Holmium Element uye Yakajairwa Kuona Nzira
Mune periodic tafura yemakemikari zvinhu, pane chinhu chinonziholmium, iyo isimbi isingawanzoitiki. Ichi chinhu chakasimba pakudziya kwekamuri uye chine nzvimbo yakakwira yekunyungudika uye nzvimbo yekuvira. Nekudaro, iyi haisi iyo inonyanya kutaridzika chikamu cheholmium element. Runako rwayo chairwo rwuri muidi rokuti kana ichinakirwa, inobudisa chiedza chegirini chakaisvonaka. Iyo holmium element mune ino inonakidza mamiriro akafanana neinopenya yegirini gem, yakanaka uye isinganzwisisike. Vanhu vane nhoroondo ipfupi yekuziva nezveholmium element.Muna 1879, nyanzvi yekemisitiri yekuSweden Per Theodor Klebe akatanga kuwana holmium element ndokuitumidza zita reguta rake. Paaidzidza erbium isina kuchena, akazvimiririra akawana holmium nekubvisayttriumuyescandium. Akatumidza chinhu chebrown chinonzi Holmia (zita rechiLatin reStockholm) uye chinhu chegirinhi Thulia. Akabva abudirira kupatsanura dysprosium kuti aparadzanise holmium yakachena.Mupedhiyo yeperiodic table yemakemikari elements, holmium ine zvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana uye mashandisirwo. Holmium chinhu chisingawanikwe chepasi chine simba remagineti, saka chinowanzo shandiswa kugadzira magineti. Panguva imwecheteyo, holmium inewo yakakwira refractive index, ichiita kuti ive chinhu chakanakira kugadzira zviridzwa zvemaziso uye optical fibers. Pamusoro pezvo, holmium inoitawo basa rakakosha muminda yemishonga, simba, uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza. Nhasi, ngatifambei mune iyi mashiripiti chinhu chine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa - holmium. Ongorora zvakavanzika zvayo uye unzwe mupiro wayo mukuru kunzanga yevanhu.
Minda yekushandisa ye holmium element
Holmium chinhu chemakemikari chine nhamba yeatomu ye67 uye ndeye lanthanide series. Iyi inotevera sumo yakadzama kune mamwe maficha ekushandisa eholmium element:
1. Holmium magineti:Holmium ine yakanaka magineti zvivakwa uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya sechinhu kugadzira magineti. Kunyanya mukutsva-kupisa kwepamusoro-soro kutsvagisa, holmium magineti anowanzo shandiswa semidziyo yema superconductors kusimudzira iyo magineti ye superconductors.
2. Holmium girazi:Holmium inogona kupa girazi yakakosha optical zvivakwa uye inoshandiswa kugadzira holmium girazi lasers. Holmium lasers inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurapa neindasitiri, uye inogona kushandiswa kurapa zvirwere zvemaziso, simbi dzakachekwa nezvimwe zvinhu, nezvimwe.
3. Indasitiri yesimba renyukireya:Holmium's isotope holmium-165 ine yakakwira neutron capture cross section uye inoshandiswa kudzora neutron flux uye kugovera simba kwenyukireya reactor.
4. Optical midziyo: Holmium inewo mamwe maapplication mune optical madivayiri, akadai optical waveguides, photodetectors, modulators, etc. mu optical fiber communications.
5. Fluorescent zvinhu:Holmium makomisheni anogona kushandiswa semidziyo yefluorescent kugadzira marambi efluorescent, fluorescent kuratidza skrini uye fluorescent zviratidzo.6. Metal alloys:Holmium inogona kuwedzerwa kune dzimwe simbi kugadzira alloys kuti ivandudze kugadzikana kwekupisa, corrosion resistance uye welding performance yesimbi. Inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira injini dzendege, injini dzemotokari uye michina yemakemikari. Holmium ine zvakakosha mashandisirwo mumagineti, magirazi lasers, indasitiri yesimba renyukireya, michina yemaziso, fluorescent zvinhu uye masimbi alloys.
Zvimiro zvemuviri zveholmium element
1. Chimiro cheatomu: Chimiro cheatomu cheholmium chinoumbwa nemaerekitironi makumi matanhatu nemanomwe. Mukugadzirisa kwayo kwemagetsi, kune maerekitironi maviri muchikamu chekutanga, maerekitironi masere pachikamu chechipiri, maerekitironi gumi nemasere pachikamu chechitatu, uye maerekitironi makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe pachikamu chechina. Naizvozvo, kune maviri ega mapeya emaerekitironi muchikamu chekunze.
2. Density uye kuoma: Kuwanda kweholmium i8.78 g/cm3, inova yakanyanya kuwanda. Kuoma kwayo kunosvika 5.4 Mohs kuoma.
3. Melting point and boiling point: Panonyungudika holmium inenge 1474 degrees celcius uye painofashaira ingangoita 2695 degrees celsius.
4. Magnetism: Holmium isimbi ine magineti yakanaka. Inoratidza ferromagnetism panguva yakaderera tembiricha, asi zvishoma nezvishoma inorasikirwa nemagineti yayo pakudziya kwakanyanya. Iyo magineti yeholmium inoita kuti ive yakakosha mumagineti maapplication uye mune yakakwirira-tembiricha superconductivity research.
5. Spectral maitiro: Holmium inoratidza kunyura kuri pachena uye mitsara yekuburitsa mune inooneka spectrum. Mitsetse yayo yekuburitsa inonyanya kuwanikwa mugirinhi uye tsvuku spectral renji, zvichikonzera kuti holmium komisheni kazhinji kuve negirinhi kana tsvuku mavara.
6. Thermal conductivity: Holmium ine kupisa kwakanyanya kwe16.2 W/m·Kelvin. Izvi zvinoita kuti holmium ive yakakosha mune mamwe maapplication ayo anoda yakanakisa yekupisa conductivity. Holmium isimbi ine high density, kuoma uye magineti. Inobata basa rakakosha mumagineti, yakakwirira-tembiricha superconductors, spectroscopy uye thermal conductivity.
Kemikari zvinhu zve holmium
1. Reactivity: Holmium isimbi yakagadzikana inobata zvishoma nezvishoma neakawanda asiri-metallic element uye acids. Haiite nemhepo nemvura patembiricha yekamuri, asi kana ichipisa kusvika kune tembiricha yakanyanya, inopindirana neokisijeni mumhepo kuita holmium oxide.
2. Solubility: Holmium ine solubility yakanaka mu acidic solutions uye inogona kuita ne concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid uye hydrochloric acid kuti ibudise holmium salts inoenderana.
3. Oxidation state: Iyo oxidation mamiriro eholmium kazhinji +3. Inogona kuumba zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakomisheni, senge oxides (Ho2O3, kloridi (HoCl3, sulfates (Ho2(SO4)3), etc. Mukuwedzera, holmium inogonawo kupa oxidation states dzakadai se +2, +4 uye +5, asi idzi oxidation states hadzina kunyanya kuwanda.
4. Complexes: Holmium inogona kuumba zvakasiyana-siyana zvemacomplexes, ayo akajairika ayo ari macomplexes akatarisana neholmium (III) ions. Aya macomplexes anoita basa rakakosha mukuongorora kwemakemikari, catalysts uye biochemical research.
5. Reactivity: Holmium kazhinji inoratidza kunyorova kwekuita mukuita kwemakemikari. Inogona kutora chikamu mumhando dzakawanda dzemakemikari kuita senge oxidation-kuderedza maitiro, coordination reaction, uye maitiro akaomarara. Holmium isimbi yakagadzikana, uye zvimiro zvayo zvemakemikari zvinonyanya kuratidzwa mune yakaderera reactivity, yakanaka solubility, akasiyana oxidation nyika, uye kuumbwa kweakasiyana siyana. Aya maitiro anoita kuti holmium ishandiswe zvakanyanya mukuita kwemakemikari, coordination chemistry, uye biochemical research.
Biological zvimiro zve holmium
The biological properties of holmium yanga ichidzidzwa zvishoma, uye ruzivo rwatinoziva kusvika pari zvino rushoma. Izvi zvinotevera zvimwe zvezvinhu zveholmium muzvisikwa:
1. Bioavailability: Holmium inenge isingawanzoitiki mumasikirwo, saka zvinyorwa zvayo muzvisikwa zvakaderera zvikuru. Holmium ine urombo bioavailability, ndiko kuti, kugona kwechipenyu kumedza uye kutora holmium kushoma, ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei mabasa nemhedzisiro yeholmium mumuviri wemunhu isinganzwisisike zvizere.
2. Physiological function: Kunyange zvazvo kune ruzivo rushoma rwemabasa ehupenyu eholmium, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti holmium inogona kubatanidzwa mune mamwe maitiro anokosha emakemikari ehupenyu mumuviri womunhu. Zvidzidzo zveSainzi zvakaratidza kuti holmium inogona kunge ine hukama nehutano hwemapfupa nemhasuru, asi iyo chaiyo nzira haisati yanyatsojeka.
3. Toxicity: Nekuda kwekuderera kwayo bioavailability, holmium ine huturu hushoma kumuviri wemunhu. Muzvidzidzo zvemhuka zvemurabhoritari, kuratidzwa kune yakanyanya kuwanda kweholmium makomisheni kunogona kukonzera kumwe kukuvadza kuchiropa neitsvo, asi tsvakiridzo yazvino pamusoro pehupfu uye husingaperi hwehuturu hweholmium hushoma. Zvinhu zvipenyu zveholmium muzvinhu zvipenyu hazvisati zvanyatsonzwisiswa. Tsvagiridzo yazvino inotarisisa pane zvingangoita physiological mabasa uye chepfu mhedzisiro pane zvipenyu. Nekuenderera mberi kwekufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, kutsvagisa nezve biological zvimiro zveholmium kucharamba kuchidzika.
Kugoverwa kwechisikigo kweholmium
Kugovaniswa kweholmium mumasikirwo kushoma zvikuru, uye ndechimwe chezvinhu zvine kuderera zvakanyanya mugomba repasi. Izvi zvinotevera kugoverwa kweholmium mune zvakasikwa:
1. Kuparadzirwa mugoko repasi: Zviri muholmium mugoko repasi zvingangoita 1.3ppm (zvikamu pamiriyoni), inova chinhu chisingawaniki kuwanika muvhu. Zvisinei nekushomeka kwayo, holmium inogona kuwanikwa mune mamwe matombo nematombo, senge ores ine zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi.
2. Kuvapo muzvicherwa: Holmium inonyanya kuwanikwa muore muchimiro cheokisidhi, senge holmium oxide (Ho2O3) Ho2O3 arirare earth oxideore ine huwandu hwakanyanya hweholmium.
3. Kuumbwa muchisikigo: Holmium inowanzogara pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi uye chikamu chezvinhu zve lanthanide. Inogona kuvapo muzvisikwa nenzira yeoxides, sulfates, carbonates, nezvimwewo.
4. Geographical nzvimbo yekugovera: Kugoverwa kweholmium kune yunifomu pasi rose, asi kugadzirwa kwayo kune zvishoma. Dzimwe nyika dzine zvimwe zviwanikwa zveholmium ore, zvakaita seChina, Australia, Brazil, etc. Holmium haiwanzowaniki mune zvakasikwa uye inonyanya kuvepo muchimiro cheokisidhi mu ore. Kunyangwe zvirimo zvakaderera, zvinogara pamwe nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi uye zvinogona kuwanikwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dze geological. Nekuda kwekushomeka kwayo uye zvirambidzo zvekugovera, kuchera uye kushandiswa kweholmium kwakaoma.
Kuchera uye Kunyunguduka kweHolmium Element
Holmium chinhu chisingawanzwisisike chepasi, uye kuchera kwayo nekubvisa maitiro kwakafanana nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi. Iyi inotevera sumo yakadzama kune migodhi uye yekubvisa maitiro eholmium element:
1. Kutsvaga holmium ore: Holmium inogona kuwanikwa mune zvisingawanzo pasi pasi, uye zvinowanzoitwa holmium ores zvinosanganisira oxide ores uye carbonate ores. Aya ores anogona kunge aripo pasi pevhu kana akavhurika-gomba mamineral deposits.
2. Kupwanya uye Kukuyiwa kweOre: Mushure mekuchera, holmium ore inoda kutswanyiwa uye kukuyiwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki uyezve kukwenenzverwa.
3. Flotation: Kuparadzaniswa kweholmium ore kubva kune dzimwe tsvina nenzira yekufambisa. Mukuita kuyerera, diluent uye furo agent inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira holmium ore iyangarara pamusoro pemvura, uyezve kuita kurapwa kwemuviri nemakemikari.
4. Hydration: Mushure mekuyangarara, holmium ore ichaitwa hydration kurapwa kuti iite holmium munyu. Hydration kurapwa kazhinji inosanganisira kuita simbi ine dilute acid mhinduro kugadzira holmium asidhi munyu mhinduro.
5. Kunaya uye kusefa: Nekugadzirisa maitiro ekuita, holmium muholmium acid salt solution inonaya. Wobva wasefa iyo inonaya kuti iparadzanise iyo yakachena holmium precipitate.
6. Calcination: Holmium precipitates inoda kurapwa calcination. Kuita uku kunosanganisira kudziyisa holmium precipitate kusvika kune tembiricha yakanyanya kuishandura kuita holmium oxide.
7. Kuderedza: Holmium oxide inobata kurapwa kwekuderedza kuti ishandure kuita metallic holmium. Kazhinji, kuderedza maajenti (akadai sehydrogen) anoshandiswa kuderedza pasi pemamiriro ekupisa. 8. Kunatsa: Iyo yakaderedzwa simbi holmium inogona kunge iine humwe hutsvina uye inoda kunatswa nekucheneswa. Nzira dzekunatsa dzinosanganisira kubviswa kwe solvent, electrolysis, uye kuderedza kemikari. Mushure mematanho ari pamusoro apa, yakakwirira-kuchenaholmium simbiinogona kuwanikwa. Idzi holmium simbi dzinogona kushandiswa kugadzira alloys, magineti zvinhu, indasitiri yesimba renyukireya, uye laser zvishandiso. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kuchera uye kubviswa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi zvakaoma uye zvinoda teknolojia yepamusoro uye michina kuti iwane kugadzirwa kwakanaka uye kwakaderera.
Nzira dzekuona dzeholmium element
1. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): Atomic absorption spectrometry inowanzoshandiswa nzira yekuongorora yehuwandu iyo inoshandisa kunwisa spectra yewavelengths chaiyo kuti ione kuwanda kweholmium mumuenzaniso. Inoita atomize sampuli kuti iedzwe mumurazvo, yobva yayera kunyura kweholmium mumuenzaniso kuburikidza ne spectrometer. Iyi nzira inokodzera kuonekwa kweholmium pamatunhu akakwirira.
2. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry inzira yakanyanyisa uye yakasarudzwa yekuongorora iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu-multi-element analysis. Iyo atomize sampuli uye inoumba plasma kuyera chaiyo wavelength uye kusimba kweholmium kubuda mune spectrometer.
3. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Inductively yakabatanidzwa plasma mass spectrometry inonyatsonzwa uye yakakwirira-resolution analytical method inogona kushandiswa pakugadzirisa isotope ratio uye trace element analysis. Inoita atomize sampuli uye inogadzira plasma kuyera huwandu-ku-chaji reshiyo yeholmium mune yakawanda spectrometer.
4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): X-ray fluorescence spectrometry inoshandisa fluorescence spectrum inobudiswa nemuenzaniso mushure mekufadzwa ne-X-rays kuti iongorore zvinyorwa zvezvinhu. Inogona kukurumidza uye isiri-inoparadza kuona iyo holmium zvirimo mumuenzaniso. Idzi nzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumarabhoritari neminda yeindasitiri yekuongorora kwehuwandu uye kutonga kwemhando yeholmium. Kusarudzwa kwenzira yakakodzera kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakadai semhando yemuenzaniso, inodiwa yekuona muganhu uye kunyatsoona.
Kunyatsoshandiswa kweholmium atomic absorption nzira
Pakuyeresa zvinhu, nzira yekunyudza maatomu ine huchokwadi hwepamusoro uye kunzwisiswa, uye inopa nzira inoshanda yekudzidza maumbirwo emakemikari, kuumbwa kwekomboni uye zviri muzvinhu.Zvinotevera, tinoshandisa nzira yekunyudza atomu kuyera zviri muholmium. Matanho chaiwo ndeaya anotevera: Gadzirira muenzaniso unoyerwa. Gadzirira sampuli kuyerwa kuita mhinduro, iyo inowanzoda kugayiwa neasidhi yakasanganiswa kuitira kuyerwa kunotevera. Sarudza yakakodzera atomic absorption spectrometer. Zvinoenderana nehunhu hwesample ichayerwa uye huwandu hweholmium yemukati inofanirwa kuyerwa, sarudza yakakodzera atomic absorption spectrometer. Gadzirisa maparameter eatomic absorption spectrometer. Zvinoenderana nechinhu chinoyerwa nemhando yemudziyo, gadzirisa zviyero zveatomic absorption spectrometer, kusanganisira light source, atomizer, detector, nezvimwewo. Isa sampuli kuyerwa muatomizer, uye buritsa mwaranzi yakareruka yeimwe wavelength yakananga kuburikidza nemwenje sosi. Iyo holmium element ichayerwa inotora aya ma radiation uye inogadzira shanduko yesimba. Edza kunyura kwe holmium kuburikidza ne detector. Verenga zviri mukati holmium. Zvinoenderana nekunyura uye yakajairwa curve, zvirimo zveholmium zvinoverengerwa. Aya anotevera ndiwo chaiwo paramita anoshandiswa nechiridzwa kuyera holmium.
Holmium (Ho) mwero: holmium oxide (analytical giredhi).
Method: Yakanyatso kuyera 1.1455g Ho2O3, nyungudika mu 20mL 5Mole hydrochloric acid, dilute kusvika 1L nemvura, kusangana kweHo mune iyi mhinduro ndeye 1000μg/mL. Chengetedza mubhodhoro re polyethylene kure nechiedza.
Rudzi rwemoto: nitrous oxide-acetylene, murazvo wakapfuma
Analysis parameters: Wavelength (nm) 410.4 Spectral bandwidth (nm) 0.2
Sefa coefficient 0.6 Inokurudzirwa mwenje wazvino (mA) 6
Negative high voltage (v) 384.5
Kureba kwemusoro wekupisa (mm) 12
Nguva yekubatanidza (S) 3
Kudzvinyirirwa kwemhepo uye kuyerera (MP, mL/min) 0.25, 5000
Nitrous oxide pressure uye kuyerera (MP, mL/min) 0.22, 5000
Acetylene pressure uye kuyerera (MP, mL/min) 0.1, 4500
Linear yekubatanidza coefficient 0.9980
Hunhu hwekusangana (μg/mL) 0.841
Kuverengera nzira Inoenderera nzira Solution acidity 0.5%
HCl yakayerwa tafura:
Calibration curve:
Kupindira: Holmium ine ionized zvishoma mu nitrous oxide-acetylene murazvo. Kuwedzera potassium nitrate kana potassium chloride kune yekupedzisira potassium concentration ye 2000μg/mL inogona kudzivisa ionization ye holmium. Mubasa chairo, zvinodikanwa kusarudza nzira yekuyera yakakodzera zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvesaiti. Idzi nzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuongorora uye kuona cadmium mumarabhoritari nemaindasitiri.
Holmium yakaratidza kugona kukuru muminda mizhinji ine zvimiro zvayo zvakasiyana uye kuwanda kwekushandisa. Nekunzwisisa nhoroondo, nzira yekuwana,kukosha uye kushandiswa kweholmium, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kukosha uye kukosha kwechinhu ichi chemashiripiti. Ngatitarisirei kuholmium kuunza zvimwe zvinoshamisa uye mabhindauko kunzanga yevanhu mune ramangwana uye kuita mipiro yakakura mukusimudzira kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji nebudiriro inoenderera.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo kana kubvunza Holmium unogamuchirwa kunataura nesu
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Nguva yekutumira: Nov-13-2024