Kushandiswa kwepasi risingawanzo munyika kunogona kushandiswa kuona huwandu hwayo hweindasitiri. Chero yakakwirira, chaiyo, uye yepamusoro zvinhu, zvikamu, uye midziyo haigoni kupatsanurwa kubva kune zvisingawanzo simbi. Seiko simbi imwe chete ichiita kuti vamwe vasaita ngura kupfuura iwe? Ndiyo imwechete muchina chishandiso chinorukwa icho vamwe vakasimba uye vakanyatsokupfuura iwe? Iri zvakare kristaro imwe chete iyo vamwe vanogona kusvika kune yakakwirira tembiricha ye1650 ° C? Sei girazi remumwe munhu riine yakakwira refractive index? Sei Toyota ichikwanisa kuwana mota yepamusoro-soro yepasi rose ye41%? Izvi zvese zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kwesimbi isingawanzo.
Rare earth metals, inozivikanwawo sezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, itemu remubatanidzwa rezvikamu gumi nenomwe zvescandium, yttrium, uye lanthanide series mu periodic table IIIB boka, rinowanzomiririrwa neR kana RE. Scandium uye yttrium zvinoonekwa sezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi nekuti zvinowanzogara pamwe nelanthanide zvinhu mumamineral deposits uye zvine makemikari akafanana.
Kusiyana nezita rayo rinoreva, kuwanda kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi (kusanganisa promethium) mucrust yakakwira zvakanyanya, ine cerium iri pachinzvimbo chemakumi maviri neshanu mukuwanda kwezvinhu zvecrustal, inoverengera 0.0068% (pedyo nemhangura). Nekudaro, nekuda kweiyo geochemical zvimiro, zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi hazviwanzo kupfumiswa kusvika padanho rekushandisa mune zvehupfumi. Zita rezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi rinobva mukushomeka kwazvo. Chekutanga chicherwa chepasi chakawanikwa nevanhu chaive chesilicon beryllium yttrium ore yakatorwa mumugodhi mumusha weIterbi, Sweden, uko kwakabva mazita akawanda ezvimiro zvepasi.
Mazita avo uye zviratidzo zvemakemikari ndizvoSc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Yb, uye Lu. Nhamba dzadzo dzeatomu dzinoti 21 (Sc), 39 (Y), 57 (La) kusvika pa71 (Lu).
The Discovery History of Rare Earth Elements
Muna 1787, Swedish CA Arrhenius akawana isingawanzowanikwi pasi simbi nhema ore mutaundi duku reYtterby pedyo neStockholm. Muna 1794, wekuFinnish J. Gadolin akawana chimwe chinhu chitsva pairi. Makore matatu gare gare (1797), wekuSweden AG Ekeberg akasimbisa kuwanikwa uku uye akatumidza chinhu chitsva ichi yttria (yttrium earth) zita renzvimbo yakawanikwa. Gare gare, mukurangarira Gadolinite, rudzi urwu rwesimbi rwakanzi gadolinite. Muna 1803, maGermany chemist MH Klaproth, Swedish chemist JJ Berzelius, naW. Hisinger vakawana chinhu chitsva - ceria - kubva kune ore (cerium silicate ore). Muna 1839, weSweden CG Mosander akawana lanthanum. Muna 1843, Musander akawana terbium uye erbium zvakare. Muna 1878, Swiss Marinac yakawana ytterbium. Muna 1879, maFrench akawana samarium, veSweden vakawana holmium uye thulium, uye veSweden vakawana scandium. Muna 1880, Swiss Marinac yakawana gadolinium. Muna 1885, wekuAustria A. von Wels bach akawana praseodymium uye neodymium. Muna 1886, Bouvabadrand akawana dysprosium. Muna 1901, murume wechiFrench EA Demarcay akawana europium. Muna 1907, murume wechiFrench G. Urban akawana lutetium. Muna 1947, maAmerica akadai saJA Marinsky akawana promethium kubva kune uranium fission products. Zvakatora makore anopfuura 150 kubva pakuparadzaniswa kweyttrium pasi naGadolin muna 1794 kusvika pakugadzirwa kwepromethium muna 1947.
Kushandiswa kweRare Earth Elements
Rare earth elementsanozivikanwa se "industrial mavhitaminzi" uye ane isingadzoreki yakanakisa magineti, optical, uye magetsi zvivakwa, ichiita basa rakakura mukuvandudza mashandiro echigadzirwa, kuwedzera chigadzirwa chakasiyana, uye nekuvandudza kugadzirwa kwakanaka. Nekuda kwehukuru hwayo uye yakaderera dosage, isingawanzo pasi yave chinhu chakakosha mukuvandudza chigadzirwa chimiro, kuwedzera tekinoroji zvemukati, uye kusimudzira indasitiri tekinoroji kufambira mberi. Iwo akashandiswa zvakanyanya muminda senge simbi, mauto, petrochemical, girazi ceramics, zvekurima, uye zvinhu zvitsva.
Metallurgical Indasitiri
Rare pasiyakashandiswa mumunda wemetallurgical kwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu, uye yakagadzira matekinoroji akakura uye maitiro. Kushandiswa kwepasi risingawanzo musimbi uye simbi isina-ferrous inzvimbo yakakura uye yakakura-siyana ine tarisiro yakafara. Kuwedzerwa kweasingawanzo simbi dzepasi, fluorides, uye silicides kusimbi inogona kuita basa mukunatsa, desulfurization, neutralizing yakaderera kunyunguduka nzvimbo inokuvadza tsvina, nekuvandudza mashandiro esimbi; Kashoma pasi silicon iron alloy uye isingawanzo pasi silicon magnesium alloy inoshandiswa se spheroidizing agents kugadzira isingawanzo pasi ductile iron. Nekuda kwekukodzera kwavo kwakakosha kugadzira simbi yakaoma ductile simbi ine zvinodiwa zvakakosha, iyi mhando ye ductile iron inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri ekugadzira michina senge mota, matirakita, uye injini dzedhiziri; Kuwedzera zvisingawanzo simbi dzepasi kune dzisiri-ferrous alloys dzakadai se magnesium, aluminium, mhangura, zingi, uye nickel zvinogona kuvandudza chimiro chemuviri uye chemakemikari zvimiro zvealloy, pamwe nekusimudzira tembiricha yayo yemukamuri uye yakakwirira-tembiricha michina.
Munda Wemauto
Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwakanaka senge photoelectricity uye magnetism, isingawanzo pasi inogona kuumba akasiyana siyana emidziyo mitsva ine akasiyana zvivakwa uye inovandudza zvakanyanya kunaka uye kuita kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa. Naizvozvo, inozivikanwa se "industrial gold". Chekutanga, kuwedzera kwepasi risingawanzo kusimudzira mashandiro esimbi, aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys, uye titanium alloys anoshandiswa mukugadzira matangi, ndege, uye makombi. Pamusoro pezvo, mapasi asingawanzo anogona zvakare kushandiswa semafuta ekushandisa akawanda epamusoro-tekinoroji akadai semagetsi, lasers, indasitiri yenyukireya, uye superconductivity. Kana tekinoroji isingawanzo shandiswa muchiuto, ichaita kuti pave nekukwira kwehunyanzvi hwemauto. Mune imwe pfungwa, kutonga kwakanyanya kwemauto eUS muhondo dzinoverengeka dzemuno mushure meCold War, pamwe nekugona kwayo kuuraya pachena vavengi pasina kurangwa, kunobva muhunyanzvi hwayo hwepasi, hwakadai seSuperman.
Petrochemical industry
Zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira molecular sieve catalysts muindasitiri yepetrochemical, ine zvakanakira senge kuita kwakakwira, kusarudza kwakanaka, uye kuramba kwakasimba kune heavy metal chepfu. Naizvozvo, vakatsiva aluminium silicate catalysts ye petroleum catalytic cracking process; Muchigadzirwa chekugadzira ammonia, shoma shoma yepasi nitrate inoshandiswa se cocatalyst, uye simba rayo rekugadzirisa gasi rakapetwa ka1.5 kupfuura iyo nickel aluminium catalyst; Mukugadzira cis-1,4-polybutadiene rabha uye isoprene rabha, chigadzirwa chakawanikwa uchishandisa isingawanzo pasi cycloalkanoate triisobutyl aluminium catalyst chine mashandiro akanaka, ane zvakanakira senge midziyo mishoma yekunamatira inorembera, yakagadzikana kushanda, uye pfupi mushure mekurapwa maitiro. ; Composite isingawanzo pasi oxides inogonawo kushandiswa sezvigadziriso zvekuchenesa gasi rinopisa kubva mukati meinjini dzinopisa, uye cerium naphthenate inogona zvakare kushandiswa seanoomesa pendi.
Girazi-ceramic
Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi muindasitiri yegirazi nedongo rekuChina kwakawedzera paavhareji ye25% kubva 1988, kusvika kusvika matani angangoita 1600 muna 1998. Zvigadzirwa zvegirazi zvepasi hazvingori zvechinyakare zvemaindasitiri uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, asiwo a nhengo huru yenzvimbo yepamusoro-tech. Rare earth oxides kana kugadziridzwa isingawanzo simbi yepasi concentrate inogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya sehupfu hwekupukuta yegirazi remaziso, magirazi ekuona, machubhu emifananidzo, oscilloscope chubhu, girazi rakafuratira, plastiki, uye simbi tableware; Muchigadziro chekunyunguduka girazi, cerium dioxide inogona kushandiswa kuva nesimba rakasimba re oxidation pane iron, kuderedza simbi yemukati mugirazi uye kuzadzisa chinangwa chekubvisa ruvara rwegirini kubva mugirazi; Kuwedzera zvisingawanzo pasi oxides kunogona kugadzira girazi remaziso uye girazi rakakosha kune zvinangwa zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira girazi rinogona kutora ultraviolet rays, asidhi uye kupisa girazi rinodzivirira, X-ray inodzivirira girazi, nezvimwe; Kuwedzera zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi kune ceramic uye porcelain glazes zvinogona kuderedza kupatsanuka kwegirazi uye kuita kuti zvigadzirwa zvive nemavara akasiyana uye magirosi, zvichiita kuti zvishandiswe zvakanyanya muindasitiri yeceramic.
Agriculture
Mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa inoratidza kuti zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvinogona kuwedzera chlorophyll yemukati mezvirimwa, kuwedzera photosynthesis, kukurudzira kukura kwemidzi, uye kuwedzera kunyudzwa kwechikafu nemidzi. Zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi zvinogonawo kukurudzira kumera kwembeu, kuwedzera kumera kwembeu, uye kukurudzira kukura kwembesa. Pamusoro pemabasa makuru ataurwa pamusoro apa, inewo simba rekusimudzira kudzivirira kwechirwere, kudzivirira kutonhora, uye kusanaya kwemvura kwezvimwe zvirimwa. Ongororo dzakawanda dzakaratidzawo kuti kushandiswa kwemazinga akakodzera ezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi kunogona kukurudzira kutorwa, kushandurwa, uye kushandiswa kwezvinovaka muviri nezvirimwa. Kupfapfaidza zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvinogona kuwedzera iyo Vc yemukati, yakazara shuga yemukati, uye shuga asidhi reshiyo yeapuro nemichero yecitrus, kusimudzira ruvara rwemichero uye kutanga kuibva. Uye inogona kudzvanya simba rekufema panguva yekuchengetedza uye kuderedza kuora.
Nzvimbo itsva yezvinhu
Rare pasi neodymium iron boron inogara magineti zvinhu, ine yakakwirira remanence, yakakwirira coercivity, uye yakakwirira magineti simba chigadzirwa, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi uye aerospace maindasitiri uye kutyaira mhepo turbines (kunyanya yakakodzera kune offshore magetsi zvirimwa); Garnet type ferrite single crystals uye polycrystals inoumbwa nekubatanidzwa kweiyo yakachena isingawanzo pasi oxides uye ferric oxide inogona kushandiswa mumicrowave uye maindasitiri emagetsi; Yttrium aluminium garnet uye neodymium girazi yakagadzirwa nepamusoro-kuchena neodymium oxide inogona kushandiswa seyakasimba laser zvinhu; Rare earth hexaborides inogona kushandiswa se cathode zvinhu zve electron emission; Lanthanum nickel metal ichangobva kugadzirwa haidhirojeni yekuchengetedza zvinhu muma1970; Lanthanum chromate imhando yepamusoro-yekushisa thermoelectric zvinhu; Parizvino, nyika dzepasirese dzakaita budiriro mukugadzirwa kwe superconducting zvinhu nekushandisa barium based oxides yakagadziridzwa nebarium yttrium copper oxygen elements, iyo inogona kuwana superconductors mune yemvura nitrogen tembiricha. Pamusoro pezvo, pasi pevhu rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuvhenekesa zvitubu kuburikidza nenzira dzakadai sehupfu hwefluorescent, intensifying screen fluorescent powder, matatu ekutanga color fluorescent poda, uye kukopa mwenje poda (asi nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira unokonzerwa nekukwira kwemitengo isingawanzo kugadzirwa pasirese. mashandisirwo avo mukuvhenekesa ari kuderera zvishoma nezvishoma), pamwe chete nezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi senge projekiti terevhizheni uye mahwendefa; Mukurima, kushandisa trace amount yeare earth nitrate kuzvirimwa zvemumunda zvinogona kuwedzera goho razvo ne5-10%; Muindasitiri yemachira akareruka, ma chloride epasi asingawanzo anoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mukukwenya makushe, kudhaya dhayi, kudhaya mvere, uye kudhaya kapeti; Zvinhu zvisingaite zvepasi zvinogona kushandiswa mumotokari catalytic converters kushandura tsvina huru kuita isiri-chepfu makomisheni panguva yekupera kweinjini.
Mamwe maapplication
Zvinhu zvisingawanzo zvepasi zvinoiswawo kune akasiyana zvigadzirwa zvedhijitari, zvinosanganisira audiovisual, kutora mafoto, uye kutaurirana zvishandiso, kusangana nezvakawanda zvinodiwa sezvidiki, nekukurumidza, kureruka, kureba kwekushandisa nguva, uye kuchengetedza simba. Panguva imwecheteyo, yakashandiswawo kune akati wandei minda senge green simba, hutano hutano, kuchenesa mvura, uye chekufambisa.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-16-2023