Kushandiswa kweRare Earth Materials mune Yemazuvano Military Technology

Kushandiswa kweRare Earth Materials mune Yemazuvano Military Technology

Sechinhu chakakosha chinoshanda, nyika isingawanzo, inozivikanwa se "pfuma yeimba" yezvinhu zvitsva, inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kunaka uye kushanda kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa, uye inozivikanwa se "vitamini" yeindasitiri yemazuva ano. Haisi kungoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri echinyakare akadai sesimbi, petrochemical indasitiri, girazi ceramics, makushe anoruka, matehwe uye zvekurima, asi zvakare inoita basa rinokosha muminda yezvinhu zvakaita sefluorescence, magnetism, laser, Fiber-optic kutaurirana, hydrogen kuchengetedza simba, superconductivity, nezvimwe, Iyo inokanganisa zvakananga kumhanya uye nhanho yekusimudzira yeakakwira-tech maindasitiri akadai seOptical chiridzwa, zvemagetsi, zvemuchadenga, indasitiri yenyukireya, etc. Aya matekinoroji akashandiswa zvinobudirira mune zvemauto tekinoroji, achikurudzira zvikuru kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemauto emazuva ano.

Basa rakakosha rinoitwa neasingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvitsva muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwemauto rakakwezva zvakanyanya kutarisisa kwehurumende nenyanzvi kubva kunyika dzakasiyana siyana, sekunyorwa sechinhu chakakosha mukusimudzira maindasitiri epamusoro-soro uye tekinoroji yemauto nemadhipatimendi akakodzera United States, Japan nedzimwe nyika.

Nhanganyaya Pfupi kune Rare Earths uye Hukama Hwavo neMauto uye National Defense

Kunyatsotaura, zvesezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasikuve nekumwe kushandiswa kwechiuto, asi iro rakanyanya kukosha mukudzivirira kwenyika nemauto kunofanirwa kuve kushandiswa kwelaser inotangira, laser kutungamira, laser kutaurirana uye mamwe minda.

 Kushandiswa kweRare Earth Steel uye Nodular Cast Iron mune Yemazuvano Military Technology

 1.1 Kushandiswa kweRare Earth Simbi mune Yemazuvano Mauto Tekinoroji

Mabasa ayo anosanganisira kucheneswa, kugadziridzwa, uye alloying, kunyanya kusanganisira desulfurization, deoxidation, uye kubviswa kwegasi, kubvisa pesvedzero yenzvimbo yakaderera yakanyunguduka tsvina inokuvadza, kunatsa zviyo uye chimiro, kukanganisa chikamu chekuchinja kwesimbi, uye kuvandudza kuomarara kwayo uye michina yemagetsi. . Mauto sainzi uye tekinoroji vashandi vakagadzira zvinhu zvakawanda zvisingawanzo pasi zvakakodzera kushandiswa muzvombo nekushandisa iyi pfuma yepasi isingawanzo.

 1.1.1 Simbi yezvombo

 Kare ma1960 ekutanga, indasitiri yezvombo yeChina yakatanga tsvakiridzo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwepasi risingawanzo musimbi yezvombo uye pfuti simbi, uye yakatevedzana yakagadzira isingawanzo pasi simbi yezvombo se601, 603, uye 623, ichiunza nguva itsva uko zvakakosha zvigadzirwa. muChina kugadzirwa kwetangi kwakavakirwa mudzimba.

 1.1.2 Rare earth carbon steel

Mukati memakore ekuma1960, China yakawedzera 0.05% zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi kune yekutanga-yemhando yepamusoro kabhoni simbi kugadzira isingawanzo pasi kabhoni simbi. Iko lateral kukanganisa kukosha kweiyi isingawanzo simbi yepasi yakawedzera ne70% kusvika 100% zvichienzaniswa neyekutanga kabhoni simbi, uye kukosha kwekukanganisa pa -40 ℃ kwakawedzera kanenge kaviri. Iyo yakakura-dhayamita cartridge yakagadzirwa nesimbi iyi yakaratidza kuburikidza nekupfura bvunzo mune yekupfura kuti ikwane zvizere nehunyanzvi zvinodiwa. Parizvino, China yakapedzwa uye kuiswa mukugadzirwa, kuzadzisa chishuwo cheChina chenguva refu chekutsiva mhangura nesimbi mune katuriji zvinhu.

 1.1.3 Rare Earth high manganese simbi uye isingawanzo simbi yakakandwa pasi

Iyo isingawanzo pasi yakakwira manganese simbi inoshandiswa kugadzira tangi bhutsu, uye isingawanzo pasi yakakandwa simbi inoshandiswa kugadzira mapapiro emuswe, mabhureki emuzzle uye artillery artillery zvikamu zvekumhanya-kumhanya kweArmor-kubaya kurasa sabot, iyo inogona kuderedza maitiro ekugadzirisa. kunatsiridza mwero wekushandiswa kwesimbi, uye uwane tactical uye technical zviratidzo.

Munguva yakapfuura, zvinhu zvaishandiswa kumberi kwekamuri projectile miviri muChina zvakaitwa semi rigid cast iron ine yepamusoro yenguruve iron yakawedzerwa ne30% kusvika 40% zvimedu zvesimbi. Nekuda kwesimba rayo rakaderera, brittleness yakakwira, yakaderera uye isina kupinza nhamba yezvimedu zvinobudirira mushure mekuputika, uye simba rekuuraya risina simba, kuvandudzwa kwekamuri yepamberi projectile body yakambodzivirirwa. Kubva 1963, magororo akasiyana-siyana ematehwe evhu akagadzirwa achishandisa isingawanzo pasi ductile iron, iyo yakawedzera michina yavo neka 1-2 nguva, yakawedzera huwandu hwezvimedu zvinoshanda, uye yakarodza kupinza kwezvidimbu, zvichiwedzera simba ravo rekuuraya. Huwandu hunoshanda hwezvimedu uye radius yekuuraya yakanyanya yeimwe mhando yeCannon shell uye Field pfuti shell yakagadzirwa nechinhu ichi muChina zviri nani zvishoma pane izvo zvemakanda esimbi.

Kushandiswa kweasiri-ferrous isingawanzo giroyi pasi senge magnesium nealuminium muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwemauto

 Rare pasiine yakakwira makemikari kuita uye yakakura Atomic radius. Kana yawedzerwa kune asiri-ferrous simbi uye alloys adzo, anogona kunatsa zviyo, kudzivirira kupatsanurwa, degassing, kusvibiswa kubviswa uye kucheneswa, uye kuvandudza metallographic chimiro, kuitira kuti uwane chinangwa chakazara chekuvandudza michina zvinhu, zvimiro zvemuviri uye kugadzirisa zvinhu. . Vashandi vekumba nekune dzimwe nyika vakagadzira nyowani isingawanzo pasi magnesium alloys, aruminiyamu alloys, titanium alloys, uye superalloys vachishandisa iyi pfuma yepasi isingawanzo. Zvigadzirwa izvi zvave zvichishandiswa zvakanyanya muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwemauto hwakadai sendege dzekurwira, ndege dzekurova, zvikopokopo, mota dzemuchadenga dzisina kufambiswa, uye makombora setiraiti.

2.1 Kashoma pasi magnesium alloy

Kashoma pasi magnesium alloyskuva nesimba rakananga, kunogona kuderedza huremu hwendege, kunatsiridza kuita kwehunyanzvi, uye kuve netarisiro yakakura yekushandisa. Iyo isingawanzo pasi magnesium alloys yakagadziriswa neChina Aviation Industry Corporation (inozonzi AVIC) inosanganisira angangoita gumi mamakisi emaginesiamu alloys uye akaremara magnesium alloys, mazhinji ayo akashandiswa mukugadzira uye ane yakagadzikana mhando. Semuenzaniso, ZM 6 yakakanda magnesium alloy ine isingawanzo pasi simbi neodymium sechinhu chikuru chekuwedzera chakawedzerwa kuti chishandiswe kune akakosha zvikamu senge helikopta rear rear reduction casings, fighter wing ribs, uye rotor lead pressure plate ye30 kW jenareta. Iyo isingawanzo pasi yakakwirira-yakasimba magnesium alloy BM 25 yakabatanidzwa pamwe chete neAVIC Corporation uye Nonferrous Metals Corporation yakatsiva mamwe epakati simba aruminiyamu alloys uye yakashandiswa mumhepo inokanganisa.

2.2 Kashoma pasi titanium alloy

Mukutanga kwema1970, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials (inonzi Institute of Aeronautical Materials) yakatsiva imwe aruminiyamu nesilicon neare earth metal cerium (Ce) muTi-A1-Mo titanium alloys, zvichidzikamisa kunaya kwezvikamu zvinoputika uye. kuvandudza iyo alloy yekudzivirira kupisa uku ichivandudzawo kugadzikana kwayo kwekupisa. Pahwaro uhwu, yakakwira-yekuita yakakandwa yakakwirira-tembiricha titanium alloy ZT3 ine cerium yakagadzirwa. Kuenzaniswa nearoyi epasi rese akafanana, ine zvimwe zvakanakira maererano nekupisa kwesimba rekudzivirira uye maitiro ekuita. Iyo compressor casing inogadzirwa nayo inoshandiswa kuW PI3 II injini, ine uremu hwekudzikisa 39 kg pandege uye kuwedzera kwekusimudzira kune huremu reshiyo ye1.5%. Pamusoro pezvo, kudzikiswa kwematanho ekugadzirisa neanosvika makumi matatu muzana kwakawana zvakakosha zvehunyanzvi uye zvehupfumi, kuzadza gaka mukushandiswa kweakakanda titanium casings einjini dzendege muChina pa500 ℃. Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti kune diki cerium oxide zvidimbu mune microstructure yeZT3 alloy ine cerium. Cerium inobatanidza chikamu cheokisijeni mu alloy kuti iite refractory uye yakakwirira kuomarare earth oxidezvinhu, Ce2O3. Izvi zvimedu zvinodzivisa kufamba kwekuparadzanisa panguva yekugadzira alloy deformation, kuvandudza kushanda kwepamusoro-tembiricha yealloy. Cerium inotora chikamu chegasi tsvina (kunyanya pamiganhu yezviyo), iyo inogona kusimbisa alloy ichichengetedza kunaka kwekushisa. Uku ndiko kuedza kwekutanga kushandisa dzidziso yekusimbisa solute point yekusimbisa mune cast titanium alloys. Uye zvakare, iyo Institute of Aeronautical Materials yakagadzira yakagadzikana uye yakachipaYttrium(III) oxidejecha nehupfu kuburikidza nemakore ekutsvagisa uye yakakosha mineralization kurapwa tekinoroji mune titanium alloy mhinduro chaiyo yekukanda maitiro. Iyo yasvika padanho ririnani maererano neiyo chaiyo giravhiti, kuoma uye kugadzikana kune titanium fluid, uye yakaratidza mabhenefiti makuru mukugadzirisa nekudzora mashandiro egoko slurry. Iyo yakanakisa mukana wekushandisaYttrium(III) oxideshell yekugadzira titanium castings ndeyekuti pasi pemamiriro ekuti mhando yekukanda uye nhanho yemaitiro zvakaenzana netungsten yekuputira maitiro, titanium alloy castings yakatetepa kupfuura iyo tungsten yekupfekedza maitiro inogona kugadzirwa. Parizvino, nzira iyi yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira ndege dzakasiyana siyana, injini, uye mauto ehondo.

2.3 Kashoma pasi aluminium alloy

Iyo inodzivirira kupisa inodzivirira kupisa aluminium alloy HZL206 yakagadzirwa neAVIC ine yepamusoro-yepamusoro-tembiricha uye yekamuri tembiricha mechanical properties ichienzaniswa nekunze alloys ine nickel, uye yasvika padanho repamusoro rearoyi akafanana kunze kwenyika. Iko zvino inoshandiswa sevhavha inopikisa helicopter uye ndege dzehondo dzine kupisa kwekushanda kwe300 ℃, kutsiva simbi uye titanium alloys. Huremu hwechimiro hwakaderedzwa uye hwakaiswa mukugadzirwa kwehuwandu. Kusimba kwekusimba kweasingawanzo pasi aluminium silicon hypereutectic ZL117 alloy pa200-300 ℃ inodarika iyo yeWest Germany piston alloys KS280 uye KS282. Kuramba kwayo kupfeka kwakapetwa ka4-5 kupfuura iyo inowanzo shandiswa piston alloys ZL108, ine diki coefficient ye linear yekuwedzera uye yakanaka dimensional kugadzikana. Yakave ichishandiswa mune avhiyesheni accessories KY-5, KY-7 mhepo compressors, uye avhiyesheni modhi injini pistons. Kuwedzera zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi kune aruminiyamu alloys zvakanyanya kunatsiridza microstructure uye michina zvivakwa. Iyo nzira yekuita yezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi mualuminium alloys ndeye: kuumbwa kwekuparadzirwa kwakapararira, ine madiki madiki ealuminium anobata basa rakakosha mukusimbisa chikamu chechipiri; Kuwedzerwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi zvinotamba basa reCatharsis rinoparadza, nokudaro kuderedza nhamba ye pores mu alloy uye nekuvandudza kushanda kwechinyorwa; Kashoma pasi aruminiyamu makomisheni anoshanda seane heterogeneous nuclei yekunatsa zviyo uye eutectic zvikamu, uye zvakare ari modifier; Zvinhu zvisingaite zvepasi zvinosimudzira kuumbwa uye kukwenenzverwa kwesimbi yakapfuma zvikamu, zvichideredza kukuvadza kwavo. α- Iyo yakasimba mhinduro huwandu hwesimbi muA1 inodzikira nekuwedzera kweashoma pasi kuwedzera, izvo zvinobatsirawo pakuvandudza simba uye plastiki.

Iko Kushandiswa kweRare Earth Combustion Materials mune Yemazuvano Military Technology

3.1 Masimbi epasi akachena asingawanzo

Yakachena isingawanzo simbi yepasi, nekuda kweanoshanda kemikari zvimiro, inoenderana nekuita neokisijeni, sarufa, uye nitrogen kugadzira makomisheni akagadzikana. Kana zvikaiswa mukukweshana kwakanyanya uye kukanganiswa, pfarivari dzinogona kubatidza zvinhu zvinobvira moto. Naizvozvo, kubvira muna 1908, yakaitwa dombo rakaomarara. Zvakaonekwa kuti pakati pezvinhu 17 zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi, zvinhu zvitanhatu, zvinosanganisira cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, uye yttrium, zvine kunyanya kunaka kwekupisa. Vanhu vakagadzira zvombo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinopisa zvichibva pakupisa zvinhu zvesimbi isingawanzo simbi. Semuenzaniso, iyo 227 kg yekuAmerica "Mark 82" missile inoshandisa isingawanzo pasi simbi liner, izvo zvisingangobudise zvinoputika zvinouraya asiwo zvinopisa. Iyo US air-to-ground "damping man" rocket warhead ine 108 rare earth metal square rods se liner, kutsiva zvimwe zvidimbu zvakafanogadzirwa. Static kuputika bvunzo dzakaratidza kuti kugona kwayo kubatidza mafuta endege ndeye 44% yakakwirira kupfuura iyo isina kuvharwa.

3.2 Yakasanganiswa isingawanzo simbi dzevhu

Nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira wekuchenarare earth metals, yakaderera-inodhura inoumbwa isingawanzo simbi dzepasi dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvombo zvinopisa munyika dzakasiyana siyana. Iyo composite isingawanzo simbi yekupisa simbi inoiswa mugomba resimbi pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, ine density yeajenti ye (1.9 ~ 2.1) × 103 kg/m3, kukurumidza kupisa 1.3-1.5 m/s, murazvo wemoto unosvika 500 mm, uye tembiricha yemurazvo inosvika 1715-2000 ℃. Mushure mekupisa, muviri weincandescent unoramba uchipisa kweanopfuura maminetsi mashanu. Munguva yekurwisa kweVietnam, mauto eUS akashandisa zvidzitiro kuburitsa girinedhi ye40mm, iyo yaive yakazadzwa nemwenje unopfuta wakagadzirwa nesimbi isingawanzoitiki. Mushure mokunge projectile inoputika, chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chine bhanhire rinopisa chinogona kupisa chinangwa. Panguva iyoyo, kugadzirwa kwemwedzi kwebhomba kwakasvika 200000 kutenderera, nepamusoro pe260000.

3.3 Kashoma kupisa pasi alloys

Iyo isingawanzo kupiswa kwepasi alloy ine huremu hwe100g inogona kuumba 200 ~ 3000 kindlings, inofukidza nzvimbo yakakura, iyo yakaenzana neradius yekuuraya yeArmour-kubaya pfuti uye pfuti inobaya projectile. Naizvozvo, kuvandudzwa kwemafunctional ammunition ane simba rekupisa yave imwe yenzira huru dzekuvandudza zvombo kumba nekune dzimwe nyika. Kune zvombo zvekubaya-zvombo uye kubaya kwezvombo projectile, kuita kwavo kwehunyanzvi kunoda kuti mushure mekubaya zvombo zvetangi remuvengi, vanogona kubatidza mafuta avo uye zvombo kuti vaparadze zvachose tangi. Kune magirinedhi, zvinodikanwa kubatidza zvechiuto uye zvivakwa zvehurongwa mukati mekuuraya kwavo. Zvinonzi ipurasitiki isingawanzo pasi simbi Incendiary mudziyo wakaitwa muMade in USA wakagadzirwa negirazi faibha yakasimbiswa naironi ine yakasanganiswa isingawanzo pasi alloy cartridge mukati, iyo ine mhedzisiro iri nani pakurwisa mafuta endege uye zvakafanana zvinangwa.

Kushandiswa kweRare Earth Materials muKudzivirirwa Kwemauto uye Nuclear Technology

4.1 Kushandisa muMasoja Dziviriro Tekinoroji

Zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi zvine zvinhu zvinodzivirira mwaranzi. National Neutron cross section Center yeUnited States yakagadzira marudzi maviri emahwendefa ane ukobvu hwemamirimita gumi nekushandisa zvinhu zvepolymer sehwaro hwezvinhu, zvine kana pasina kuwedzera kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi, kuitira bvunzo dzekudzivirira mwaranzi. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti thermal neutron shielding mhedzisiro yezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi polymer zvinhu zviri nani ka5-6 pane izvo zvisingawanzo pasi pasina polymer zvinhu. Pakati pavo, izvo zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvine Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy uye zvimwe zvinhu zvine yakakura neutron Absorption cross chikamu uye yakanaka neutron kutora maitiro. Parizvino, mashandisirwo makuru easingawanzo pasi radiation yekudzivirira zvinhu muhunyanzvi hwemauto zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu.

4.1.1 Nuclear mwaranzi inodzivirira

IUnited States inoshandisa 1% boron uye 5% zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhugadolinium, samariumuyelanthanumkugadzira 600mm gobvu nemwaranzi proof kongiri yekudzivirira iyo fission Neutron sosi yedhivha reactor. France yakagadzira isingawanzo kudzivirirwa nemwaranzi yepasi nekuwedzera Boride, isingawanzo pasi pevhu kana isingawanzo pasi alloy kune graphite sechinhu chakadzika. Iyo filler yeiyi composite shielding material inodiwa kuti igoverwe zvakaenzana uye iite zvikamu zvakagadzirirwa, izvo zvinoiswa zvakapoteredza reactor channel maererano nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvenzvimbo yekudzivirira.

4.1.2 Tank thermal radiation shielding

Iine zvidimbu zvina zvevheni, nehupamhi hwema 5-20 cm. Yekutanga layer yakagadzirwa negirazi faibha yakasimbiswa purasitiki, ine inorganic poda yakawedzerwa ne2% isingawanzo pasi pasi makomisheni semafirita kuvharira manyutroni anokurumidza uye kutora manyutroni anononoka; Yechipiri neyechitatu mitsara inowedzera boron graphite, polystyrene, uye zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvinoverengera 10% yekuzara yakazara mune yekutanga kuvharira epakati simba manyuturoni uye kutora manyutroni anopisa; Chikamu chechina chinoshandisa graphite pachinzvimbo chegirazi faibha, uye chinowedzera 25% isingawanzo kugadzirwa pasi kuti itore manyuturoni anopisa.

4.1.3 Zvimwe

Kuisa machira asingachinjiki nemwaranzi yepasi kumatangi, ngarava, pekugara, uye zvimwe midziyo yemauto kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro inodzivirira mwaranzi.

4.2 Kushandiswa muNuclear Technology

Rare Earth Yttrium(III) oxide inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinopisa chinopisa chemafuta euranium muBoiling water reactor (BWR). Pakati pezvinhu zvese, gadolinium ine simba rakasimba rekutora manyuturoni, iine 4600 targets paatomu. Atomu yega yega gadolinium inotora avhareji yemanyuturoni mana isati yakundikana. Kana yakasanganiswa nefissionable uranium, gadolinium inogona kukurudzira kupisa, kuderedza kushandiswa kweuranium, uye kuwedzera simba rekubuda. Kusiyana neBoron carbide,Gadolinium(III) oxidehaibudisi deuterium, inokuvadza ne-chigadzirwa. Iyo inogona kufananidza ese ari maviri uranium mafuta uye ayo ekuputira zvinhu muNuclear reaction. Kubatsira kwekushandisa gadolinium panzvimbo yeboron ndeyekuti gadolinium inogona kusanganiswa zvakananga neuranium kudzivirira kuwedzera kwetsvimbo yenyukireya. Zvinoenderana nehuwandu, kune zana nemakumi mana nemapfumbamwe emagetsi enyukireya akarongwa kuvakwa kutenderera pasirese, 115 ayo ari madhirigi emvura anoshandisa.rare earth Gadolinium(III) oxide.Rare pasi samarium,europium, uye dysprosium yakashandiswa senyuturoni inonwisa mumanyuturoni anobereka mareactor. Rare pasiyttriumine chikamu chidiki chekutora muchinjika mumanyuturoni uye inogona kushandiswa senyere yepombi kune yakanyungudutswa munyu reactor. Iyo yakatetepa foil yakawedzerwa neisingawanzo pasi gadolinium uye dysprosium inogona kushandiswa seneutron field detector mune aerospace uye nuclear indasitiri engineering, shoma shoma yepasi thulium uye erbium inogona kushandiswa seyakanangwa zvinhu zveyakavharwa chubhu Neutron jenareta, uye isingawanzo pasi pasi. europium oxide iron cermet inogona kushandiswa kugadzira yakagadziridzwa reactor inodzora ndiro yekutsigira. Rare Earth gadolinium inogona zvakare kushandiswa sechinhu chinonamira kudzivirira neutron bhomba mwaranzi, uye mota dzakashongedzwa dzakaputirwa neakakosha coating ine gadolinium oxide inogona kudzivirira neutron radiation. Rare Earth ytterbium inoshandiswa mumidziyo yekuyera kushushikana kwepasi kunokonzerwa nekuputika kwenyukireya kwepasi pevhu. Kana nyika isingawanzo ytterbium ichiiswa pasi pekumanikidza, kuramba kunowedzera, uye shanduko yekupikisa inogona kushandiswa kuverenga kumanikidza kunoitwa. Kubatanidza isingawanzo pasi gadolinium foil yakaiswa uye yakapindirana nechinhu chinonzwa kushushikana inogona kushandiswa kuyera yakanyanya kushushikana yenyukireya.

Kushandiswa kwe5 Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials mune Yemazuvano Military Technology

Iyo isingawanzo yepasi inogara magineti zvinhu, inozivikanwa sechizvarwa chitsva chemambo magineti, parizvino ndiyo yakanyanya kuzadza kuita kwekusingaperi magineti zvinhu zvinozivikanwa. Iyo ine kanopfuura ka100 yakakwira magineti zvivakwa pane iyo magineti simbi yakashandiswa mumidziyo yemauto muma1970s. Parizvino, yave chinhu chakakosha mune zvemazuva ano zvemagetsi tekinoroji kutaurirana. Inoshandiswa muKufamba-wave chubhu uye inotenderera mune ekugadzira pasi satellite, radar uye zvimwe zvinhu. Naizvozvo, ine zvakakosha zvechiuto.

SmCo magineti uye NdFeB magineti anoshandiswa erekitironi danda rinotarisa muMissile kutungamira system. Magnets ndiwo anonyanya kutarisisa maturusi eelectron beam, ayo anoendesa data kune yekudzora pamusoro peiyo missile. Kune angangoita 5-10 mapaundi (2.27-4.54 kg) emagineti mune yega yega inotarisisa kutungamira mudziyo weiyo missile. Pamusoro pezvo, magineti epasi asingawanzo anoshandiswawo kutyaira mota uye kutenderedza Rudder#Ndege zvidzoreso zvemakomba anotungamirwa. Mabhenefiti avo akasimba magineti uye huremu huremu kupfuura iwo ekutanga Al Ni Co magineti.

Kushandiswa kweRare Earth Laser Materials mune Yemazuvano Military Technology

Laser imhando nyowani yechiedza sosi ine yakanaka monochromaticity, kutungamira, uye kubatana, uye inogona kuwana kupenya kwakanyanya. Laser uye isingawanzo pasi laser zvinhu zvakazvarwa panguva imwe chete. Parizvino, ingangoita 90% yemidziyo yelaser inosanganisira isingawanzo pasi. Semuyenzaniso, Yttrium aluminium garnet crystal is laser inoshandiswa zvakanyanya iyo inogona kuwana inoenderera yakakwira simba rekubuda pakamuri tembiricha. Iko kushandiswa kweakasimba-state lasers mumauto emazuva ano kunosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu.

6.1 Laser kubva

Iyo neodymium doped yttrium aluminium garnet yakagadzirwa muUnited States, Britain, France, Germany nedzimwe nyika inogona kuyera chinhambwe che4000 ~ 20000 m nekururama kwemamita mashanu. Zvirongwa zvezvombo zvakaita seUS MI, Leopard II yekuGermany, Lecler yeFrance, Type 90 yekuJapan, Mekava yeIsrael, uye tangi yazvino yeBritish Challenger 2 yese inoshandisa rudzi urwu rwelaser rangefinder. Parizvino, dzimwe nyika dziri kugadzira chizvarwa chitsva cheyakasimba state laser rangefinders yekuchengetedzwa kwemaziso evanhu, ine mafungu ekushanda anotangira pa1.5 kusvika 2.1 μ M. Iyo inobatwa neruoko laser rangefinder yakagadzirwa neUnited States neUnited Kingdom vachishandisa holmium doped. Yttrium lithium fluoride laser ine bhendi rinoshanda re 2.06 μ M, rinosvika 3000 m. United States neInternational Laser Company vakashandisawo pamwe chete erbium-doped Yttrium lithium fluoride laser uye vakagadzira wavelength ye 1.73 μ M's laser rangefinder uye mauto akashongedzerwa zvakanyanya. Laser wavelength yeChina yemauto rangefinders ndeye 1.06 μ M, kubva pa200 kusvika 7000 m. Mukutangisa matombo akareba-refu, zvombo uye bvunzo dzekutaura setiraiti, China yakawana data rakakosha mukuyerwa kwemhando kuburikidza neLaser TV Theodolite.

6.2 Laser Nhungamiro

Laser inotungamirwa mabhomba anoshandisa lasers kune terminal kutungamira. Icho chinonangwa chinovhenekerwa neNd · YAG laser inoburitsa akawanda emapulses pasekondi. Iwo mapurusi akaiswa encoded, uye iwo mapuruzi emwenje anogona kutungamira mhinduro yemusungo, nekudaro kudzivirira kukanganiswa kubva pakuvhurwa kwema missile uye zvipingamupinyi zvinoiswa nemuvengi. Semuyenzaniso, US mauto GBV-15 Glide bhomba inonzi "smart bomb". Saizvozvo, inogona zvakare kushandiswa kugadzira laser inotungamirwa magomba.

6.3 Laser kutaurirana

Pamusoro peNd · YAG inogona kushandiswa kutaurirana nelaser, iyo laser inobuda yelithium tetra Neodymium(III) phosphate crystal (LNP) inoiswa polarized uye iri nyore kugadzirisa. Inoonekwa seimwe yeanonyanya kuvimbisa micro laser zvinhu, akakodzera mwenje sosi ye optical fiber kutaurirana, uye inotarisirwa kuiswa mune yakabatanidzwa optics uye space kutaurirana. Uye zvakare, Yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) imwechete crystal inogona kushandiswa seyakasiyana magnetostatic surface wave zvishandiso ne microwave yekubatanidza maitiro, iyo inoita kuti michina ibatanidzwe uye miniaturized, uye ine yakakosha maapplication mu radar kure control uye telemetry, kufamba uye zvemagetsi countermeasures.

Iko Kushandiswa kwe7 Rare Earth Superconducting Materials mune Yemazuvano Military Technology

Kana chinhu chakadzikira pane imwe tembiricha, chiitiko chekuti kuramba zero, ndiko kuti, Superconductivity, inoitika. Tembiricha ndiyo tembiricha yakaoma (Tc). Superconductors ndeye antimagnets. Kana tembiricha yadzikira pane tembiricha yakaoma, ma superconductors anodzinga chero magineti anoedza kushanda paari. Iyi ndiyo inonzi Meissner effect. Kuwedzera zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi kune superconducting zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya tembiricha yakakosha Tc. Izvi zvakakurudzira zvikuru kuvandudzwa uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zve superconducting. Mumakore ekuma1980, United States, Japan nedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira dzakawedzera zvakatevedzana imwe nhamba yelanthanum, yttrium, europium, erbium uye mamwe maokisisi epasi asingawanzo kuBarium oxide uye Copper (II) oxide compounds, iyo yakasanganiswa, yakatsikirirwa uye yakasvibiswa. gadzira superconducting ceramic zvinhu, zvichiita kuti kushandiswa kwakawanda kweiyo superconducting tekinoroji, kunyanya mukushandiswa kwechiuto, kuwanda.

7.1 Superconducting integrated circuits

Mumakore achangopfuura, nyika dzekunze dzakaita tsvakiridzo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji mumakomputa emagetsi, uye dzakagadzira superconducting dzakabatanidzwa maseketi vachishandisa superconducting ceramic zvinhu. Kana iyi dunhu rakasanganiswa richishandiswa kugadzira macomputer e superconducting, haringove nehukuru diki, huremu huremu, uye zviri nyore kushandisa, asiwo ine komputa kumhanya 10 kusvika 100 nguva nekukurumidza kupfuura semiconductor makomputa.