Hafnium, Metal Hf, Atomic nhamba 72, Atomic uremu 178.49, itsika sirivha sirivha transition simbi.
Hafnium ine nhanhatu dzakasarudzika Oopotopes: Hafnium 174, 176, 177, 170, Dilute Sulpuric Acdrochlor acid, uye Simba Solidine Solutions, asi inokakavara muHydrofluor acid uye Aqua Regia. Zita reBhaibheri rinobva kune zita reLatin reCopenhagen guta.
Muna 1925, Sweden Hervey Hervey uye Dutch Phemist Koster akawanikwa Akachena Happnum Salt Hafnium ine 0.00045% yepasi crust uye inowanzobatanidzwa ne zirconium mune zvakasikwa.
Chigadzirwa Zita: Hafnium
Element Symbol: HF
Atomic uremu: 178.49
Element Type: Metallic Element
Zvivakwa zvemuviri:
Hafniumisiriyo simbi grey ine simbi yesimbi; Kune maviri akasiyana eSimbi Hafnium: α Hafnium ndeye hexagonal Yakarongedzwa Vakasiyana (1750 ℃) ine tembiricha yepamusoro kupfuura zirconium. Metal Hafnium ine Alotrope Variya vari kumusoro kwekupisa kwakanyanya. Metal Hafnium ine yakakwira neutron kutora-chikamu uye inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chekutonga kune vanoita basa.
Kune marudzi maviri ezvinyorwa zvekristaro: Hexagonal Dense kurongedza pakupisa pazasi 1300 ℃ (quationation); Pakupisa pamusoro pegumi neshanu Simbi ine plasikiridzo inoomesa uye inova brittle pamberi pekusvibiswa. Yakagadzikana mumhepo, yakasviba chete pamusoro payo kana ichipiswa. Mafirita anogona kuvezwa nemurazvo wemutambo. Zvivakwa zvakafanana ne zirconium. Izvo hazviite nemvura, silited acids, kana zvigadziko zvakasimba, asi zvine simba zviri nyore muEqua regalia uye hydrofluor acid. Kunyanya mumakomputa ne + 4 Valence. Hafnium Alloy (Ta4hfc5) inozivikanwa kuti ine yakanyanya yekunyungudika point (anenge 4215 ℃).
Crystal Chimiro: Iyo Crystal Cell is hexagonal
CAT Nhamba: 7440-58-6
Inline Pfungwa: 2227 ℃
Boling Point: 4602 ℃
Makemikari Zvivakwa:
Iyo makemikari zvivakwa zveHafnium yakafanana neiyo zirconium, uye ine yakanaka kupesana uye haina kunyatsogadziriswa neakajairika acid alkali mhinduro; Nyore nyore kuderera mu hydrofluoric acid kuti ugadzire madhimoni akaomeswa. Pakupisa kwakanyanya, hafnium inogonawo kusanganisa zvakananga nemagasi akadai seokisijeni uye nitrogen yekugadzira oxides uye nitrarides.
Hafnium inowanzove ne + 4 Valence muComprounds. Iyo huru compound irihafnium oxideHfo2. Kune matatu akasiyana akasiyana siyana eHafnium oxide:hafnium oxideinowanikwa nekuenderera mberi calcination yeHafnium sulfate uye chloride oxide is a moneclinic musiyano; Iyo hafnium oxide inowanikwa nekudziya iyo hydroxide ye hafnium atenderedza 400 ℃ iri tetragonal mutsauko; Kana calcine pamusoro pegumi】, musiyano wekubhiti unogona kuwanikwa. Imwe compound irihafnium tetrachloride, inova zvinhu zvakabikwa zvekugadzirira simbi Hafnium tetrachloride inouya mukubatana nemvura uye pakarepo hydrolyzes mune yakawanda stable hfo (4h2o) 2 + ion. HFO2 + ion zvirimo mune akawanda makomputa
4-valent hafnium zvakare kuumbiridza kuumba neFluoride, inosanganisira K2Hff6, K3Hff7, (NH4) 2HFF6, uye (NH4) 3HFF7. Aya mazvinongedzo akashandiswa pakuparadzaniswa kweZirconium naHafnium.
Common Compounds:
Hafnium Dioxide: Taura hafnium dioxide; Hafnium dioxide; Molecular formula: HFO2 [4]; Zvivakwa: White Poda neZviratidzo zvitatu Zvemakristuru: Monclinic, Tetragonal, uye Cubic. Densities ndeye 10.3, 10.1, uye 10.4G / cm3, zvichiteerana. Kunyungudika Pfungwa 2780-2920k. Boiling point 5400k. Anowedzera kuwedzera kuwanda 5.8 × 10-6 / ℃. Insoluble mumvura, hydrochloric acid, uye nitric acid, asi nyura mukati mekunyudzwa sulfutic acid uye hydrofluic acid. Yakagadzirwa neHefmal Decomposition kana hydrolysis yemakomputa akadai se hafnium sulfate uye hafnium oxychloride. Zvishandiso zvekugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwesimbi hafnium uye hafnium alloys. Inoshandiswa sezvinhu zveRetractory, anti radio alloactive marara, uye mabhata. [5] Atomic Energy level hfo chigadzirwa chakawanikwa panguva imwe chete painogadzira Atomic Energy zro. Kutanga kubva kune yechipiri chlorination, maitiro ekunatswa, kuderedza, uye vacuum distillation vanenge vakafanana neiyo yeZirconium.
Hafnium tetrachloride: Hafnium (iv) chloride, hafnium tetrachloride molecular formula hfcl4 molecular uremu mazana matatu nemakumi matatu Inonzwira tsitsi kunyorova. Nyura muacetone naMethanol. Hydrolyze mumvura kuti igadzire Happnium Oxecloride (HFCL2). Kupisa kusvika 250 ℃ uye kuputika. Inotsamwisa maziso, maitiro ekufema, uye ganda.
Hafnium Hydroxide: Hafnium Hydroxide (H4hfo4), kazhinji aripo sexicrate yemvura Hfol2o, inonyudza muAmoni, uye isingawanzo muAmoni Kupisa kusvika 100 ℃ kuti gadzira Hafnium Hydroxide HFO (Ah) 2 Inogona kushandiswa kubereka mamwe mafoni emapundu.
Nhoroondo Yekutsvagisa
Discovery Nhoroondo:
Muna 1923, Sweden Chemist Hervey uye Dutch Phicycist D. Koster akawanikwa Hafnium muZircono akagadzirwa muNorway neGreenland, uye zita reLatin, rakatangira zita reLatin Happnia yeCopenhagen. Muna 1925, Hervey nemutengo wakaparadzaniswa zirconium uye titanium uchishandisa nzira yehurema crystallization yemvura yakaomarara kuti uwane salt Uye deredza Hafnium Munyu nesimbi yesimbi kuti uwane yakachena simbi hafnium. Hervey akagadzirira sampu yemamirigiramu eakachena hafnium.
Kumakemikari bvunzo paZirconium naHafnium:
Mukuedzwa kunoitwa nePurofiti Carl Collins kuYunivhesiti yeTexas muna1998, iyo isomer Hafnium, 178m2 [7] inogona kuraira kwemakesi . Mushumo weCollins unotaura kuti rimwe gramu yeHF yeHF Mushumo weCollins unoratidza kuti simba rese mune iyi maitiro anoburitswa muchimiro cheX-RAIYSE RAIYS, iyo HF178M2 (hafnium 178m2) inogona kuramba ichinyanya kudzikama. [9] Pentagon yakagovana mari yekutsvaga. Mukuedzwa, iyo chiratidzo-ruzha ratio yakaderera kwazvo (uye zvikanganiso zvakakosha), kunyangwe musayendisiti musainzi Kuita, collins yakakurudzira nzira yekushandisa yakanyorwa Gamma Ray kusunungura simba kubva kuHF178m2 (hafnium 178m2) [ .
Munda Unoshanda:
Hafnium inobatsira kwazvo nekuda kwekugona kwayo kuburitsa magetsi, senge sekushandiswa kwakaita seyakafa mune incandiescent marambi. Inoshandiswa seCathode yeX-Ray machubhu, uye alloys yeHafnium uye tungsten kana molybdenum inoshandiswa seElectrodes kune yakakwira-voltage discharge tubes. Inowanzo shandiswa mukoti uye tungsten waya waya yekugadzira indasitiri ye x-rays. Yakachena Hafnium zvinhu zvakakosha muAtomi yeAtomi Indasitiri nekuda kweplasirtics yayo, kugadzirisa zviri nyore, kuramba simba rakawanda, uye kuramba basa. Hafnium ine yakakura yetron yekubatwa neyakayambuka-chikamu uye iri yakanaka neutron inobata, iyo inogona kushandiswa sedanda rekudzora uye mudziyo wekudzivirira weatomu anogadzirisa. Hafnium poda inogona kushandiswa seyinobuditsa marobhoti. Iyo cathode ye x-ray machubhu inogona kugadzirwa muindasitiri yemagetsi. Hafnium Alloy inogona kushandira seyakafambiswa soyer yeRocket Lzzles uye Glide Re-yekupinda Ndege, nepo Hf ta Alloy inogona kushandiswa kuti ishandiswe ishandiso simbi uye zvinodzivisa zvinhu. Hafnium inoshandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera muzvipenga-zvinopesana zvinopesana, senge tungsten, molybdenum, uye tantalum. HFC inogona kushandiswa seyakawedzera kune yakaomesesa alloys nekuda kwekuomesa kwayo uye yekunyungudika. Iyo yekunyungudutsa point ye 4tachfc ingangoita 4215 ℃, ichiita kuti ive yakaunganidzwa neyakazivikanwa ekunyungudika pfungwa. Hafnium inogona kushandiswa segoter mune akawanda inflation system. Hafnium fetters inogona kubvisa mageji asina basa senge oksijeni uye nitrogen iripo muhurongwa. Hafnium inowanzoshandiswa seyakawedzera mune hydraulic mafuta kuti adzivise iyo yekuvhiringidza mafuta eHydraulic Mafuta panguva yekuvhiringidzika kwakanyanya, uye ine yakasimba antial locility zvivakwa. Naizvozvo, zvinowanzoshandiswa mune maindasitiri hydraulic mafuta. Kurapwa hydraulic mafuta.
Hafnium element inoshandiswawo mune yazvino intel 45 nanhoprocessors. Nekuda kwekufambisa kweSilicon Dioxide (SIO2) uye kugona kwayo kuderedza kukonzeresa kupindirana, processor Vagadziri Silicon diixide Itel payakasvitsa maitiro e65 Nanometer Naizvozvo, kana zvigadzirwa zvazvino zvichiramba zvichishandiswa uye ukobvu hwakaderedzwa, kubhururuka kwegedhi dielectric kuchawedzera zvakanyanya, kuunza pasi tekinoroji tekinoroji. Kuti ugadzirise nyaya iyi yakaoma, intel iri kuronga kuti ishandise yakakwira midziyo Kuenzaniswa neRoga rezvinyorwa zve65nm tekinoroji, maitiro eIntel Uye zvakare, iyo simba rinodiwa kuti tirururire kuchinjika kwakaderera, kuderedza masimba masimba neanoda kusvika makumi matatu muzana. Iyo yekubatanidza yemukati inogadzirwa neiyo yemhangura waya isina kuderera neLower K dielectric, nekukasira kushanda zvakanaka uye kuderedza masimba masimba, uye kumhanya kwemvura, uye kumhanya kwekumhanya kunenge muna 20% nekukurumidza
Mineral Kugovera:
Hafnium ine yakakwirira crust Zvese zvicherwa zvine zirconium zvine bvnium. Zircon inoshandiswa muindasitiri ine 0.5-2% hafnium. Iyo Berellium Zircon (Alvite) muChipiri Zirconium Orore inogona kuve ne15% hafnium. Kune zvakare mhando yeMetamorphic Zircon, Cyrtolite, iyo ine pamusoro pe5% HFO. Iwo madura ekupedzisira madiki maviri madiki madiki madiki uye haasati ari muindasitiri. Hafnium inonyanya kupora panguva yekugadzirwa kweZirconium.
Iyo iripo mune yakawanda zirconium eires. [18] [19] nekuti pane zvidiki kwazvo mukuputika. Kazhinji vaigara pamwe ne zirconium uye vasina ore zvakasiyana.
Kugadzirira Maitiro:
1. Inogona kuve yakagadzirirwa ne Magnesium kuderedzwa kweHafnium tetrachloride kana yekubhadhara kuyamwisa yeHafnium iodide. HFCL4 uye K2Hff6 inogona zvakare kushandiswa seyakagadzirwa zvinhu. Maitiro ekugadzira electrolytic kugadzirwa muNacl KCL
2. Iyo yakabikwa zvinhu zvekugadzira hafnium ndeyekukasira hafnium oxide yakaparadzaniswa panguva yekugadzira zirconium. Tora HOFNUM OXide Uchishandisa Ion exchange resin, wobva washandisa nzira imwecheteyo seZirconium kugadzirira simbi hafnium oxide.
3. Inogona kuve yakagadzirirwa neCOUTINA HIFNUM TETRACHLIDE (HFCL4) neSodium kuburikidza nekudzikiswa.
Nzira dzekutanga dzekuparadzanisa zirconium uye hafnium yaive chidimbu chekristailation yemvura yakaoma yakaoma Idzi nzira dzinokomberedza kushanda uye dzinogumira pakushandiswa kwerabhoritari. Tekinoroji nyowani yekuparadzanisa zirconium uye hafnium, yakadai seyakagadziriswa, sol convert Iwo maviri anowanzoshandiswa kupatsanurwa masisitimu ndeye thiocyanate cyclohxone system uye iyo tributyl phosphate nitric acid system. Zvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa nenzira dziri pamusoro apa dzese hydroxide, uye yakachena hafnium oxide inogona kuwanikwa necalcination. Yakanyanya Kuchenesa Hafnium inogona kuwanikwa neIon exchange nzira.
Mune indasitiri, kugadzirwa kwesimbi hafnium kunowanzobatanidza zvese zviri zviviri Krollic uye Debor AKER maitiro. Iyo Krollic maitiro inosanganisira kuderedzwa kweAfnium Tetrachloride uchishandisa simbi:
2mg + HFCL4- → 2MGL2 + HF
Iyo Debor Aker nzira, inozivikanwa zvakare seiyo nzira yeidization, inoshandiswa kuchenesa chipanje kunge hafnium uye uwane magetsi simbi hafnium.
5. Iko kuhukura kweHafnium kwakafanana neiyo yeZirconium:
Nhanho yekutanga kutora mari ye ore, iyo inosanganisira nzira nhatu: chlorination ye zircon kuti uwane (zr, hf) cl. Alkali kunyungudika kweZircon. Zircon inonyungudika naNaoh panenge mazana matanhatu, uye anopfuura 90% ye (zr) opt Na (zr, hf) o inogona kushandiswa semhinduro yekutanga yekuparadzanisa zirconium uye hafnium mushure mekunyungudika muHno. Nekudaro, kuvapo kweSio collids kunoita kuti Solvent Force Sinter neKSF uye SOAK mumvura kuti uwane K (ZR, HF) F mhinduro. Mhinduro yacho inogona kuparadzanisa zirconium uye hafnium kuburikidza nehuremu hwekuchema;
Nhanho yechipiri kuparadzaniswa kweZirconium uye hafnium, iyo inogona kuwanikwa uchishandisa solvent yekuparadzanisa nzira uchishandisa hydrochlem Acone) system uye hno-tbp (trbutyl phosphate) system. Iyo tekinoroji yemugodhi mitezo yemubatanidzwa uchishandisa mutsauko weVapor uye zrcl melts pasi pekumanikidzwa kwepamusoro (pamusoro pematanho ekudzvinyirira, ayo anogona kuchengetedza yeiyo yechipiri chlorination maitiro uye kuderedza mitengo. Nekudaro, nekuda kweiyo dambudziko reCorrosion ye (zr) cl uye hf) Mumakore ekuma1970, yakanga ichiri muiyo yepakati chirimwa yekuyedza danda.
Nhanho yechitatu ndiyo yechipiri charlination yeHFO kuwana isina kuchena hfcl yekudzikisa;
Nhanho yechina ndiko kucheneswa kweHFCL uye magnesium kuderedza. Kuita uku kwakafanana nekucheneswa uye kuderedza kweZRCL, uye iyo yakakonzerwa semi-yakapera chigadzirwa ndeye coarse chipanje;
Nhanho yechishanu ndeyekuvanzika Dhiyedhi Harnium kubvisa Mgcl uye tora yakawandisa simbi magnesium, zvichikonzera chigadzirwa chakapera cheSponge. Kana iyo yekuderedza mumiririri ichishandisa sodium panzvimbo yeMagnesium, nhanho yechishanu inofanira kuchinjwa kuve kunyudzwa kwemvura
Nzira yekuchengetedza:
Chengetedza muchitoro chinotonhorera uye chinotonhorera. Ramba usiri kure neshiri uye kupisa masosi. Inofanira kuchengetwa zvakasiyana kubva kuOkuidants, Acids, holgenons, nezvimwe, uye dzivisa kusanganisa kuchengetedza. Kushandisa kuputika-chiratidzo chinovhenekera uye nzvimbo dzekutya. Rambidza kushandiswa kwechimiro michina uye maturusi ayo anowanzo kuvezwa. Nzvimbo yekuchengetera inofanira kuve yakashongedzerwa nezvinhu zvakakodzera kuti zviite zvibodzwa.
Kutumira Nguva: Sep-25-2023