CeO2chinhu chakakosha chezvakawanda zvepasi. Therare earth element ceriumine yakasarudzika yekunze yemagetsi chimiro - 4f15d16s2. Yayo yakakosha 4f layer inogona kuchengetedza nekuburitsa maerekitironi, ichiita kuti cerium ions iite mu+3 valence state uye+4 valence state. Naizvozvo, zvinhu zveCeO2 zvine maburi eokisijeni akawanda, uye zvine kugona kwakanyanya kuchengeta nekuburitsa okisijeni. Iko kutendeuka kwese kweCe (III) uye Ce (IV) kunopawo CeO2 zvinhu zvine yakasarudzika oxidation-kudzikisa catalytic kugona. Kana ichienzaniswa neakawanda zvinhu, nano CeO2, serudzi rutsva rwezvinhu zvisingaoneki, yakagamuchira kutarisisa kwakapararira nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yakakwira chaiyo, yakanakisa kuchengetedza okisijeni uye kugona kuburitsa, okisijeni ion conductivity, kuita redox, uye yakakwirira-tembiricha inokurumidza kukurumidza okisijeni vacancy diffusion. kugona. Parizvino kune huwandu hukuru hwemishumo yekutsvagisa uye zvine hukama mashandisirwo anoshandisa nano CeO2 senge catalysts, catalyst vatakuri kana additives, inoshanda zvikamu, uye adsorbents.
1. Kugadzirira nzira ye nanometercerium oxide
Parizvino, nzira dzakajairika dzekugadzirira nano ceria dzinonyanya kusanganisira nzira yemakemikari uye nzira yemuviri. Zvinoenderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemakemikari nzira, nzira dzemakemikari dzinogona kukamurwa kuva precipitation nzira, hydrothermal nzira, solvothermal nzira, sol gel nzira, microemulsion nzira uye electrodeposition nzira; Nzira yemuviri ndiyo inonyanya kukuya nzira.
1.1 Nzira yekukuya
Iyo nzira yekukuya yekugadzira nano ceria inowanzo shandisa jecha kugaya, iro rine zvakanakira mutengo wakaderera, hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza, kukurumidza kugadzirisa kumhanya, uye kugona kwakasimba kugadzirisa. Parizvino ndiyo inonyanya kukosha nzira yekugadzirisa mune nano ceria indasitiri. Semuenzaniso, kugadzirira kwe nano cerium oxide polishing poda kazhinji kunotora musanganiswa we calcination uye jecha kugaya, uye zvigadzirwa zvecerium based denitration catalysts zvinosanganiswa zvakare kuti zvitange kurapwa kana kurapwa mushure mekuverengera uchishandisa jecha. Nekushandisa akasiyana particle saizi jecha kugaya bead ratios, nano ceria ine D50 kubva pamakumi kusvika kumazana emananomita inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekugadzirisa.
1.2 Kunaya kwemvura
Nzira yekunaya inoreva nzira yekugadzira hupfu hwakasimba nekunaya, kupatsanura, kugeza, kuomeswa, uye kuverengerwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvakanyungudutswa muzvinonyungudutsa zvakakodzera. Iyo nzira yekunaya kwemvura inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirira kwepasi isingawanzo uye doped nanomaterials, ine zvakanakira senge yakapusa kugadzirira maitiro, kushanda kwakanyanya, uye mutengo wakaderera. Iyo inowanzoshandiswa nzira yekugadzira nano ceria uye yayo inoumbwa zvinhu muindasitiri. Iyi nzira inogona kugadzirira nano ceria ine morphology yakasiyana uye particle size nekushandura tembiricha yekunaya, kusungirirwa kwezvinhu, pH kukosha, kukurumidza kwemvura, kukurumidza kukurumidza, template, nezvimwe. uye kugadzirira kwe nano ceria microspheres inodzorwa ne citrate ions. Neimwe nzira, cerium ions inogona kudhindwa neOH - inogadzirwa kubva kuhydrolysis yesodium citrate, yobva yaiswa nekuiswa calcined kugadzirira flake senge nano ceria microspheres.
1.3 Hydrothermal uye solvothermal nzira
Idzi nzira mbiri dzinoreva nzira yekugadzirira zvigadzirwa nepamusoro-tembiricha uye yakakwirira-kudzvanywa kuita pakupisa kwakakosha mune yakavharwa system. Kana iyo reaction solvent iri mvura, inonzi hydrothermal method. Saizvozvo, kana iyo reaction solvent iri organic solvent, inonzi solvothermal nzira. Iwo akagadzirwa nano masisitimu ane kuchena kwepamusoro, kupararira kwakanaka uye mayunifomu masisitimu, kunyanya iwo nano poda ane akasiyana morphologies kana akafumura akakosha makristasi zviso. Dissolve cerium chloride mumvura yakasvibiswa, simbisa uye wedzera sodium hydroxide solution. React hydrothermal pa 170 ℃ kwemaawa gumi nemaviri kugadzirira cerium oxide nanorods ine pachena (111) uye (110) ndege dzekristaro. Nekugadzirisa maitiro ekuita, chikamu che (110) ndege dzekristaro dziri mumhepo dzakaratidzwa dzekristaro dzinogona kuwedzerwa, dzichiwedzera kuwedzera basa ravo rinokurudzira. Kugadzirisa mabatiro anoita solvent uye pamusoro ligands anogona zvakare kugadzira nano ceria zvidimbu zvine yakakosha hydrophilicity kana lipophilicity. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera acetate ions kuchikamu chemvura inogona kugadzirira monodisperse hydrophilic cerium oxide nanoparticles mumvura. Nekusarudza iyo isiri-polar solvent uye kuunza oleic acid se ligand panguva yekuita, monodisperse lipophilic ceria nanoparticles inogona kugadzirirwa mune zvisiri-polar organic solvents. (Ona Mufananidzo 1)
Mufananidzo 1 Monodisperse spherical nano ceria uye tsvimbo-yakaita nano ceria
1.4 Sol gel nzira
Iyo sol gel nzira inzira inoshandisa mamwe kana akati wandei makomisheni se precursors, inoitisa kemikari kuita senge hydrolysis muchikamu chemvura kuita sol, uyezve inoumba gel mushure mekuchembera, uye pakupedzisira inoomesa uye calcines kugadzirira ultrafine powders. Iyi nzira inonyanya kukodzera kugadzirira yakapararira yakawanda-yakapararira-multi-component nano ceria composite nanomaterials, yakadai secerium iron, cerium titanium, cerium zirconium uye mamwe ma-composite nano oxides, ayo akataurwa mumishumo yakawanda.
1.5 Dzimwe nzira
Pamusoro penzira dziri pamusoro apa, kune zvakare micro lotion nzira, microwave synthesis nzira, electrodeposition nzira, plasma flame combustion nzira, ion-exchange membrane electrolysis nzira uye dzimwe nzira dzakawanda. Idzi nzira dzine kukosha kukuru pakutsvagisa nekushandiswa kwenano ceria.
Kushandiswa kwe2-nanometer cerium oxide mukurapa kwemvura
Cerium ndicho chinhu chakanyanya kuwanda pakati pezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, zvine mitengo yakaderera uye yakafara maapplication. Nanometer ceria uye macomposites ayo akakwezva kutarisisa kwakawanda mumunda wekurapwa kwemvura nekuda kwenzvimbo yavo yakakwirira chaiyo yepasi, yakakwirira catalytic chiitiko uye yakanakisa kugadzikana kwechimiro.
2.1 Kushandiswa kweNano Cerium oxidemuKurapwa kweMvura neAdsorption Method
Mumakore achangopfuura, nekuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri akadai seindasitiri yemagetsi, mvura zhinji inoraswa ine zvinosvibisa zvakaita seheavy metal ions uye fluorine ions yakaburitswa. Kunyangwe pakutariswa kwekutevera, zvinogona kukonzera kukuvadza kwakakura kune zvipenyu zvemumvura uye nharaunda yekugara kwevanhu. Nzira dzinowanzoshandiswa dzinosanganisira oxidation, flotation, reverse osmosis, adsorption, nanofiltration, biosorption, etc. Pakati pavo, adsorption teknolojia inowanzogamuchirwa nekuda kwekushanda kwayo nyore, mari shoma, uye kurapa kwakanyanya. Nano CeO2 zvinhu zvine yakakwirira chaiyo nzvimbo uye yakakwirira pamusoro pekuita se adsorbents, uye kwave nemishumo yakawanda pamusoro peiyo synthesis ye porous nano CeO2 uye yayo inoumbwa zvinhu zvine akasiyana morphologies kushambadza uye kubvisa inokuvadza ions kubva mumvura.
Tsvagiridzo yakaratidza kuti nano ceria ine yakasimba adsorption kugona yeF - mumvura pasi pemamiriro asina kusimba eacidic. Muchigadziro chine yekutanga kusanganiswa kweF - ye100mg/L uye pH=5-6, adsorption capacity yeF - 23mg/g, uye chiyero chekubvisa cheF - 85.6%. Mushure mekuiisa pa polyacrylic acid resin bhora (kurodha chiyero: 0.25g / g), iyo yekubvisa kugona kweF - inogona kusvika pamusoro pe99% painorapa yakaenzana vhoriyamu ye100mg/L yeF - aqueous solution; Paunenge uchigadzira 120 nguva yehuwandu, inopfuura 90% yeF - inogona kubviswa. Kana yakashandiswa kushambadza phosphate uye iodate, iyo adsorption chiyero inogona kusvika pamusoro pe100mg/g pasi peinowirirana optimal adsorption state. Iyo yakashandiswa inogona kushandiswa zvakare mushure me nyore desorption uye neutralization kurapwa, iyo ine yakakwirira hupfumi mabhenefiti.
Pane zvidzidzo zvakawanda pamusoro pekushambadza uye kurapwa kwechepfu inorema simbi senge arsenic, chromium, cadmium, uye lead uchishandisa nano ceria nezvinhu zvayo zvinoumbwa. Iyo yakakwana adsorption pH inosiyana kune inorema simbi ions ine akasiyana valence nyika. Semuenzaniso, iyo isina kusimba alkaline mamiriro ane kwaakarerekera ane yakanakisa adsorption mamiriro eAs (III), nepo optimal adsorption state yeAs (V) inowanikwa pasi peiyo isina kusimba acidic mamiriro, apo iyo adsorption kugona inogona kusvika pamusoro pe110mg/g pasi pezvose. mamiriro. Pakazere, iyo yakagadziridzwa synthesis ye nano ceria uye ayo akaumbwa zvinhu anogona kuwana yakakwira adsorption uye kubviswa mareti eakasiyana anorema simbi ions pamusoro pehupamhi pH renji.
Nekune rimwe divi, cerium oxide based nanomaterials inewo yakanakisa kuita mukushambadza organics mumvura yakasviba, senge acid orenji, rhodamine B, Congo tsvuku, etc. Semuenzaniso, mumatambudziko aripo akashumwa, nano ceria porous spheres yakagadzirwa ne electrochemical nzira ine yakakwirira. adsorption kugona mukubvisa dhayi dzakagadzirwa, kunyanya pakubviswa kweCongo tsvuku, ine adsorption inokwana 942.7mg/g mumaminetsi makumi matanhatu.
2.2 Kushandiswa kwe nano ceria mune Yepamberi oxidation maitiro
Yepamberi oxidation maitiro (AOPs kwenguva pfupi) inokurudzirwa kuvandudza iripo anhydrous kurapwa system. Advanced oxidation process, inozivikanwawo se tekinoroji yakadzika oxidation, inoratidzwa nekugadzirwa kwehydroxyl radical (· OH), superoxide radical (· O2 -), singlet oxygen, nezvimwewo ine simba reoxidation rakasimba. Pasi pemamiriro ekuita kwekushisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa, magetsi, inzwi, chiedza chekuvhenekera, catalyst, etc. Maererano nenzira dzakasiyana dzekubudisa mahara radicals uye maitiro ekuita, zvinogona kukamurwa kuva photochemical oxidation, catalytic wet oxidation, sonochemistry oxidation, ozone. oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, Fenton oxidation, nezvimwewo (ona Mufananidzo 2).
Mufananidzo 2 Classification uye Technology Combination yeAdvanced oxidation process
Nano ceriais heterogeneous catalyst inowanzoshandiswa muAdvanced oxidation process. Nekuda kwekukurumidza kutendeuka pakati peCe3 + neCe4 + uye nekukurumidza oxidation-kudzikisa mhedzisiro inounzwa nekunyudzwa kweokisijeni uye kuburitswa, nano ceria ine yakanaka catalytic kugona. Kana ichishandiswa seanosimudzira anosimudzira, inogona zvakare kuvandudza zvinogoneka kugona uye kugadzikana. Kana nano ceria uye zvinhu zvayo zvakaumbwa zvichishandiswa sezvinokonzeresa, izvo zvinokonzeresa zvimiro zvinosiyana zvakanyanya ne morphology, particle size, uye yakafumurwa ndege dzekristaro, izvo zvinhu zvakakosha zvinokanganisa mashandiro avo uye mashandisiro. Zvinowanzotendwa kuti zvidiki zvimedu uye yakakura iyo chaiyo nzvimbo, iyo inonyanya kuenderana inoshanda saiti, uye yakasimba iyo catalytic kugona. Iko kugona kwekiristaro yakafumurwa pamusoro, kubva kune yakasimba kusvika kune isina simba, iri muhurongwa hwe (100) crystal surface> (110) crystal surface> (111) crystal surface, uye kugadzikana kunowirirana kunopesana.
Cerium oxide ndeye semiconductor zvinhu. Kana nanometer cerium oxide ichivhenekerwa nemafotoni ane simba rakakwirira kudarika bhendi gap, maerekitironi ebhendi evalence anofara, uye hunhu hwekuchinjazve hunoitika. Maitiro aya anosimudzira shanduko yeCe3 + uye Ce4+, zvichikonzera yakasimba photocatalytic chiitiko che nano ceria. Photocatalysis inogona kuwana kushatiswa kwakananga kweiyo organic zvinhu pasina kusvibiswa kwechipiri, saka mashandisiro ayo ndiyo yakanyanya kudzidzwa tekinoroji mumunda we nano ceria muAOPs. Parizvino, chakanyanya kutariswa chiri pacatalytic degradation kurapwa kweazo dhayi, phenol, chlorobenzene, uye mishonga yetsvina yemvura ichishandisa macatalysts ane akasiyana morphologies uye anoumbwa zvinyorwa. Sekureva kwemushumo, pasi peiyo yakagadziridzwa catalyst synthesis nzira uye inokonzeresa modhi mamiriro, iyo degradation yemhando yezvinhu izvi inogona kusvika kupfuura 80%, uye kubviswa kweiyo Total organic kabhoni (TOC) inogona kusvika kupfuura makumi mana%.
Nano cerium oxide catalysis yekushatiswa kwezvinosvibisa organic zvakaita seozone nehydrogen peroxide ndiyo imwe tekinoroji yakadzidzwa zvakanyanya. Zvakafanana ne photocatalysis, inotarisawo pakugona kwe nano ceria ine morphologies akasiyana kana ndege dzekristaro uye dzakasiyana cerium based composite catalytic oxidants kuti iite oxidize uye kuderedza zvinosvibisa organic. Mukuita kwakadai, zvinokonzeresa zvinogona kukonzeresa kugadzirwa kwehuwandu hukuru hweanoshanda radicals kubva kuozone kana hydrogen peroxide, iyo inorwisa zvinosvibisa organic uye inowana yakawedzera mashandiro eiyo oxidative degradation kugona. Nekuda kwekuunzwa kwemaoxidants mukuita, kugona kubvisa organic compounds kunowedzerwa zvakanyanya. Mukuita kwakawanda, mwero wekupedzisira wekubvisa wechinhu chinonangwa unogona kusvika kana kusvika 100%, uye mwero wekubvisa TOC wakakwira zvakare.
Munzira ye electrocatalytic advanced oxidation, zvimiro zveanode zvinhu zvine yakakwira okisijeni evolution overpotential inotarisisa kusarudzwa kwe electrocatalytic advanced oxidation nzira yekurapa organic zvinosvibisa. Iyo cathode zvinhu chinhu chakakosha chinotaridza kugadzirwa kweH2O2, uye kugadzirwa kweH2O2 kunotarisisa kugona kweiyo electrocatalytic advanced oxidation nzira yekurapa organic zvinosvibisa. Chidzidzo chekugadzirisa zvinhu zve electrode uchishandisa nano ceria yakagamuchira kutariswa kwakapararira mukati mekunze nekunze. Vatsvakurudzi vanonyanya kuunza nano cerium oxide uye zvinhu zvayo zvinoumbwa kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana dzemakemikari dzekugadzirisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zve electrode, kuvandudza maitiro avo emagetsi, uye nekudaro kuwedzera electrocatalytic chiitiko uye yekupedzisira yekubvisa chiyero.
Microwave uye ultrasound inowanzokosha nhanho dzekubatsira kune dziri pamusoro apa dzinokonzera modhi. Kutora rubatsiro rwe ultrasonic semuenzaniso, uchishandisa vibration mafungu eruzha ane frequencies akakwira kupfuura 25kHz pasekondi, mamirioni emabhuru madiki zvakanyanya anogadzirwa mumhinduro yakagadzirwa neyakagadzirirwa kuchenesa mumiriri. Aya mabhuru madiki, panguva yekudzvanya nekukurumidza uye nekuwedzera, anogara achiburitsa bubble implosion, achibvumira zvinhu kukurumidza kuchinjana uye kupararira panzvimbo inokonzeresa, kazhinji inovandudza hunyanzvi hwekuita.
3 Mhedziso
Nano ceria uye zvinhu zvayo zvakaumbwa zvinogona kubata zvakanaka maion uye zvinosvibisa zvinosvibisa mumvura, uye kuve neakakosha mukana wekushandisa mune ramangwana minda yekurapa mvura. Nekudaro, tsvagiridzo zhinji ichiri muchikamu cherabhoritari, uye kuti uwane kukurumidza kushandiswa mukurapwa kwemvura mune ramangwana, zvinotevera nyaya dzichiri kuda kugadziriswa nekukurumidza:
(1) Mutengo wakakwira wekugadzirira we nanoCeO2based materials inoramba iri chinhu chakakosha muhuwandu hwezvikumbiro zvavo mukurapwa kwemvura, izvo zvichiri murabhoritari yekutsvaga nhanho. Kutsvaga yakaderera-inodhura, yakapusa uye inoshanda nzira dzekugadzirira dzinogona kudzora morphology uye saizi ye nano CeO2 yakavakirwa zvinhu ichiri kutarisa kwekutsvaga.
(2) Nekuda kweiyo diki diki saizi ye nano CeO2 yakavakirwa zvinhu, iyo yekudzokorodza uye yekuvandudza nyaya mushure mekushandisa zvakare zvakakosha zvinhu zvinomisa mashandisiro avo. Iyo inosanganiswa nayo ine resin zvinhu kana magineti zvinhu ichave yakakosha yekutsvagisa nzira yekugadzirira kwayo zvinhu uye kudzokorodza tekinoroji.
(3) Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro akabatana pakati penano CeO2 yakavakirwa zvinhu tekinoroji yekuchenesa mvura uye tekinoroji yechinyakare yekuchenesa tsvina ichasimudzira zvikuru kushandiswa kwenano CeO2 yakavakirwa zvinhu zvinokonzeresa tekinoroji mumunda wekuchenesa mvura.
(4) Pachine tsvakiridzo shoma pamusoro pehupfu hwenano CeO2 yakavakirwa zvinhu, uye maitiro avo ezvakatipoteredza uye huturu nzira mumagadzirirwo ekurapa mvura haasati atemwa. Iyo chaiyo nzira yekuchenesa tsvina inowanzobatanidza kugarisana kwezvinosvibisa zvakawanda, uye izvo zvinosvibisa zvinogara zviripo zvinopindirana, zvichibva zvachinja maitiro epamusoro uye huturu hunogona kuitika hwenanomaterials. Naizvozvo, pane kudikanwa kwekukurumidzira kuita tsvakiridzo yakawanda pamusoro pezvinhu zvine hukama.
Nguva yekutumira: May-22-2023