Rare earth elementsakakosha pakuvandudzwa kwepamusoro-tekinoroji senge simba idzva uye zviwanikwa, uye ane yakafara application kukosha muminda senge aerospace, dziviriro yenyika, uye indasitiri yemauto. Mhedzisiro yehondo yemazuva ano inoratidza kuti zvombo zvepasi zvisingawanzo kutungamira munhandare yehondo, zvakanakira tekinoroji yepasi zvinomiririra zvakanakira zvehunyanzvi hwemauto, uye kuva nezviwanikwa kunovimbiswa. Naizvozvo, nyika isingawanzowaniki zvakare yave zviwanikwa zvehungwaru izvo hupfumi hukuru pasirese hunokwikwidza, uye akakosha ezvigadzirwa zvemhando dzakadai sepasi risingawanzo simuka kune dzimwe nyika. Europe, Japan, United States nedzimwe nyika nematunhu vanobhadhara zvakanyanya kuzvinhu zvakakosha sepasi isingawanzo. Muna 2008, zviwanikwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo zvakanyorwa se "key materials strategy" neUnited States Department of Energy; Pakutanga kwa2010, European Union yakazivisa kugadzwa kwehurongwa hwekuchengetera pasi risingawanzo; Muna 2007, Bazi reJapan reDzidzo, Tsika, Sainzi neTekinoroji, pamwe neBazi reEconomy, Indasitiri neTekinoroji, rakanga ratoronga chirongwa che "Element Strategy Plan" uye chirongwa che "Rare Metal Alternative Materials". Vakatora matanho anoenderera mberi uye marongero mumatura ezviwanikwa, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kutora zviwanikwa, uye kutsvaga zvimwe zvekushandisa. Kutanga kubva pachinyorwa chino, mupepeti achasuma zvakadzama zvakakosha uye zvinotokosha zvenhoroondo dzebudiriro mishoni uye mabasa ezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi.
Terbium ndeyechikamu chenyika inorema isingawanzo, ine yakaderera kuwanda muPasi pasi pa 1.1 ppm chete.Terbium oxideinoita isingasviki 0.01% yepasi rose risingawanzoitiki. Kunyangwe mune yakakwira yttrium ion mhando inorema isingawanzo matombo epasi ane iyo yepamusoro-soro ye terbium, zviri mukati meterbium zvinongoverengera 1.1-1.2% yepasi rose risingawanzo, zvichiratidza kuti ndecheboka re "noble" rezvinhu zvisingawanzo wanikwa pasi. Terbium isimbi yesirivha grey ine ductility uye yakapfava magadzirirwo, ayo anogona kuchekwa akavhurwa nebanga; Kunyungudika 1360 ℃, kubikira poindi 3123 ℃, density 8229 4kg/m3. Kwemakore anopfuura zana kubva pakawanikwa terbium muna 1843, kushomeka kwayo uye kukosha kwayo kwakadzivirira kushanda kwayo kwenguva yakareba. Ingori mumakore makumi matatu apfuura apo terbium yakaratidza tarenda rayo rakasiyana.
Kuwanikwa kweTerbium
Munguva imwecheteyo apolanthanumyakawanikwa, Karl G. Mosander wokuSweden akaongorora zvakatanga kuwanikwayttriumuye yakaburitsa mushumo muna 1842, ichijekesa kuti yttrium pasi yakatanga kuwanikwa yaisava imwe elemental oxide, asi oxide yezvikamu zvitatu. Muna 1843, Mossander akawana element terbium kuburikidza netsvakiridzo yake payttrium earth. Akatumidza mumwe wavo kuti yttrium pasi uye mumwe wavoerbium oxide. Yakanga isiri kusvika 1877 iyo yakanzi zviri pamutemo terbium, ine chinhu chiratidzo Tb. Zita rayo rinobva kunzvimbo imwe chete se yttrium, kubva kumusha weYtterby pedyo neStockholm, Sweden, uko kwakatanga kuwanikwa yttrium ore. Kuwanikwa kweterbium nezvimwe zvinhu zviviri, lanthanum neerbium, kwakavhura gonhi rechipiri rekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi, zvichiratidza chikamu chechipiri chekuwanikwa kwavo. Yakatanga kunatswa naG. Urban muna 1905.
Mossander
Kushandiswa kweterbium
Kushandiswa kweterbiumzvakanyanya zvinosanganisira minda yepamusoro-soro, inova tekinoroji yakadzika uye ruzivo rwakadzama-mapurojekiti, pamwe nemapurojekiti ane zvakakosha zvehupfumi, ane tarisiro yebudiriro inoyevedza. Nzvimbo huru dzekushandisa dzinosanganisira: (1) kushandiswa muchimiro chevhu rakasanganiswa risingawanzo. Semuyenzaniso, inoshandiswa senge isingawanikwe pasi musanganiswa fetiraiza uye chikafu chekuwedzera chekurima. (2) Activator yegirinhi poda mumatatu ekutanga fluorescent poda. Zvemazuvano optoelectronic zvinhu zvinoda kushandiswa kwemavara matatu ekutanga ephosphors, anoti tsvuku, girinhi, uye bhuruu, ayo anogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana mavara. Uye terbium chinhu chakakosha mumhando dzakawanda dzegirinhi fluorescent poda. (3) Inoshandiswa semagneto optical kuchengetedza zvinhu. Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy matete mafirimu akashandiswa kugadzira yakakwirira-performance magneto optical discs. (4) Kugadzira magineti optical girazi. Faraday inotenderera girazi ine terbium chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira ma rotator, isolators, uye anotenderera mune laser tekinoroji. (5) Kuvandudzwa nekuvandudzwa kweterbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) yakavhura zvikumbiro zvitsva zveterbium.
Zvekurima nekupfuya
Rare Earth terbiuminogona kuvandudza kunaka kwezvirimwa uye kuwedzera chiyero chephotosynthesis mukati meimwe nzvimbo yekuisa pfungwa. Iyo yakaoma ye terbium ine yakakwirira biological chiitiko, uye ternary complexes ye terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, ine yakanaka antibacterial uye bactericidal mhedzisiro paStaphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, uye Escherichia coli, ine yakakura-spectrum antibacterial. properties. Kudzidza kweaya macomplexes kunopa gwara idzva rekutsvagisa kumishonga yemazuva ano yebhakitiriya.
Inoshandiswa mumunda we luminescence
Zvemazuvano optoelectronic zvinhu zvinoda kushandiswa kwemavara matatu ekutanga ephosphors, anoti tsvuku, girinhi, uye bhuruu, ayo anogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana mavara. Uye terbium chinhu chakakosha mumhando dzakawanda dzegirinhi fluorescent poda. Kana kuberekwa kwepasi risingawanzo ruvara TV rutsvuku rwefluorescent poda yakakurudzira kudiwa kweyttrium uye europium, saka kushandiswa nekuvandudzwa kweterbium kwakasimudzirwa nepasi risingawanzoita matatu ekutanga ruvara rwegirini fluorescent poda yemarambi. Mukutanga ma1980s, Philips akagadzira rekutanga pasi rose compact simba-saving fluorescent rambi uye nekukasira kurisimudzira pasi rose. Tb3+ion inogona kuburitsa mwenje wegirini ine wavelength ye545nm, uye dzinenge dzese pasi pegirini dzakasvibira fluorescent poda dzinoshandisa terbium sechinhu chinobatisa.
Iyo yakasvibira fluorescent poda inoshandiswa kune ruvara TV cathode ray machubhu (CRTs) yakagara yakavakirwa pane yakachipa uye inoshanda zinc sulfide, asi terbium poda yagara ichishandiswa sefungidziro yeruvara rweTV girinhi poda, seY2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, uye LaOBr: Tb3+. Nekugadzirwa kwechidzitiro chikuru chepamusoro-tsanangudzo terevhizheni (HDTV), hupfu hwegirini hwefluorescent hupfu hweCRT huri kugadzirwa zvakare. Semuenzaniso, hybrid green fluorescent powder yakagadzirwa kunze kwenyika, inosanganisira Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3 +, LaOCl: Tb3 +, uye Y2SiO5: Tb3 +, iyo ine yakanakisa luminescence kushanda pakakwirira yazvino density.
Iyo yechinyakare X-ray fluorescent poda ndiyo calcium tungstate. Mumakore ekuma1970 nekuma1980, mapoda epasi efluorescent asingawanzo kugadzirwa sensitization screens akagadzirwa, senge terbium activated lanthanum sulfide oxide, terbium activated lanthanum bromide oxide (yegreen screens), uye terbium activated yttrium sulfide oxide. Kuenzaniswa ne calcium tungstate, isingawanzo pasi fluorescent powder inogona kuderedza nguva ye X-ray irradiation kuvarwere ne80%, kuvandudza kugadziriswa kwemafirimu e-X-ray, kuwedzera hupenyu hwe X-ray tubes, uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba. Terbium inoshandiswawo sefluorescent powder activator yezvokurapa X-ray enhancement screens, iyo inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kunzwa kwe X-ray kutendeuka kuva mifananidzo yemaziso, kunatsiridza kujeka kwemafirimu e-X-ray, uye kuderedza zvakanyanya kuratidzwa kwe X- mwaranzi kumuviri wemunhu (neanopfuura 50%).
Terbiuminoshandiswawo se activator muchena LED phosphor inonakidzwa nechiedza chebhuruu kune nyowani semiconductor mwenje. Inogona kushandiswa kugadzira terbium aluminium magneto optical crystal phosphors, ichishandisa mwenje weblue emitting diode semagetsi ekusimudzira magetsi, uye iyo inogadzirwa fluorescence inosanganiswa nemwenje wekukurudzira kuburitsa yakachena mwenje.
Zvinhu zve electroluminescent zvakagadzirwa kubva kuterbium zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira zinc sulfide green fluorescent poda ine terbium seyo activator. Pasi pe ultraviolet irradiation, organic complexes ye terbium inogona kuburitsa yakasimba yegirini fluorescence uye inogona kushandiswa seyakaonda firimu electroluminescent zvinhu. Kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwakakosha kwaitwa mukudzidza kweasingawanzo pasi organic yakaoma electroluminescent matete mafirimu, pachine imwe gap kubva kune inoshanda, uye tsvakiridzo pane isingawanzo pasi organic yakaoma electroluminescent matete mafirimu nemidziyo ichiri yakadzika.
Iyo fluorescence maitiro eterbium anoshandiswawo se fluorescence probes. Kudyidzana kuri pakati peofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) yakaoma uye deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) kwakaongororwa pachishandiswa fluorescence uye absorption spectra, senge fluorescence probe ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti ofloxacin Tb3+ probe inogona kuumba groove inosunga nemamorekuru eDNA, uye deoxyribonucleic acid inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya fluorescence yeofloxacin Tb3+ system. Kubva pane shanduko iyi, deoxyribonucleic acid inogona kutsanangurwa.
Kune magneto optical zvinhu
Zvishandiso zvine Faraday mhedzisiro, inozivikanwawo semagneto-optical materials, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumalaser uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemaziso. Kune mhando mbiri dzakajairika dzemagineti optical zvinhu: magneto optical makristasi uye magneto optical girazi. Pakati pavo, magneto-optical crystals (yakadai seyttrium iron garnet uye terbium gallium garnet) ine zvakanakira zvekugadzirisa kushandiswa kwemaitiro uye kugadzikana kwepamusoro kwekushisa, asi inodhura uye yakaoma kugadzira. Pamusoro pezvo, akawanda magineti-optical crystals ane high Faraday rotation angles ane high absorption mupfupi wave renji, anoganhura kushandiswa kwawo. Kuenzaniswa nemagneto optical crystals, magneto optical girazi ine mukana wepamusoro transmittance uye iri nyore kugadzirwa kuita mabhuraki makuru kana mafiibha. Parizvino, magineti-optical magirazi ane yakakwira Faraday maitiro anonyanya kushoma pasi ion doped magirazi.
Inoshandiswa kune magneto optical kuchengetedza zvinhu
Mumakore achangopfuura, nekukurumidza kuvandudzwa kwemultimedia uye otomatiki ehofisi, kudiwa kwemagineti matsva epamusoro-soro kuri kuwedzera. Amorphous metal terbium transition metal alloy matete mafirimu akashandiswa kugadzira yakakwirira-performance magneto optical discs. Pakati pavo, iyo TbFeCo alloy yakaonda firimu ine yakanyanya kuita. Terbium based magneto-optical materials yakagadzirwa pamwero mukuru, uye magneto-optical discs akagadzirwa kubva kwavari anoshandiswa semakomputa ekuchengetedza zvikamu, ane simba rekuchengetedza rakawedzera ne10-15 nguva. Vane mabhenefiti ehukuru hukuru uye nekukurumidza kupinda nekukurumidza, uye anogona kupukuta nekuputirwa makumi ezviuru zvenguva kana ichishandiswa kune yakakwirira-density optical discs. Izvo zvinhu zvakakosha mumagetsi ekuchengetedza ruzivo tekinoroji. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa magneto-optical zvinhu mumabhendi anooneka uye ari pedyo-infrared iTerbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) imwe kristaro, inova yakanakisa magneto-optical zvinhu zvekugadzira Faraday rotators uye isolators.
Kune magneto optical girazi
Faraday magneto optical girazi ine zvakanaka pachena uye isotropy munzvimbo dzinoonekwa uye infrared, uye inogona kugadzira akasiyana maumbirwo akaoma. Zviri nyore kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakakura uye zvinogona kudhonzwa mumafiber optical. Naizvozvo, ine tarisiro yakakura yekushandisa mune magneto Optical zvishandiso senge magneto Optical isolator, magneto Optical modulators, uye fiber optic ikozvino sensors. Nekuda kweiyo hombe yemagineti nguva uye diki yekunyudza coefficient mune inooneka uye infrared renji, Tb3 + ions yakave isingawanzo kushandiswa pasi ion mumagineti optical magirazi.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20, nekuramba kuchidzika kweshanduko yetekinoroji yepasirese, zvinhu zvitsva zvekushandisa pasi zvisingawanzo kukurumidza kubuda. Muna 1984, Iowa State University, iyo Ames Laboratory yeUS Dhipatimendi reMagetsi, uye US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (kubva kwakauya vashandi vakuru veiyo yakazogadzwa Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) vakabatira pamwe kugadzira imwe isingawanzo. pasi rakangwara zvinhu, zvinoti terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive zvinhu. Ichi chitsva chine njere zvinhu zvine maitiro akanakisa ekukurumidza kushandura simba remagetsi kuita mechanical simba. Iwo epasi pemvura uye emagetsi-acoustic transducers akagadzirwa neiyi hofori magnetostrictive zvinhu akagadziridzwa zvakabudirira mumidziyo yengarava, oiri yekuona mataurirwo emvura, ruzha uye vibration control system, uye kuongorora kwemakungwa uye pasi pevhu kutaurirana masisitimu. Naizvozvo, pakangozvarwa terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive material, yakagamuchira kutariswa kwakapararira kubva kunyika dzakabudirira pasi rose. Edge Technologies muUnited States yakatanga kugadzira terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials muna 1989 ikadzitumidza kuti Terfenol D. Zvadaro, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, neAustralia dzakagadzirawo terbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive materials.
Kubva munhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa ichi muUnited States, zvese kugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye nekutanga monopolistic mashandisiro ane hukama zvakananga neindasitiri yemauto (yakadai semauto emugungwa). Kunyangwe madhipatimendi emauto nekudzivirira eChina ari kusimbisa zvishoma nezvishoma kunzwisisa kwavo kwechinhu ichi. Nekudaro, nekuwedzera kwakakosha kwesimba rakazara renyika reChina, kudiwa kwekuwana 21st yezana ramakore remakwikwi emauto uye kuvandudza mazinga emidziyo zvirokwazvo kuchave nekukasira. Naizvozvo, kushandiswa kwakapararira kweterbium dysprosium iron giant magnetostrictive zvinhu nemadhipatimendi edziviriro ehondo nenyika zvichave zvakakosha zvenhoroondo.
Muchidimbu, akawanda akanakisa zvimiro zveterbiumita kuti ive nhengo inodiwa yezvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda uye chinzvimbo chisingadzoreki mune mamwe maficha ekushandisa. Nekudaro, nekuda kwemutengo wakakwira weterbium, vanhu vanga vachidzidza nzira yekudzivirira uye kuderedza kushandiswa kweterbium kuitira kuderedza mari yekugadzira. Semuenzaniso, zvisingawanzo pasi magneto-optical zvinhu zvinofanirwa kushandisa yakaderera-mutengo dysprosium iron cobalt kana gadolinium terbium cobalt zvakanyanya sezvinobvira; Edza kuderedza zvirimo zveterbium mugirini fluorescent poda inofanira kushandiswa. Mutengo wave chinhu chakakosha chinorambidza kushandiswa kwakapararira kweterbium. Asi zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda hazvigone kuita pasina iyo, saka tinofanira kuomerera kumutemo we "kushandisa simbi yakanaka pablade" uye edza kuchengetedza kushandiswa kweterbium zvakanyanya sezvinobvira.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-07-2023