakitale, makamaka mu phosphors, kupanga ceramic, ndi ukadaulo wa laser.
Biological katundu wa yttrium
The zamoyo katundu wayttriummu zamoyo ndi zochepa.
1. Kukhalapo ndi kuyamwa: Ngakhale kuti yttrium si chinthu chofunikira pa moyo, kufufuza kuchuluka kwa yttrium kungapezeke m'chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo nthaka, miyala, ndi madzi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kulowetsa yttrium kudzera muzakudya, nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku dothi ndi zomera.
2. Bioavailability: The bioavailability ya yttrium ndi yochepa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zamoyo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuyamwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito yttrium bwino. Mankhwala ambiri a yttrium samalowetsedwa mosavuta mu zamoyo, choncho amayamba kuchotsedwa.
3. Kugawa kwa zamoyo: Kamodzi m'zamoyo, yttrium imagawidwa makamaka m'magulu monga chiwindi, impso, ndulu, mapapo, ndi mafupa. Makamaka, mafupa amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa yttrium.
4. Metabolism ndi excretion: Kagayidwe ka yttrium m'thupi la munthu ndi ochepa chifukwa nthawi zambiri amachoka m'thupi mwa kutuluka. Zambiri zimatulutsidwa kudzera mkodzo, ndipo zimathanso kutulutsidwa ngati njira yachimbudzi.
5. Poizoni: Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake kwa bioavailability, yttrium nthawi zambiri samadziunjikira kumagulu owopsa a zamoyo zabwinobwino. Komabe, kuwonetsa kwapamwamba kwa yttrium kungakhale ndi zotsatira zovulaza zamoyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale poizoni. Izi nthawi zambiri sizichitika kawirikawiri chifukwa kuchuluka kwa yttrium m'chilengedwe kumakhala kotsika ndipo sikumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kapena kukhudzana ndi zamoyo. za moyo. Ngakhale kuti ilibe zotsatira zoonekeratu za poizoni pa zamoyo nthawi zonse, kuwonetsa kwa mlingo wa yttrium kungayambitse ngozi. Choncho, kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi kuyang'anitsitsa ndizofunikirabe pa chitetezo ndi zotsatira zamoyo za yttrium.
Kugawidwa kwa yttrium mu chilengedwe
Yttrium ndi chinthu chosowa padziko lapansi chomwe chimagawidwa kwambiri m'chilengedwe, ngakhale kuti sichipezeka mwachilengedwe.
1. Zomwe Zimachitika Padziko Lapansi: Kuchuluka kwa yttrium m'nthaka yapadziko lapansi ndikochepa kwambiri, ndipo pafupifupi 33 mg/kg. Izi zimapangitsa yttrium kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zosowa.
Yttrium imapezeka makamaka mumtundu wa mchere, nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi. Maminolo ena akuluakulu a yttrium amaphatikizapo yttrium iron garnet (YIG) ndi yttrium oxalate (Y2(C2O4)3).
2. Kugawidwa kwa malo: Ma depositi a Yttrium amagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi, koma madera ena angakhale olemera mu yttrium. Ma depositi ena akuluakulu a yttrium angapezeke m'madera otsatirawa: Australia, China, United States, Russia, Canada, India, Scandinavia, ndi zina zotero. kulekanitsa yttrium. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo leaching ya asidi ndi njira zolekanitsa mankhwala kuti mupeze yttrium yoyera kwambiri.
Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri monga yttrium sizimakhalapo mwanjira ya zinthu zoyera, koma zimasakanizidwa ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi. Choncho, m'zigawo za apamwamba chiyero yttrium amafuna zovuta mankhwala processing ndi kulekana njira. Komanso, kupereka kwazosowa zapadziko lapansindi zochepa, kotero kulingalira za kayendetsedwe ka chuma chawo ndi kusunga chilengedwe n'kofunikanso.
Kukumba, kuchotsa ndi kusungunuka kwa chinthu cha yttrium
Yttrium ndi chinthu chosowa padziko lapansi chomwe nthawi zambiri sichikhala mu mawonekedwe a yttrium yoyera, koma mu mawonekedwe a yttrium ore. Zotsatirazi ndizofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za migodi ndi kuyenga kwa yttrium element:
1. Kukumba miyala ya yttrium:
Kufufuza: Choyamba, akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka ndi akatswiri a migodi amachita ntchito yofufuza kuti apeze madipoziti omwe ali ndi yttrium. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi maphunziro a geological, kufufuza kwa geophysical, ndi kusanthula zitsanzo. Kukumba: Akapeza ndalama zokhala ndi yttrium, ore amakumbidwa. Madipozitiwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ore oxide monga yttrium iron garnet (YIG) kapena yttrium oxalate (Y2(C2O4)3). Kuthyola zitsulo: Mukatha kukumba, miyalayo nthawi zambiri imafunika kuthyoledwa kukhala tizidutswa tating'ono ting'ono kuti tikonzenso.
2. Kuchotsa yttrium:Chemical leaching: Ore wophwanyidwa nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa ku smelter, kumene yttrium amachotsedwa kudzera mu leaching ya mankhwala. Njirayi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito njira ya acidic leaching solution, monga sulfuric acid, kuti asungunuke yttrium kuchokera ku miyala. Kupatukana: yttrium ikasungunuka, nthawi zambiri imasakanizidwa ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi komanso zonyansa zina. Pofuna kuchotsa yttrium ya chiyero chapamwamba, njira yolekanitsa imafunika, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira, kusinthana kwa ion kapena njira zina za mankhwala. Mvula: Yttrium imasiyanitsidwa ndi zinthu zina zosowa zapadziko lapansi kudzera m'machitidwe oyenera amankhwala kuti apange mankhwala a yttrium. Kuyanika ndi calcination: Zomwe zimapezedwa za yttrium nthawi zambiri zimafunika kuumitsa ndi kuwerengetsa kuti zichotse chinyezi chotsalira ndi zonyansa kuti pamapeto pake zipeze zitsulo zoyera za yttrium kapena mankhwala.
Njira zodziwira za yttrium
Njira zodziwika bwino za yttrium makamaka zimaphatikizapo ma atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively cod plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), etc.
1. Atomic mayamwidwe spectroscopy (AAS):AAS ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera kuchuluka kwa yttrium yankho. Njirayi imachokera pazochitika za mayamwidwe pamene chinthu chandamale muchitsanzo chimatenga kuwala kwa kutalika kwake. Choyamba, chitsanzocho chimasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe oyezeka kupyolera muzitsulo zokonzekera kale monga kuyaka kwa gasi ndi kuyanika kwapamwamba. Kenaka, kuwala kofanana ndi kutalika kwa chinthu chomwe chapangidwira kumadutsa mu chitsanzo, mphamvu ya kuwala yomwe imatengedwa ndi chitsanzo imayesedwa, ndipo zomwe zili mu yttrium mu chitsanzo zimawerengedwa poziyerekeza ndi njira ya yttrium yodziwika bwino.
2. Kuphatikizika kwa plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS):ICP-MS ndi njira yowunikira kwambiri yomwe imayenera kudziwa zomwe zili mu yttrium mu zitsanzo zamadzimadzi komanso zolimba. Njirayi imasintha chitsanzo kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndipo kenaka timagwiritsa ntchito masikisitala ambiri kuti tiwunikenso misa. ICP-MS ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yodziwira komanso kusamvana kwakukulu, ndipo imatha kudziwa zomwe zili muzinthu zingapo nthawi imodzi. Kuti mudziwe yttrium, ICP-MS ikhoza kupereka malire otsika kwambiri komanso olondola kwambiri.
3. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF):XRF ndi njira yowunikira yosawononga yomwe imayenera kutsimikizira zomwe zili mu yttrium mu zitsanzo zolimba komanso zamadzimadzi. Njirayi imatsimikizira zomwe zili ndi chinthucho poyatsa pamwamba pa chitsanzo ndi X-ray ndikuyesa kuchuluka kwapamwamba kwa fulorosenti mu chitsanzo. XRF ili ndi maubwino othamanga mwachangu, kugwira ntchito kosavuta, komanso kuthekera kozindikira zinthu zingapo nthawi imodzi. Komabe, XRF ikhoza kusokonezedwa pakuwunika kwa yttrium yotsika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika zazikulu.
4. Kuphatikizika kwa plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES):Inductively plasma optical emission spectrometry ndi njira yowunikira kwambiri komanso yosankha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunika kwazinthu zambiri. Imapanga atomize chitsanzo ndikupanga plasma kuti iyese kutalika kwake ndi mphamvu yake.f ayikutulutsa mu spectrometer. Kuphatikiza pa njira zomwe zili pamwambazi, pali njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira yttrium, kuphatikizapo njira ya electrochemical, spectrophotometry, ndi zina zotero. nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuti aziwongolera bwino kuti atsimikizire zolondola komanso zodalirika za zotsatira zoyezera.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji njira ya yttrium atomic mayamwidwe
Mu kuyeza kwa zinthu, plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ndi njira yowunikira kwambiri komanso yowunikira zinthu zambiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu, kuphatikiza yttrium. Zotsatirazi ndi ndondomeko yatsatanetsatane yoyesera yttrium mu ICP-MS:
1. Kukonzekera kwachitsanzo:
Chitsanzocho nthawi zambiri chimafunika kusungunuka kapena kumwazikana mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi kuti muwunikenso ICP-MS. Izi zikhoza kuchitika mwa kusungunuka kwa mankhwala, kutentha chimbudzi kapena njira zina zoyenera kukonzekera.
Kukonzekera kwa chitsanzo kumafuna zinthu zoyera kwambiri kuti zisawonongeke ndi zinthu zilizonse zakunja. Laboratory iyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti apewe kuipitsidwa kwa zitsanzo.
2. Kupanga ICP:
ICP imapangidwa poyambitsa mpweya wosakanikirana wa argon kapena argon-oxygen mu tochi yotsekedwa ya quartz plasma. Kulumikizana kwapamwamba kwambiri kumatulutsa lawi lamphamvu la plasma, lomwe ndilo poyambira kusanthula.
Kutentha kwa plasma ndi pafupifupi 8000 mpaka 10000 madigiri Celsius, omwe ndi okwera kwambiri kuti asinthe zinthu zomwe zili mu chitsanzo kukhala ionic state.
3. Ionization ndi kupatukana:Chitsanzochi chikalowa m'madzi a m'magazi, zinthu zomwe zili mmenemo zimakhala ndi ionized. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma atomu amataya ma elekitironi amodzi kapena angapo, kupanga ma ion omwe amaperekedwa. ICP-MS imagwiritsa ntchito masikisitala ambiri kuti alekanitse ma ion a zinthu zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri ndi chiŵerengero cha misa-to-charge (m/z). Izi zimathandiza kuti ma ions azinthu zosiyanasiyana azisiyanitsidwa ndikuwunikidwa pambuyo pake.
4. Misa spectrometry:Ma ion olekanitsidwa amalowa mu spectrometer yayikulu, nthawi zambiri quadrupole mass spectrometer kapena maginito kupanga sikani misa spectrometer. Mu misa spectrometer, ma ion a zinthu zosiyanasiyana amasiyanitsidwa ndikuzindikiridwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwawo kwa misa-to-charge. Izi zimalola kupezeka ndi kukhazikika kwa chinthu chilichonse kutsimikiziridwa. Chimodzi mwazabwino za plasma mass spectrometry yophatikizika ndi kukhazikika kwake, komwe kumathandizira kuzindikira zinthu zingapo nthawi imodzi.
5. Kusintha kwa data:Deta yopangidwa ndi ICP-MS nthawi zambiri imafunika kukonzedwa ndikuwunikidwa kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu chitsanzocho. Izi zikuphatikiza kufananiza chizindikiro chozindikirika ndi milingo yodziwika bwino, ndikuwongolera ndi kukonza.
6. Lipoti la zotsatira:Chotsatira chomaliza chimaperekedwa ngati kuchuluka kapena kuchuluka kwa chinthucho. Zotsatirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza sayansi yapadziko lapansi, kusanthula zachilengedwe, kuyesa chakudya, kafukufuku wamankhwala, ndi zina.
ICP-MS ndi njira yolondola kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino yoyenera kusanthula zinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza yttrium. Komabe, zimafunikira zida zovuta komanso ukadaulo, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimachitikira mu labotale kapena malo owunikira akatswiri. Pa ntchito yeniyeni, m'pofunika kusankha njira yoyenera yoyezera malinga ndi zofunikira za malo. Njirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza ndi kuzindikira ytterbium m'ma laboratories ndi mafakitale.
Pambuyo pofotokoza mwachidule zomwe tatchulazi, tikhoza kunena kuti yttrium ndi chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chokhala ndi thupi komanso mankhwala, chomwe chili chofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi ntchito. Ngakhale kuti tapita patsogolo pang’onopang’ono m’kumvetsetsa kwathu, pali mafunso ambiri ofunikira kufufuza ndi kufufuza mowonjezereka. Ndikukhulupirira kuti mawu athu oyamba angathandize owerenga kumvetsetsa bwino chinthu chochititsa chidwichi ndikulimbikitsa aliyense kuti azikonda sayansi komanso chidwi chofufuza zinthu.
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Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-28-2024