Zvisingawanzo zvepasi zvinhuizita remuzana rechiratidzo gumi nemarefu, kusanganisira gumi nematanhatu lanthanide zvinhu uyeScandiumuyeytrium. Kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18, vakave vachishandiswa zvakanyanya muSimbi, girazi, girazi, kudhinda uye kurima uye masango uye mamwe maindasitiri. Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo kuitika muindasitiri yenyika yerudzi rwekare kwakatanga muma1930s. Muma1970s, huwandu hwese hwezvisingawanzo zvepanyikaInoshandiswa muCeramic zvinhu zvasvika 70T / gore, accounting kweinenge 2% kusvika ku3% yehuwandu hwekugadzira mudzimba. Parizvino, vanhu vepanyika vanonyanya kushandiswa muchimiro chemamiriro ezvinhu, mashandiro ceramics, ceramic glazes uye mamwe minda. Nekukura kwekuenderera mberi uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvinhu zvepasi, zvisingaverengeki zvazvinoshandiswa, zvidhori uye zvinokonzeresa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinodzora mari yekugadzira, uye inoita kuti application yavo ishandiswe.
Kushandiswa kwechinhu chisingawanzo kuitika pasi pazvinhu zvemafuta
■ Apple InAl2o3Cereracs Al2o3 ceramics ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa ceresics nekuda kwesimba ravo guru, kupokana kwakanyanya, kupokana, kupokana, uye zvivakwa zvakanaka zvemagetsi zvemagetsi. Kuwedzera zvisingawanzo nyika mhou dzakadaiY2O3, LA2O3, SM2O3. Deredza hupfumi hwezvinyorwa zvinowedzera dentity; Zvinotadzisa kutama kwemamwe eion, kuderedza iyo nzira yekufambisa yemiganhu yezviyo, inhibit kugadzira zviyo, uye inofambisa kuumbwa kwezvivakwa zvenzvimbo; Kuvandudza simba rechikamu chegirazi, nekudaro kuzadzisa chinangwa chekuvandudza manhamba eiyo al2o3 ceramics.
■ Apple InSi3n4Ceramicssi3n4 ceramics ine zvinhu zvakanakisa, zvivakwa zvekugadzira uye makemikari kugadzikana, uye zvinhu zvinosimudzira zvakanyanya kune dzakakwirira-tembiricha cererals. Sezvo Si3n4 isungo yakasimba yekuvharira, yakachena si3n4 haigone kuve inowedzeredzwa nedanho rezvemaguta rechisimba vachitadza. Naizvozvo, kunze kwekuita kwekutadza kwekutadza kwekutungamira kweNitridation ye si poda, imwe huwandu hwerubatsiro rekutadza rinofanira kuwedzerwa kuti riwedzerwe kugadzira zvinhu zvakashata. Parizvino, zvakanyanyisa kutadza zvinhu zvinobatsira pakugadzirira Si3n4 ceramics hazviwanzo kuitika Pasi pane seY2O3, Nd2o3, uyeLA2O3. Kune rimwe divi, izvi zvisingawanzo overides zvine trace sio2 pamusoro pe si3n4 poda nekumisa nitrogen yegirama-tembiricha zvikamu, zvinobudirira zvinokurudzira kutadza kweiyo si3n4 cermics; Kune rimwe divi, ivo vanoumba Y-LA-SI-pagirazi reGreek miganhu neyekutsikisa kritally ine mbozerises neyekunyungudza mamiriro ekudziya, ayo anovandudza kupisa kwakashata kwezvinhu zvacho.
■ Apple InZro2Ceramics Zro2 Cererals ane density yakakwirira, nzvimbo yakakwirira yekunyungudika uye kuomarara, kunyanya kubhururuka kwakanyanya simba uye kupwanyika zvakanyanya, izvo zviri pamusoro pezvakanyanya pakati pecreticic ese. Sezvo iyo Crystal Shanduro yeZiro2 inoperekedzwa neBhuku renje, chiyero chekushandiswa kwakananga ndechangogumira. Nekunhuhwirira kwebasa rekutsvagisa, zvinowanikwa kuti kuwedzera kwekuvavazve kwepasi oltides kune inhibitory iri nani uye kusimbisa maitiro pane imwe shanduko yeZro2. Inowanzoshandiswa zvisingawanzo nyika oltides ndeye kunyanyaY2O3,Nd2o3, uye ce2o3. Yavo ionicom radius iri pedyo neiyo yeZR4 +, uye vanogona kuumba monclinic, tetragonal uye cubic kutsiva yakasimba mhinduro neZRo2. Rudzi urwu rweZRE2 Ceramic zvinhu zvine yakanaka technical performance zviratidzo. Semuyenzaniso,CEO2inogona kuumba dunhu reTetragonal Zirconia Solid Solid solid mune yakafara huwandu neZRo2, iyo yakanaka yakasimba yemagetsi yakasimbiswa. Y2O3-STBILIDED ZRO2 (YSZ) iri yakanaka okisijeni Ion yezvinyorwa zveConder, iyo yakave ichishandiswa zvakanyanya mumasero exide mafuta (sofc), okisigegen sensors, uye methane sensodi oxidation membrane.
■ Apple InSicceramicsSilicon carbideCereracs vanopesana nekudziya kwakanyanya, kuvhunduka, kupora, kupfeka, kurema kwakanaka uye kureruka kwechiedza, uye zvinowanzoshandiswa zvakakwirira zvecrements. Iyo yakasimba covent kurongedza hunhu hweSicsarudza kuti zvakaoma kuwana kutadza kudzora kwekuwedzera pasi pezvakajairwa. Izvo zvinowanzo kuve zvakafanira kuwedzera kutadza AIDS kana kushandisa zvinopisa kudzvanya uye kupisa zvisoxtatic kumanikidza kuchinjisa maitiro. Maitiro ekugadzira anoomeserwa uye mutengo wakakwira. Rubatsiro runoshanda zvakanyanya nhungamiro rwekumanikidza kusatadza sic is al2o3-y2o3; SIC-Yag Ceramic Composite Zvigadzirwa neY3ALL5O12 (Yag yenguva pfupi) seyakawana rubatsiro rwekuita kuti gadziriswe pakudziya kwepazasi, saka ivo vanoonekwa sevanonyanya kuvimbisa silicon carride system.
■ Apple InAlnceramicsAlnIcho chisungo chinobatanidza chine nzvimbo yakakwirira yekunyungudika, yakakwirira yekudzora conder, yakaderera dielectric nguva dzose, uye kuramba kuonga kwemasimbi uye madhiri akadai sedare uye aluminium. Iyo ine yakanakisa kupisa kupisa mumhepo inokosha uye iine yakakura-yakakura-chiyero chakabatanidzwa mudunhu redunhu substate uye kurongedza zvinhu. Sezvo ALN chisungo chinobatanidza, kutadza kwakanyanya kuoma, uye kune imwe nzira yekuchinjisa inogona kungoderedza tembiricha yekudzikisira kusvika padanho renzombe) dzinowanzoshandiswa sekutadza kweAIDS kuumba chikamu chemuviri kusimudzira kuchinjisa. Uye zvakare, kutadza mabhuku AIDS kunogona zvakare kuita neoxygen kusachena mukatiAln, Deredza Aluminium Vacancies inokonzerwa ne-oksijeni yekunyungudika mukati meiyo Aln Lattice, uye kugadzirisa iyo inobata iyo yekubatira yeAln.
■ Chishandiso muSialer Ceramics Sialon Ceramics erudzi rweSi-no-al dense polycrystalline nitride ceramics yakagadzirwa pane hwaro hweSi3n4ceramics. Ivo vanoumbwa nekutsiva kwechidimbu cheatomu uye natomu mukatiSi3n4neAl maatomu uye o maatomu muAl2o3. Simba ravo, kuoma, uye oxidation kupokana kuri nani pane si3n4 ceramics, uye vanonyanya kukodzera kuCramic Injini zvikamu uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinopfeka zvecramic. Sialon zvinhu hazvisi nyore kutadza. Sumo yerefu yepasi pano inokodzera kuumbwa kwechikamu chemvura pane tembiricha yekudziya, inokonzera kukurudzira zvinokonzera kutadza. Panguva imwecheteyo, kanji yepasi pano inogona kupinda mune iyo latice yeiyo α-si3n4 chikamu chechikamu chegirazi uye gadzira chikamu chezviyo, chinovandudza tembiricha yemakamuri uye kuita kwakanyanya kwezvinhu. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kuwedzera 1%Y2O3Inogona kuumba yakakwirira-tembiricha yegirazi paunotadza sialares ceramics pakupisa kwakanyanya, izvo zvisingabvumi chete kutadza, asi zvinovandudzawo kuomarara kwayo. Mukuwedzera, kuwedzera shoma yeY2O3 zvakare inovandudza iyo oxidation yayo oxidation.
Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo kuitika pasi pazvinhu zvinoshanda
Zvisingawanzo zvepanyikazvine hukama zvakanyanya nezvevanoshanda ceramics. Kuwedzera zvimwezvisingawanzo zvepasi zvinhuKune zvigadzirwa zvezvakashata zvevakawanda vanoshanda maCereracs havagone kungogadzirisa munhu asingagumi, density, simba, etc. of the cerermicts, asi zvinokosha, zvinogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya maitiro avo akasiyana.
1Basa reCermonstunging Ceramics kubvira 1987, apo masayendisiti ezvekunyama kubva kuChina, Japan, United States nedzimwe nyika dzakawana kuti ceramicsYttrium Barium Copper oxide. Zvidzidzo zveJapan zvakaratidza kuti mushure mekutsiva ybco neChiedza Chisingawanzo Nyika(Ln) sengeNd, Sm, Eu, uyeGd, Iyo Inoshoropodza Mashamini Simba Rekusimbisa SuperConducting Ceramic zvinhu Lnbco zvinovandudzwa zvakanyanya, uye magineti Flux Pinning Force Simba Peking University yakashandiswaZro2sechinhu chakatsemuka uye nekuiisa kune vangangoita mazana maviri ° C, uye vakaputika y (kana zvimwezvisingawanzo zvepanyika), Ba oxides uye cu pane substrate mumatanda ekurapa kwakashata, uye kuzvipisa kwakavabata mune tembiricha ye800-900 ° C. Iyo inokonzeresa ceramicting ceramics yakaratidza yakanaka simbi yekudzivirira kupisa tembiricha pamusoro pe100k. Kagoshima University muJapan yakawedzerarare pasiLa to sr uye nb oxides kuti iite firimu reCeramic, iyo yakaratidza superconuctivity pa 255k.
2 Chikumbiro muPiezoelectric Ceramics Tungamira Titanate (PBTIO3) Icho chakajairika piezoelectric ceramic ine mechancal simba-yemagetsi simba compling maitiro. Iyo ine yakakura tembiricha (490 ° C) uye yakaderera dielectric nguva dzose, uye yakakodzera kushandiswa kwekushandisa pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye yakakwirira masaliji. Nekudaro, panguva yekugadzirira kwayo uye maitiro ekutonhora, micro micro anowanzoitika nekuda kweiyo cubic-tetragonal phase transition. Kuti agadzirise dambudziko iri, nyika isingawanzo shandiswa kuzvidzora. Mushure mekutadza pa 1150 ° C, re-pbtio3 ceramics ine hukama hwehuwandu hwe99% inogona kuwanikwa. Iyo microture yakanyanya kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya uye inogona kushandiswa kugadzira transducer inoshanda ichishanda pasi pekutanga huwandu hwe55mhz. MuTungamira Zirconate titconate (PZT) Piezoelectric Ceramics ne High Piezoelectric Coeffictric Coeffictric CoeffictionLA2O3, SM2O3, uyeNd2o3, zvivakwa zvekutadza zvePzt ceramics zvinogona kuve zvakanyatsogadziriswa uye zvakagadzikana zvemagetsi uye piezoelectric zvivakwa zvinogona kuwanikwa. Uye zvakare, kuita kweCeramics kunogona kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera hushoma huwandu hwesara hwepasiCEO2. Mushure mekuwedzera CEO2, kupokana kwehuwandu hweCZT Cereracs kunowedzera, uko kunoenderana nekuziva kwePolarization pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye nekupokana kwenguva, uye kupokana nekufamba kwenguva uye tembiricha kuchembera uye tembiricha kuchembera kunovandudzwa. PZT ceramics yakagadziridzwa nazvisingawanzo zvepanyikaWanga uchishandiswa zvakanyanya muVenertage Breators, dengrasonic jenareta, pasi pemvura acoustic transducers uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.
3Application mune inodzidzisa ceramics yttrium-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) ceramics neRare Pasi OLIDE Y2O3Sezvineiwo neakanaka yekupisa uye makemikari kugadzikana pakukwirira kwakanyanya, yakanaka okisijeni ion inotora, uye ine chinzvimbo chakakurumbira muIon inogadzirisa ceramics. YSZ Ceramic Sensors yakashandiswa zvinobudirira kuyera kudzvinyirirwa kweiyo okisijeni mumotokari inopera simba, zvinobudirira kudzora iyo mhepo / mafuta chiyero, uye uve nemhedzisiro inochengetedza simba. Ivo vakashandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri emabhaista, anonhuwirira machira, incinerators uye mamwe midziyo yekubatanidza-yakavakirwa. Nekudaro, YSZ Ceramics inongova yakanyanya kuongororwa kana tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura 900 ° C, saka kushandisa kwavo kuchiri pasi pezvimwe zvirambidzo. Kutsvaga iripo kwakawana kuti kuwedzera huwandu hwakakodzera hweY2O3 kanaGD2O3 to BI2O3Cereracs ine yakakwira ionic socisivity inogona kudzikisira iyo Bi2o3 yakatarisana-yakatarisana cubic chikamu kumhepo tembiricha. Panguva imwecheteyo, X-ray fifforction mapatani akaratidzirawo kuti (Bi2o3) 0.75 · (y2o3) 0.25 uye (bi2o3) 0.35 · (gd2o3) 0.35 · (gd2o3) 0.35 Mushure mekurongedza kudivi refiramic iyi neyekudzivirira ye (Zro2) 0.92 (Y2O3) 0.08
4 Chikumbiro muDilelectric Ceramics Dilelectric Ceramics zvinonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira ceramic capacitors uye microwave difelectric zvikamu. Mune dielectric ceramics sengeTio2, Mgtio3,Batio3uye yavo yekubatanidza dielectric ceramics, kuwedzerazvisingawanzo zvepanyikaakadai la, nd, uye dy anogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya zvivakwa zvavo. Semuenzaniso, muBatio3 Cereracs ine yakakwirira dielectric inogara ichisvika, inowedzera pasi nguva yekugara yeiyo its = MuDilelectric Ceramics yeFaders Capacitors, Rare Earth Earth Capacitors Iyo inowedzera yakagadzikana capacitor magnesium tumanate cereracs yakagadziridzwa ne l2O3, uye yakawanikwa mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-mgtio3-li23nguva dzose.
5 Chishandiso muCeramics Ceramics Zvinonzwisisika Ceramics ndiwo rudzi rwakakosha rwemhando dzeCeramics. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekuve nehanya kune mamwe mamiriro ekunze akadai seyekunze, kuumbwa, kupisa kwematunhu, etc. Naizvozvi kuburikidza nemaitiro ekuita kana kuchinja kwemashandisirwo emhando yavo yemagetsi. Ivo vanoshandiswa zvakanyanya sekunzwa zvinhu mumatunhu ekudzora, saka ivo vanonziwo vanonzi vanyaradzani. Iko kune hukama hwepedyo pakati pevasingawanzo nyika uye kuita kwerudzi urwu rwe ceramics.
(1) Electro-Optical Ceramics: Nekuwedzera rare pasi oalideLA2O3kuPZT, Transparent Tungamira Lanthanamu Zirconate titconate (PLZT) Electro-Optical Ceramics inogona kuwanikwa. Iyo yekutanga Matrix yezvinhu PZT inowanzoitika nekuda kwekuvapo kwePores, itsisotropy yekuparadzira mictray, uye inowedzera kuwanda kweiyo miganho yakawanda pamiganhu yezviyo uye mwenje unoparadzira zvinokonzerwa nechikamu chechipiri. Naizvozvo, plzt ine yakanaka yekufambisa yekufambisa. Plzt inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagariro ekuvhara nyukireya kuputika radiation, mahwindo emabhomba anorema, vamiriri vekutaurirana venhau, holographic kurekodha, nezvimwe.
(2. Mushure meZno varistor ceramics yakadzikwa neashoma pasi oparasiLA2O3, Varistor yavo voltage vlma kukosha kwakawedzera zvakanyanya; Kana huwandu hwekutora hwakawedzera kubva 0,1% kusvika 10%, iyo isiri yeplething coefficient Naizvozvo, nekuda kweZno ceramics, low-concentration haishanduri yepasi yekushandisa inogona kuwedzera iyo Varistor Voltge kukosha, asi haina zvishoma pane iyo isiri yepletolar coefficient; uye yakakwirira-kakawanda doping hairatidze maitiro evaarsor.
. -Sno2uyeFe2o3, uye akagadzira abo3 neA2BO4 Radza Pasi Pasi Composite oxideo. Mhedzisiro yekutsvagira inoratidza kuti kuwedzera kusingagumi pasi olisides kuenda kuZno kunogona kugadzirisa zvakanyanya kunzwa kwayo kuti voperese; kuwedzeraCEO2Kuti Sno2 inogona kuburitsa chinhu chinotadza icho chinonzwisa tsitsi kune ethanol.
. Kana tarisanzana zvinhu zvisingawanzo sera, CE, sm, dy, chidimbu cheBACE chakafanana uye chichigadzira zvakasungwa zvakasungwa magetsi kuburikidza neTibio Nekudaro, kana iyo mari yekutandarira inopfuura imwe kukosha, nekuda kwekuumbwa kweBA2 + kusavimbika uye kunyangarika kwevatakuri vezvitoro, kupokana kweCeramic kunosimuka zvakapusa uye kunyange kunova mufungu.
. Pd0.91la0.09 (zr0.65ti0.35) 0398o3-kh2po3, maererano nekuziva uye kusimbisa kwavo, zvakakodzera kuti usimbise kutsvagurudza pane pesvedzero yerare pasikuwedzera pane yakakodzera zvivakwa zve ceramics.
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