Iyo US rare Earth minerals strategy inofanirwa...Inoumbwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika dzezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, kugadziridzwa kwezvicherwa zvisingawanzo kuUnited States kuchatangwa zvakare kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwekukurudzira kutsva uye kubviswa kwezvikurudziro, uye [tsvakurudzo nekusimudzira] kutenderedza kugadzirisa uye dzimwe nzira dzezvitsva zvakachena zvisingawanzo. zvicherwa zvevhu.Tinoda rubatsiro rwenyu.
-Mutevedzeri weMunyori weDziviriro neDziviriro Ellen Lord, humbowo kubva kuSeneti Armed Forces Kugadzirira uye Management Support Subcommittee, Gumiguru 1, 2020.
Kwasara zuva rimwe chete humbowo hwaAmai Lord, mutungamiri wenyika, VaDonald Trump, vakasaina gwaro rekuti "indasitiri yezvicherwa ichapinda munjodzi" yakanangana ne "kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwemumba kwezvicherwa zvisingawanzo zvakakosha kune tekinoroji yemauto, uku ichideredza Kuvimba neUnited States kuChina. ". Kubuda kwechimbichimbi mumisoro isingawanzokurukurwa kusvika pari zvino kunofanira kunge kwakashamisa vanhu vakawanda.
Maererano nenyanzvi dzepasi, pasi risingawanzowaniki, asi rinokosha.Mhinduro inoratidzika kuva yakavanzika iri mukusvikika.Rare Earth elements (REE) ine 17 zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi evatengi nemidziyo yekudzivirira, uye zvakatanga kuwanikwa uye kushandiswa muUnited States.Nekudaro, kugadzirwa kuri kuenda zvishoma nezvishoma kuenda kuChina, uko mitengo yakaderera yevashandi, yakaderedzwa kutarisisa kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye rupo rwerubatsiro runobva kunyika rwunoita kuti People's Republic of China (PRC) iite chikamu che97% chekugadzirwa kwepasirese.Muna 1997, Magniquench, kambani inotungamira isingawanzo pasi muUnited States, yakatengeswa kumubatanidzwa wekudyara inotungamirwa naArchibald Cox (Jr.), mwanakomana wemuchuchisi wezita rimwe chetero, Watergate.Mubatanidzwa uyu wakashanda nemakambani maviri ehurumende yeChina.Metal Company, Sanhuan New Materials neChina Nonferrous Metals Import and Export Corporation.Sachigaro weSanhuan, mwanakomana wechikadzi wemutungamiri wepamusoro Deng Xiaoping, akava sachigaro wekambani.Magniquench yakavharwa muUnited States, yakatamira kuChina, uye yakavhurwazve muna 2003, izvo zvinoenderana neDeng Xiaoping's "Super 863 Chirongwa", iyo yakawana yekucheka-kumucheto tekinoroji yekushandiswa kwechiuto, kusanganisira "exotic zvinhu."Izvi zvakaita kuti Molycorp ive yekupedzisira yasara yakakura isingawanzo kugadzira pasi muUnited States kusvika yadonha muna 2015.
Pakare sekutonga kweReagan, vamwe vemetallurgists vakatanga kunetseka kuti United States yaivimba nezviwanikwa zvekunze izvo zvaisave zvine hushamwari kune zvikamu zvakakosha zvehurongwa hwayo hwezvombo (kunyanya Soviet Union panguva iyoyo), asi nyaya iyi haina kunyatso kukwezva veruzhinji. kutarisa.gore ra2010. Muna September wegore iroro, chikepe chokuChina chokuredza chakarovera ngarava mbiri dzeJapan Coast Guard muEast China Sea yaiita nharo.Hurumende yeJapan yakazivisa chinangwa chayo chekuisa kaputeni wechikepe chehove mukutongwa, uye hurumende yeChina yakazotora matanho ekutsiva, kusanganisira kurambidza kutengeswa kwepasi risingawanzo muJapan.Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa indasitiri yemotokari yeJapan, iyo yakatyisidzirwa nekukura kwemotokari dzakachipa dzakagadzirwa neChina.Pakati pemamwe maapplication, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi chikamu chakakosha cheinjini catalytic converters.
Kutyisidzirwa kweChina kwakatorwa zvakanyanya zvekuti United States, European Union, Japan nedzimwe nyika dzakati wandei dzakamhan'ara neWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) mutongo wekuti China haigone kurambidza kunze kwenyika zvinhu zvisingawanzo.Zvisinei, mavhiri eWTO's resolution mechanism ari kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma: mutongo hauitwe kusvika makore mana gare gare.Bazi reChina rinoona nezvekunze rakazoramba kuti rakanga raisa zvirango, richiti China yaida zvimwe zvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi kune maindasitiri ayo ari kusimukira.Izvi zvingave zvakarurama: pakazosvika 2005, China yakanga yarambidza kutengesa kunze kwenyika, zvichikonzera kushushikana kuPentagon pamusoro pekushomeka kwezvinhu zvina zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi (lanthanum, cerium, euro, uye uye), izvo zvakakonzera kunonoka mukugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvombo.
Nekune rimwe divi, hutongi hweChina hunogona kukonzerwa nekuwedzera purofiti, uye panguva iyoyo mitengo yakakwira nekukurumidza.Kuparara kweMolycorp kunoratidzawo hungwaru hutongi hwehurumende yeChina.Molycorp akafanotaura kuti mitengo yepasi isingawanzo yaizokwira zvakanyanya mushure mechiitiko pakati pezvikepe zvekuChina zvekuredza neJapan Coast Guard muna 2010, saka yakasimudza mari yakawanda yekuvaka nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekugadzirisa.Nekudaro, hurumende yeChina payakadzoreredza quotas kunze kwenyika muna 2015, Molycorp yakaremerwa neUS $ 1.7 bhiriyoni muchikwereti uye hafu yezvigadziriso zvayo.Makore maviri gare gare, yakabuda muhurongwa hwekubhuroka ikatengeswa nemadhora 20.5 miriyoni, inova mari isingakoshi kana ichienzaniswa nemadhora bhiriyoni gumi nemazana manomwe echikwereti.Kambani iyi yakanunurwa nemubatanidzwa, uye China Leshan Shenghe Rare Earth Company inobata makumi matatu muzana ekodzero dzekambani dzisina kuvhota.Nezvehunyanzvi, kuve nemasheya asiri ekuvhota zvinoreva kuti Leshan Shenghe ane kodzero yekusapfuura chikamu chepurofiti, uye huwandu hwese hwepurofiti iyi hunogona kunge hudiki, saka vamwe vanhu vanogona kusava nechokwadi nezvinangwa zvekambani.Nekudaro, nekupihwa saizi yeLeshan Shenghe inoenderana nemari inodiwa kuwana makumi matatu muzana emasheya, kambani inogona kutora njodzi.Zvisinei, pesvedzero inogona kuitwa nedzimwe nzira dzisiri dzokuvhota.Sekureva kwegwaro reChinese rakagadzirwa neWall Street Journal, Leshan Shenghe achave nekodzero yega yekutengesa zvicherwa zveMountain Pass.Chero zvazvingava, Molycorp inotumira REE yayo kuChina kuti igadziriswe.
Nekuda kwekugona kutsamira pane zvakachengetwa, indasitiri yeJapan haina kunyatso kukanganiswa negakava ra2010.Nekudaro, mukana weChina kugadzira zvombo zvepasi risingawanzo zivikanwa ikozvino.Mumavhiki mashoma, nyanzvi dzeJapan dzakashanyira Mongolia, Vietnam, Australia nedzimwe nyika nezvimwe zvakakosha zvisingawanzo zviwanikwa zvepasi kuti vabvunze.Kubva muna Mbudzi 2010, Japan yasvika chibvumirano chekutanga chenguva refu neLynas Group yekuAustralia.Japan yakasimbiswa kutanga kwegore rinouya, uye kubva pakuwedzera kwayo, ikozvino yawana 30% yepasi rayo risingawanzo kubva kuLynas.Sezvineiwo, iyo yehurumende yeChina Nonferrous Metals Mining Group yakaedza kutenga ruzhinji muLynas gore rimwe chete rapfuura.Tichifunga kuti China ine huwandu hukuru hwezvimbambaira zvepasi zvisingawanzo, munhu anogona kufungidzira kuti China inoronga kudzora misika yepasirese uye inoda musika.Hurumende yeAustralia yakamisa chibvumirano ichi.
KuUnited States, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvakasimuka zvakare muhondo yekutengeserana yeSino-US.Muna Chivabvu 2019, Munyori Mukuru weChinese Xi Jinping akaita rwendo rwakashambadzirwa uye rwekufananidzira kuJiangxi Rare Earth Mine, iyo yakadudzirwa sekuratidzira kwesimba rehurumende yake paWashington.Pepanhau rePeople's Daily, bepanhau repamutemo reCentral Committee yeCommunist Party yeChina, rakanyora kuti: “Nenzira iyi chete ndipo patingakurudzira kuti US haifanire kurerutsa kugona kweChina kuchengetedza kodzero nekodzero dzebudiriro.Musati hatina kukuyambirai.Vacherekedzi vakati, “Musati hatina kunyevera.Izwi rekuti "iwe" rinowanzo shandiswa nevezvenhau vepamutemo mumamiriro ezvinhu akakomba, senge China isati yapinda muVietnam muna 1978 uye mugakava remuganhu neIndia muna 2017.Kuti kuwedzere kunetseka kweUnited States, sezvo zvombo zvemberi zviri kugadzirwa, zvinhu zvepasi zvisingawanzoitiki zvinodiwa.Kungotaura mienzaniso miviri chete, murwi wega wega weF-35 unoda makirogiramu mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri epasi, uye imwe neimwe yeVirginia-class submarine inoda zvakapetwa kagumi huwandu uhu.
Kunyangwe yambiro, kuedza kuchiri kuitwa kumisikidza REE yekugovera cheni isingasanganisire China.Zvisinei, kuita uku kwakaoma kudarika kutorwa kuri nyore.In situ, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvinosanganiswa nemamwe akawanda mamineral munzvimbo dzakasiyana.Zvadaro, ore yepakutanga inofanira kupinda mudenderedzwa rekutanga rekugadzirisa kuti ibudise concentrate, uye kubva ipapo inopinda mune imwe nzvimbo inoparadzanisa zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi kuita zvinhu zvakachena zvakanyanya.Muchiitiko chinonzi solvent extraction, "zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa zvinopfuura nemazana emakamuri emvura anoparadzanisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kana makemikari-matanho aya anogona kudzokororwa mazana kana kunyange zviuru zvenguva. alloys nemagineti, vanoshandisa iyo yakasarudzika magineti, luminescent kana electrochemical zvimiro zvezvinhu izvi," akadaro Scientific American.Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kuvapo kwezvinhu zveradioactive kunokanganisa maitiro.
Muna 2012, Japan yakasangana nekufara kwenguva pfupi, uye zvakasimbiswa zvakadzama muna 2018 kuti akawanda epamusoro-giredhi REE madhipoziti akawanikwa padyo neNanniao Island munzvimbo yayo yakasarudzika yehupfumi, iyo inofungidzirwa kuzadzisa zvido zvayo kwemazana emakore.Zvisinei, kubvira muna 2020, bepanhau reJapan rechipiri pakukura zuva nezuva, Asahi, rakatsanangura kurota kwekuzvigutsa se "kuva madhaka."Kunyangwe kune veJapan vane ruzivo rwetekinoroji, kutsvaga nzira yekushambadzira inogona kutengwa ichiri dambudziko.Mudziyo unonzi piston core remover unounganidza madhaka kubva pasi pedenga regungwa pakadzika 6000 metres.Nekuti muchina wekukonira unotora maminitsi anopfuura 200 kuti usvike pasi pegungwa, maitiro acho anorwadza zvikuru.Kusvika nekubvisa madhaka ndiko kutanga kwekunatsa, uye mamwe matambudziko anotevera.Pane ngozi inogona kuitika kune zvakatipoteredza.Masayendisiti anonetseka kuti "nekuda kwechiito chekutenderera kwemvura, pasi pegungwa rinogona kudonha ndokudurura mavhu akacherwa zvisingawanzoitiki uye madhaka mugungwa."Zvinhu zvekutengesa zvinofanirwawo kutariswa: 3,500 matani anoda kuunganidzwa zuva rega rega kuti kambani iite pundutso.Parizvino, matani 350 chete anogona kuunganidzwa kwemaawa gumi pazuva.
Nemamwe mashoko, zvinodya nguva uye zvinodhura kugadzirira kushandisa zvinhu zvepasi zvisingawanzoitiki, zvingava zvinobva panyika kana mugungwa.China inodzora dzinenge dzese nzvimbo dzekugadziridza pasirese, uye kunyangwe mavhu asingawanzo kutorwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika/matunhu anotumirwa ikoko kuti acheneswe.Yakanga iri Lynas, iyo yakatumira simbi yayo kuMalaysia kuti igadzirwe.Kunyange zvazvo kubatsira kwaLynas kudambudziko repasi risingawanzoitiki kwakakosha, haisi mhinduro yakakwana.Zvirimo zvepasi zvisingawanzo mumigodhi yekambani zvakaderera pane izvo zviri kuChina, zvinoreva kuti Lynas anofanira kuchera zvimwe zvinhu kuti abvise uye abvise simbi inorema isingawanzo simbi (senge s), inova chikamu chakakosha chekuchengetedza data, nekudaro ichiwedzera. mari.Kuchera heavy rare earth metals kunoenzaniswa nekutenga mombe yese semombe: kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu 2020, mutengo wekirogiramu imwe chete iUS$344.40, ukuwo mutengo wekirogiramu imwe chete yelight rare earth neodymium iri US$55.20.
Muna 2019, Texas-yakavakirwa Blue Line Corporation yakazivisa kuti ichagadzira mubatanidzwa naLynas kuvaka REE yekuparadzanisa chirimwa chisingasanganisire maChinese.Nekudaro, chirongwa ichi chinotarisirwa kutora makore maviri kusvika matatu kuti chienderere mberi, zvichiita kuti vangangove vatengi vekuUS vari munjodzi yekutsiva kweBeijing.Hurumende yeAustralia payakavhara kuedza kweChina kutora Lynas, Beijing yakaramba ichitsvaga zvimwe zvekune dzimwe nyika.Inotova nefekitari muVietnam uye yanga ichiunza nhamba huru yezvigadzirwa kubva kuMyanmar.Muna 2018, yaive 25,000 matani epasi isingawanzo kutariswa, uye kubva muna Ndira 1 kusvika Chivabvu 15, 2019, yaive 9,217 matani epasi isingawanzo kutariswa.Kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kukakavadzana kwakakonzera kurambidzwa kwezviito zvisina kurongwa nevacheri vekuChina.Kurambidzwa uku kunogona kubviswa zvisiri pamutemo muna 2020, uye kuchine zviitiko zvisiri pamutemo zvemigodhi kumativi ese emuganhu.Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi zvinoramba zvichicherwa muChina pasi pemutemo weSouth Africa, zvozotumirwa kuMyanmar nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakatenderedza (sekupfuura nemupurovhinzi yeYunnan), zvozotakurwa kudzokera kuChina kutiza kufarira kwemirau.
Vatengi veChinese vanga vachitsvagawo nzvimbo dzemigodhi muGreenland, izvo zvinokanganisa United States neDenmark, idzo dzine mabhesi emhepo muThule, nyika inozvitonga.Shenghe Resources Holdings yave mugoveri mukuru weGreenland Minerals Co., Ltd. Muna 2019, yakatanga mubatanidzwa nechikamu cheChina National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) kutengesa nekugadzirisa zvicherwa zvisingawanzoitiki.Chii chinoumba nyaya yekuchengetedza uye izvo zvisingaite nyaya yekuchengetedza inogona kunge iri nyaya inokakavara pakati pemapato maviri kuDanish-Greenland Self-Government Act.
Vamwe vanodavira kuti kunetseka pamusoro pokugoverwa kwepasi risingaoneki kwakawedzeredzwa.Kubva 2010, masheya akanyatso wedzera, ayo anogona kunge akavhara kurwisa kweChina kamwe kamwe embargo munguva pfupi.Mapasi asingawanzo anogona zvakare kudzokororwa, uye maitiro anogona kugadzirwa kuti avandudze kushanda kweiyo iripo.Kuedza kwehurumende yeJapan kutsvaga nzira yehupfumi yekuchera zvicherwa zvakapfuma munzvimbo yayo yehupfumi kunogona kubudirira, uye tsvakiridzo pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwezvinzvimbo zvisingawanzoitiki zviri kuenderera mberi.
Zvisikwa zveChina zvisingawanzo pasi zvinogona kunge zvisipo nguva dzose.Kuwedzera kweChina kutarisisa nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza kwakakanganisawo kugadzirwa.Kunyangwe kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi nemitengo yakaderera kungavhara makwikwi ekunze, kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya matunhu ekugadzira nekuchenesa.Mvura yakasviba ine chepfu zvakanyanya.Mvura yakarasika iri mudhamu remachira epamusoro inogona kuderedza kusvibiswa kwenzvimbo isingawanzo kunyura pasi, asi mvura ine tsvina inogona kudonhedza kana kupwanya, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwakanyanya kuzasi.Kunyangwe pasina kutaurwa kweruzhinji nezvezvinosvibisa kubva mumigodhi isingawanzo konzerwa nemafashama eRwizi rweYangtze muna 2020, pane chokwadi chekunetsekana nezve zvinosvibisa.Mafashamo acho akakanganisa fekitari yeLeshan Shenghe uye zvinhu zvayo.Kambani iyi yakafungidzira kurasikirwa kwayo kuve pakati peUS$35 ne48 miriyoni, kudarika huwandu hweinishuwarenzi.Tichifunga kuti mafashamo anogona kukonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anowedzera kuwanda, mukana wekukuvadza uye kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nemafashama mune ramangwana uri kuwedzerawo.
Mumwe mukuru mukuru wekuGanzhou mudunhu rakashanyirwa naXi Jinping akachema-chema achiti: “Chinoshamisa ndechekuti mutengo wepasi rave wakaderera zvakadaro kwenguva yakareba, purofiti inobva pakutengesa zvinhu izvi inofananidzwa nemari inodiwa kugadzirisa. ivo.Hapana kukosha.Kukuvadza."
Zvakadaro, zvichienderana nekwakabva mushumo, China icharamba ichipa 70% kusvika 77% yezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi rose.Chete kana dambudziko rave pedyo, senge muna 2010 na2019, ndipo United States inogona kuramba ichiteerera.Panyaya yeMagniquench neMolycorp, iyo mubatanidzwa inogona kunyengetedza Komiti Yezvekudyara Kwekunze muUnited States (CFIUS) kuti kutengeswa hakuzokanganisa kuchengetedzwa kweUS.CFIUS inofanira kuwedzera chiyero chebasa rekubatanidza kuchengetedzwa kwehupfumi, uye inofanirawo kungwarira.Kusiyana nekuita kwenguva pfupi uye kwenguva pfupi munguva yakapfuura, kuenderera mberi kwehurumende mune ramangwana kwakakosha.Tichitarisa kumashure pamashoko ePeople's Daily muna 2019, hatingati hatina kunyeverwa.
Maonero aburitswa muchinyorwa chino ndeemunyori chete uye haafanire kuratidza chinzvimbo cheForeign Policy Research Institute.Sangano reForeign Policy Research Institute isangano risingarerekera kudivi rakazvipira kuburitsa zvinyorwa zvine gakava zvegwaro reUS kunze kwenyika uye kuchengetedzwa kwenyika.Zvinokosha.
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Nguva yekutumira: Oct-09-2020