Muna 1879, mapurofesa emakemikari eSweden LF Nilson (1840-1899) naPT Cleve (1840-1905) vakawana chinhu chitsva mumaminerari asingawanzo gadolinite uye dema isingawanzo goridhe ore panguva imwe chete. Vakatumidza chinhu ichi "Scandium", iyo yaiva "boron like" chinhu chakafanotaurwa naMendeleev. Kuwanikwa kwavo zvakare kunoratidza kururama kwemutemo we periodic wezvinhu uye kufanoona kwaMendeleev.
Kuenzaniswa nelanthanide elements, scandium ine ionic radius diki uye alkalinity yehydroxide hainawo simba. Naizvozvo, kana scandium uye zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi zvakasanganiswa pamwe chete, zvinorapwa neammonia (kana zvakanyanya dilute alkali), uye scandium ichanaya kutanga. Naizvozvo, inogona kupatsanurwa zviri nyore kubva kune zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi ne "graded precipitation" nzira. Imwe nzira ndeyokushandisa polar decomposition ye nitrate yekuparadzanisa, nokuti scandium nitrate ndiyo iri nyore kuparara, kuitira kuti uwane chinangwa chekuparadzanisa.
Scandium simbi inogona kuwanikwa ne electrolysis. Panguva yekunatswa kwe scandium,ScCl3, KCl, uye LiCl zvakanyungudutswa, uye zinc yakanyungudutswa inoshandiswa se cathode ye electrolysis kuti ipere scandium pazinc electrode. Zvadaro, zinc inoputika kuti iwane scandium metal. Pamusoro pezvo, zviri nyore kudzoreredza scandium paunenge uchigadzira ore kugadzira uranium, thorium, uye lanthanide zvinhu. Kudzoreredza kwakazara kwekuperekedza scandium kubva ku tungsten nemarata migodhi zvakare yakakosha sosi ye scandium. Scandium inonyanya kuita trivalent state mumakomponi uye inoiswa oxidized zviri nyoreSc2O3mumhepo, ichirasikirwa nekupenya kwayo kwesimbi uye kushanduka kuita grey yakasviba. Scandium inogona kuita nemvura inopisa kuti ibudise hydrogen uye inonyungudika nyore muasidhi, zvichiita kuti ive yakasimba yekudzikisa mumiririri. Iwo oxides uye hydroxides ye scandium inongoratidza alkalinity, asi munyu madota avo haakwanise kuve ne hydrolyzed. Iyo chloride ye scandium ikristaro chena inonyungudika nyore mumvura uye inogona kuita deliquescence mumhepo. Zvikumbiro zvaro zvikuru ndezvinotevera.
(1) Muindasitiri yemetallurgical, scandium inowanzoshandiswa kugadzira alloys (additives for alloys) kunatsiridza simba ravo, kuoma, kupisa kupisa, uye kuita. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera zvishoma scandium kune simbi yakanyungudutswa inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya zvimiro zvesimbi yakakandwa, nepo kuwedzera diki scandium kualuminium inogona kuvandudza simba rayo uye kupisa kudzivirira.
(2) Muindasitiri yemagetsi, scandium inogona kushandiswa semichina yakasiyana-siyana semiconductor, sekushandiswa kwe scandium sulfite mu semiconductors, iyo yakakwezva kutarisa mukati uye kunze kwenyika. Ferrites ine scandium zvakare ine inovimbisa maapplication mumakombuta magineti cores.
(3) Muindasitiri yemakemikari, majekiseni e scandium anoshandiswa seanoshanda ekugadzirisa doro dehydrogenation uye kupera simba mukugadzirwa kwe ethylene uye kugadzirwa kweklorini kubva mumarara hydrochloric acid.
(4) Muindasitiri yegirazi, girazi rakakosha rine scandium rinogona kugadzirwa.
(5) Muindasitiri yemagetsi mwenje sosi, mwenje wesodium ye scandium yakagadzirwa kubva ku scandium uye sodium ine zvakanakira kushanda kwepamusoro uye yakanaka mwenje ruvara.
Scandium iripo muchimiro che15Sc muzvisikwa, uye kune zvakare 9 radioactive isotopes ye scandium, inoti 40-44Sc uye 16-49Sc. Pakati pavo, 46Sc yakashandiswa semucherechedzo mumakemikari, metallurgical, uye oceanographic minda. Mumushonga, kune zvakare zvidzidzo kunze kwenyika vachishandisa 46Sc kurapa cancer.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-19-2023