Mashiripiti Rare Earth Element: "Mambo weChigarire Magnet" -Neodymium

bastnasite

Neodymium, nhamba yeatomu makumi matanhatu, huremu hweatomu 144.24, ine zvinyorwa zve 0.00239% mucrust, inonyanya kuwanikwa mumonazite uye bastnaesite.Kune manomwe isotopes e neodymium muzvisikwa: neodymium 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148 uye 150, pakati payo neodymium 142 ine yepamusoro-soro.Nekuzvarwa kwepraseodymium, neodymium yakatanga.Kusvika kweneodymium kwakamisa iyo isingawanzo pasi munda uye yakaita basa rakakosha mairi.Uye inopesvedzera isingawanzo musika wepasi.

Kuwanikwa kweNeodymium

Karl Orvon Welsbach (1858-1929), muvambi we neodymium

Muna 1885, nyanzvi yemakemikari yeAustria Carl Orvon Welsbach Carl Auer von Welsbach akawana neodymium muVienna.Akaparadzanisa neodymium uye praseodymium kubva kune symmetric neodymium zvinhu kuburikidza nekuparadzanisa uye crystallizing ammonium nitrate tetrahydrate kubva nitric acid, uye panguva imwe chete yakaparadzaniswa ne spectral analysis, asi haina kupatsanurwa mune imwe nzira yakachena kusvika 1925.

Kubva 1950s, kuchena kwepamusoro neodymium (kupfuura 99%) yainyanya kuwanikwa neion exchange process yemonazite.Iyo simbi pachayo inowanikwa ne electrolyzing yayo halide munyu.Parizvino, yakawanda neodymium inotorwa kubva (Ce,La,Nd,Pr)CO3F mubasta Nathanite uye inocheneswa nekubvisa solvent.Ion exchange exchange purification reserve iyo yakanyanya kuchena (kazhinji > 99.99%) yekugadzirira.Nekuti zvakaoma kubvisa yekupedzisira trace ye praseodymium munguva iyo kugadzira kunoenderana nedanho recrystallization tekinoroji, yekutanga neodymium girazi rakagadzirwa muna 1930s rine ruvara rwepepuru. uye tsvuku kana orenji ruvara toni kupfuura shanduro yemazuva ano.

Neodymium simbi

Metallic neodymium ine inopenya sirivheri simbi inopenya, inonyungudika inosvika 1024°C, density ye7.004 g/cm, uye paramagnetism.Neodymium ndeimwe yeanonyanya kushanda isingawanzo simbi dzepasi, dzinokurumidza kuita oxidize uye kusviba mumhepo, yobva yagadzira oxide layer yobva yasvuura, ichiisa pachena simbi kuti iwedzere oxidation.Naizvozvo, saizi ye neodymium ine saizi ye centimita imwe yakazadzwa oxidized mukati megore rimwe.Inoita zvishoma nezvishoma mumvura inotonhora uye nokukurumidza mumvura inopisa.

Neodymium electronic configuration

Electronic configuration:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f4

Iyo laser performance ye neodymium inokonzerwa nekushandurwa kwe4f orbital maerekitironi pakati pemazinga akasiyana esimba.Iyi laser material inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukukurukurirana, kuchengetedza ruzivo, kurapwa, machining, nezvimwe. Pakati pavo, yttrium aluminium garnet Y3Al5O12:Nd(YAG:Nd) inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekushanda kwakanakisisa, uye Nd-doped gadolinium scandium gallium garnet ine yakakwirira. kunyatsoshanda.

Kushandiswa kweNeodymium

Mushandisi mukuru we neodymium iNdFeB zvachose magineti zvinhu.NdFeB magineti inonzi "mambo wemagineti asingagumi" nekuda kweiyo yakakwira magineti simba chigadzirwa.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi, michina uye mamwe maindasitiri nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakanaka.Francis Wall, purofesa wekushandiswa kwemigodhi kuCumberland Chikoro cheMigodhi, University of Exeter, UK, akati: "Panyaya yemagineti, hapana chaicho chinogona kukwikwidza neodymium. yeNdFeB magineti muChina apinda padanho repasi rose.

Neodymium magineti pane hard disk

Neodymium inogona kushandiswa kugadzira ceramics, inopenya girazi repepuru, artificial ruby ​​mu laser uye yakakosha girazi iyo inogona kusefa infrared mwaranzi.Inoshandiswa pamwe chete nepraseodymium kugadzira magirazi ekuputira magirazi.

Kuwedzera 1.5% ~ 2.5% nano neodymium oxide mu magnesium kana aruminiyamu alloy inogona kuvandudza tembiricha yepamusoro, kusimba kwemhepo uye kushorwa kwekupokana kwealloy, uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya sechinhu chemuchadenga chekubhururuka.

Nano-yttrium aluminium garnet doped ne nano-neodymium oxide inogadzira short-wave laser beam, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kugadzira uye kucheka zvinhu zvitete zvine ukobvu pasi pe10mm muindasitiri.

Nd: YAG laser tsvimbo

Mukurapa kwekurapa, nano yttrium aluminium garnet laser doped ne nano neodymium oxide inoshandiswa kubvisa maronda ekuvhiya kana kuuraya maronda panzvimbo yemapanga ekuvhiya.

Neodymium girazi rinogadzirwa nekuwedzera neodymium oxide mugirazi inonyungudika.Lavender inowanzoonekwa mugirazi neodymium pasi pechiedza chezuva kana mwenje we incandescent, asi chiedza chebhuruu chinoonekwa pasi pechiedza chefluorescent.Neodymium inogona kushandiswa kupenda yakapfava mimvuri yegirazi senge yakachena violet, waini tsvuku uye inodziya grey.

neodymium girazi

Nekuvandudzwa kwesainzi uye tekinoroji uye nekuwedzera uye kuwedzera kweasingawanzo pasi sainzi uye tekinoroji, neodymium ichava nenzvimbo yakakura yekushandisa.