Sezvo isu tichiongorora nyika inoshamisa yezvinhu,erbiuminokwezva kutarisisa kwedu neayo akasiyana zvivakwa uye inogona kushandiswa kukosha. Kubva kugungwa rakadzika kusvika kunze, kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvemazuva ano kusvika kune teknolojia yakasvibirira yemagetsi, kushandiswa kweerbiummumunda wesainzi inoramba ichiwedzera, ichiratidza kukosha kwayo kusingaenzaniswi.
Erbium yakawanikwa neSwedish chemist Mosander muna 1843 nekuongorora yttrium. Pakutanga akatumidza oxide ye erbium seterbium oxide,saka mumabhuku ekutanga echiGerman, terbium oxide uye erbium oxide zvakavhiringika.
Yakanga isiri kutozosvikira pashure pa1860 apo yakaruramiswa. Panguva imwe chetelanthanumyakawanikwa, Mosander akaongorora nekuongorora zvakawanikwa pakutangayttrium, uye yakabudisa mushumo muna 1842, ichijekesa kuti yakatanga kuwanikwayttriumyakanga isiri chinhu chimwe chete okisidhi, asi okisijeni yezvinhu zvitatu. Akadanazve umwe wavo kuti yttrium, akatumidza umwe wavoerbia(erbium pasi). Chiratidzo chechinhu chakaiswa seEr. Yakatumidzwa zita renzvimbo iyo yttrium ore yakatanga kuwanikwa, guta diki reYtter pedyo neStockholm, Sweden. Kuwanikwa kweerbium uye zvimwe zvinhu zviviri,lanthanumuyeterbium, akavhura gonhi rechipiri rekuwanikwa kwezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, inova chikamu chechipiri chekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi. Kuwanikwa kwavo ndicho chetatu chezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi mushureceriumuyeyttrium.
Nhasi, tichatanga rwendo urwu rwekuongorora pamwechete kuti tiwane kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvakasiyana zvivakwa zveerbium uye mashandisiro ayo muhunyanzvi hwazvino.
Nzvimbo dzekushandisa dze erbium element
1. Laser tekinoroji:Erbium element inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu laser tekinoroji, kunyanya mune yakasimba-nyika lasers. Erbium ion inogona kugadzira lasers ine wavelength inosvika 1.5 microns mune solid-state laser zvinhu, izvo zvakakosha kuminda yakaita sefiber-optic communications uye medical laser surgery.
2. Fiber-optic kutaurirana:Sezvo erbium element ichigona kuburitsa wavelength inodiwa kushanda mufiber-optic communications, inoshandiswa mufiber amplifiers. Izvi zvinobatsira kukwidziridza kureba kwekufambisa uye kugona kwemasaini masaini uye kugadzirisa mashandiro etiweki yekutaurirana.
3. Kuvhiya Laser:Erbium lasers anoshandiswa zvakanyanya munharaunda yekurapa, kunyanya kucheka matishu uye coagulation. Sarudzo yewavelength yayo inobvumira erbium lasers kuti inyatso kunyudzwa uye kushandiswa pakuvhiya-yakanyanya laser kuvhiya, sekuvhiya maziso.
4. Magnetic zvinhu uye magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):Kuwedzerwa kweerbium kune mamwe magineti zvinhu zvinogona kushandura magineti maitiro, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha maapplication mumagnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Erbium-yakawedzerwa magineti zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa kuvandudza kusiyana kweMRI mifananidzo.
5. Optical amplifiers:Erbium inoshandiswawo mune optical amplifiers. Nekuwedzera erbium kune amplifier, kuwana kunogona kuwanikwa muhurongwa hwekutaurirana, kuwedzera simba uye kureba kwekufambisa kwechiratidzo chemaziso.
6. Indasitiri yesimba renyukireya:Erbium-167 isotopu ine yakakwira neutron muchinjiko chikamu, saka inoshandiswa senyuturoni sosi muindasitiri yesimba renyukireya yekuona neutron uye kutonga kwenyukireya reactor.
7. Tsvagiridzo nemarabhoritari:Erbium inoshandiswa seyakasarudzika detector uye mucherechedzo murabhoritari yekutsvaga uye kushandisa marabhoritari. Yayo yakakosha spectral properties uye magnetic properties inoita kuti iite basa rinokosha mukutsvakurudza kwesayenzi.
Erbium inotora basa rinokosha mune zvemazuva ano sainzi uye tekinoroji uye mushonga, uye yakasarudzika zvimiro zvinopa rutsigiro rwakakosha kune akasiyana maapplication.
Zvinhu Zvenyama zveErbium
Chitarisiko: Erbium isimbi chena, yakasimba.
Density: Erbium ine density inosvika 9.066 g/cm3. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti erbium isimbi yakati wandei.
Melting Point: Erbium ine kunyungudika kwe1,529 degrees Celsius (2,784 degrees Fahrenheit). Izvi zvinoreva kuti pakupisa kwepamusoro, erbium inogona kuchinja kubva kune yakasimba kuenda kune imwe mvura.
Boiling Point: Erbium ine poindi yekuvira ye2,870 degrees Celsius (5,198 degrees Fahrenheit). Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo iyo erbium inoshandura kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yemvura kuenda kune gaseous mamiriro ekupisa kukuru.
Conductivity: Erbium imwe yesimbi inofambisa uye ine yakanaka conductivity yemagetsi.
Magnetism: Patembiricha yekamuri, erbium chinhu cheferromagnetic. Inoratidza ferromagnetism pazasi peimwe tembiricha, asi inorasikirwa nechinhu ichi pane tembiricha yepamusoro.
Magnetic nguva: Erbium ine yakakura magineti nguva, iyo inoita kuti ive yakakosha mune magineti zvinhu uye magineti application.
Chimiro cheCrystal: Patembiricha yekamuri, chimiro chekristaro cheerbium chine hexagonal chiri padyo kurongedza. Ichi chimiro chinokanganisa maitiro ayo mumamiriro akasimba.
Thermal conductivity: Erbium ine high thermal conductivity, zvichiratidza kuti inoita zvakanaka mukupisa kwekushisa.
Radioactivity: Erbium pachayo haisi radioactive element, uye isotopes yayo yakagadzikana yakawanda.
Spectral zvivakwa: Erbium inoratidza yakananga kunyura uye mitsara yekuburitsa munzvimbo dzinoonekwa uye dziri pedyo-infrared spectral matunhu, izvo zvinoita kuti ishande mu laser tekinoroji uye optical application.
Iyo yemuviri zvimiro zve erbium element inoita kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya mu laser tekinoroji, optical kutaurirana, mushonga uye mamwe minda yesainzi uye tekinoroji.
Kemikari zvinhu zve erbium
Mucherechedzo wekemikari: Mucherechedzo wekemikari weerbium ndiEr.
Oxidation state: Erbium inowanzovapo mu +3 oxidation state, inova ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa mamiriro ayo. Mumisanganiswa, erbium inogona kuumba Er^3+ ions.
Reactivity: Erbium inenge yakagadzikana pane tembiricha yekamuri, asi inozove zvishoma nezvishoma oxidized mumhepo. Inoita zvishoma nezvishoma kumvura nemaasidhi, saka inogona kuramba yakagadzikana mune mamwe maapplication.
Solubility: Erbium inonyungudika mune zvakajairika inorganic acids kugadzira inowirirana erbium munyu.
Kuita neokisijeni: Erbium inopindirana neokisijeni kuita maokisijeni, zvikuruEr2O3 (erbium dioxide) Iyi irosi-tsvuku yakasimba inowanzoshandiswa mune ceramic glazes uye mamwe maapplication.
Kuita nema halogens: Erbium inogona kuita nema halogens kuumba halidi dzinoenderana, senge.erbium fluoride (ErF3), erbium chloride (ErCl3), nezvimwewo.
Kuita nesarufa: Erbium inogona kuita nesarufa kuumba sulfides, sengeerbium sulfide (Er2S3).
Kuita nenitrogen: Erbium inobatwa nenitrogen kuumbaerbium nitride (ErN).
Complexes: Erbium inoumba akasiyana siyana, kunyanya mu organometallic chemistry. Aya macomplexes ane kukosha kwekushandisa mu catalysis uye mamwe minda.
Stable isotopes: Erbium ine akawanda akatsiga isotopes, iyo yakawanda iyo iri Er-166. Mukuwedzera, erbium ine mamwe radioactive isotopes, asi kuwanda kwavo kwakaderera.
Mamiriro emakemikari e element erbium anoita kuti ive chinhu chakakosha chezvakawanda zve-high-tech zvikumbiro, zvichiratidza kuenderana kwayo munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Biological properties yeerbium
Erbium ine zvishoma zvipenyu zvipenyu muzvinhu zvipenyu, asi zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti inogona kutora chikamu mune mamwe maitiro ehupenyu mune mamwe mamiriro.
Kuwanikwa kweBiological: Erbium chinhu chekutsvagisa chezvipenyu zvakawanda, asi bioavailability yayo muzvisikwa ishoma.Lanthanummaion anonetsa kutorwa uye kushandiswa nezvisikwa, saka kashoma kuita basa rakakosha muzvisikwa.
Toxicity: Erbium inowanzoonekwa seine yakaderera chepfu, kunyanya ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi. Erbium makomisheni anoonekwa seasina kukuvadza pane mamwe maitiro. Zvisinei, kuwanda kweiyo lanthanum ions kunogona kuva nemigumisiro inokuvadza kune zvipenyu, zvakadai sekukuvara kwesero uye kupindira kwemabasa ehupenyu.
Kutora chikamu kweBiological: Kunyangwe erbium iine mashoma mashoma muzvinhu zvipenyu, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti inogona kutora chikamu mune mamwe chaiwo maitiro ebhayoloji. Somuenzaniso, kumwe kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti erbium inogona kuita chimwe chinhu mukusimudzira kukura nokutumbuka kwemiti.
Zvishandiso zvekurapa: Erbium nemakomisheni ayo anewo mamwe maapplication mumunda wekurapa. Semuenzaniso, erbium inogona kushandiswa pakurapa mamwe ma radionuclides, seanosiyanisa mumiriri wedumbu redumbu, uye sechinhu chekuwedzera kune mamwe madhiragi. Mukufungidzira kwekurapa, erbium makomisheni dzimwe nguva anoshandiswa seanosiyanisa vamiririri.
Zvemukati mumuviri: Erbium iripo mune zvidiki zvidiki mumasikirwo, saka zvirimo muzvinhu zvipenyu zvakawanda zvakare zvakaderera. Mune zvimwe zvidzidzo, zvakaonekwa kuti mamwe ma microorganisms uye zvirimwa zvinogona kutora uye kuunganidza erbium.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti erbium haisi chinhu chakakosha kumuviri wemunhu, saka kunzwisisa kwemabasa ayo ehupenyu kuchiri kushoma. Parizvino, mashandisirwo makuru eerbium achiri akaiswa mune zvehunyanzvi minda senge zvinhu sainzi, optics, uye mushonga, kwete mumunda webiology.
Kuchera uye kugadzirwa kweerbium
Erbium chinhu chepasi chisingawanikwe chiri chishoma pane zvakasikwa.
1. Kuvepo mugomba renyika: Erbium iripo mugomba repasi, asi zviri mairi zvishoma. Avhareji yemukati inenge 0.3 mg/kg. Erbium inonyanya kuvepo muchimiro chematombo, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi.
2. Kugovera mune ores: Erbium inonyanya kuvepo muchimiro chematombo. Zvicherwa zvakajairika zvinosanganisira yttrium erbium ore, erbium aruminiyamu ibwe, erbium potassium dombo, etc. Maori aya anowanzo aine zvimwe zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi panguva imwe chete. Erbium kazhinji inowanikwa mune trivalent chimiro.
3. Nyika huru dzekugadzira: Nyika huru dzekugadzirwa kweerbium dzinosanganisira China, United States, Australia, Brazil, etc. Nyika idzi dzinoita basa rinokosha mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki pasi pano.
4. Nzira yekuchera: Erbium inowanzotorwa kubva mumatombo kuburikidza nekuita kwekuchera kwezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi. Izvi zvinosanganisira nhevedzano yemakemikari nematanho ekunyungudutsa kuparadzanisa uye kuchenesa erbium.
5. Ukama nezvimwe zvinhu: Erbium ine zvinhu zvakafanana kune zvimwe zvisingawanzoitiki zvinhu zvepasi, saka mukuchera uye kuparadzanisa nzira, zvinowanzodiwa kufunga nezvekugara pamwe nekukurudzirana pamwe nezvimwe zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi.
6. Nzvimbo dzekushandisa: Erbium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumunda wesayenzi uye teknolojia, kunyanya mu optical communications, laser teknolojia uye imaging yezvokurapa. Nekuda kweiyo anti-reflection properties mugirazi, erbium inoshandiswawo mukugadzira girazi remaziso.
Kunyange zvazvo erbium isingawanzowanikwi mugomba repasi, nekuda kwezvimiro zvayo zvakasiyana mune mamwe mashandisirwo epamusoro-soro, kudiwa kwayo kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichikonzera kuenderera mberi kwekusimudzira nekuvandudzwa kwemigodhi ine chekuita nekunatsa matekinoroji.
Zvakajairwa Kuona Nzira dzeErbium
Nzira dzekuona dzeerbium dzinowanzobatanidza maitiro ekuongorora makemikari. Izvi zvinotevera sumo yakadzama kune dzimwe dzinowanzoshandiswa nzira dzekuona erbium:
1. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS): AAS inowanzoshandiswa chiyero chekuongorora nzira yakakodzera pakusarudza zvinyorwa zvesimbi mumuenzaniso. MuAAS, sampuli inogadzirwa neatomu uye yakapfuura nepakati pechiedza cheimwe wavelength, uye kusimba kwechiedza chakatorwa mumucherechedzo chinoonekwa kuti chione kusungirirwa kwechinhu.
2. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES): ICP-OES inyanzvi yekuongorora yakanyatsonaka yakakodzera kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda. MuICP-OES, sampuli inopfuura nemuinductively yakabatana plasma kuti igadzire plasma yekupisa yepamusoro iyo inofadza maatomu ari mumuenzaniso kuti abudise spectrum. Nekuona iyo wavelength uye kusimba kwechiedza chakabudiswa, kusungirirwa kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe mumuenzaniso kunogona kutariswa.
3. Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): ICP-MS inobatanidza chizvarwa che plasma inductively yakabatanidzwa nepamusoro-soro ye spectrometry uye inogona kushandiswa pakuongorora kwepakutanga pakadzika zvakanyanya. MuICP-MS, sampuli inonyungudutswa uye ionized, uye yozoonekwa nehukuru spectrometer kuti iwane kuwanda kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe, nekudaro ichitarisisa kusungirirwa kwayo.
4. Fluorescence spectroscopy: Fluorescence spectroscopy inosarudza kusungirirwa nekunakidza chinhu cheerbium mumuenzaniso uye kuyera chiratidzo chefluorescence chakabudiswa. Iyi nzira inonyanya kushanda pakutevera zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi.
5. Chromatography: Chromatography inogona kushandiswa kuparadzanisa uye kuona erbium compounds. Semuyenzaniso, ion exchange chromatography uye reversed phase liquid chromatography zvese zvinogona kuiswa pakuongororwa kweerbium.
Idzi nzira dzinowanzoda kuitirwa munzvimbo yerabhoritari uye dzinoda kushandiswa kwezviridzwa zvepamberi nemidziyo. Kusarudzwa kwenzira yekuona yakakodzera kunowanzoenderana nemhando yemuenzaniso, kunzwisiswa kunodiwa, kugadzirisa, uye kuwanikwa kwemidziyo yemurabhoritari.
Kunyatsoshandiswa kweatomic absorption nzira yekuyera erbium element
Mukuyera kwechimwe chinhu, nzira yeatomu yekunyudza ine kurongeka kwakanyanya uye kunzwa, uye inopa nzira inoshanda yekudzidza makemikari zvimiro, kuumbwa kwekomboni uye zvirimo zvezvinhu.
Tevere, isu tinoshandisa atomic absorption nzira kuyera zvirimo zve erbium element. Matanho chaiwo ndeaya anotevera:
Kutanga, zvakakosha kugadzirira sampuli ine erbium element. Muenzaniso unogona kuva wakasimba, mvura kana gasi. Kune akasimba samples, zvinowanzodikanwa kunyungudutsa kana kunyungudutsa kune inotevera atomization maitiro.
Sarudza yakakodzera atomic absorption spectrometer. Zvinoenderana nehunhu hwesample ichayerwa uye huwandu hweerbium yemukati inoyerwa, sarudza yakakodzera atomic absorption spectrometer.
Gadzirisa maparameter eatomic absorption spectrometer. Zvinoenderana nechinhu chinoyerwa uye chimiro chechiridzwa, gadzirisa maparamendi eatomic absorption spectrometer, kusanganisira mwenje sosi, atomizer, detector, nezvimwe.
Edza kunyura kweerbium element. Isa sampuli kuti iedzwe muatomizer, uye buritsa mwaranzi mwenje yeimwe wavelength yakananga kuburikidza nemwenje sosi. Iyo erbium element ichaedzwa inotora iyi mwenje mwaranzi uye kuburitsa simba rekuchinja. Kunyura kwechinhu cheerbium kunoyerwa nedetector.
Verenga zviri mukati meiyo erbium element. Verenga zviri mukati meiyo erbium element zvichibva pane inonyudza uye yakajairwa curve.
Padanho resainzi, erbium, ine zvisinganzwisisike uye yakasarudzika zvimiro, yakawedzera kubata kunoshamisa kutsvagurudzo yehunyanzvi hwevanhu uye hunyanzvi. Kubva pakadzika pasi pevhu kusvika pakushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwepamusoro-soro murabhoritari, rwendo rweerbium rwakaona kutsvaga kusingaverengeki kwevanhu kwechakavanzika chechinhu. Kushandiswa kwayo mukutaurirana kwemaziso, laser tekinoroji uye mushonga zvakapinza mikana yakawanda muhupenyu hwedu, zvichitibvumira kutarisa munzvimbo dzaimbovharika.
Sezvinongoita erbium inopenya nechidimbu chegirazi regirazi mune optics kuvhenekera nzira isingazivikanwe iri mberi, inovhura musuwo wegomba rakadzika-dzika ruzivo kune vanoongorora muhoro yesainzi. Erbium haisi nyeredzi inopenya chete patafura ye periodic, asiwo mubatsiri ane simba wekuti vanhu vakwire pamusoro pesainzi uye tekinoroji.
Ndinotarisira kuti mumakore anotevera, tinogona kuongorora chakavanzika che erbium zvakadzama uye kuchera mamwe maapplication anoshamisa, kuitira kuti iyi "chinhu nyeredzi" irambe ichipenya uye kuvhenekera nzira yekumberi mukukura kwevanhu. Nyaya ye element erbium inoenderera mberi, uye isu tiri kutarisira kune izvo zvishamiso zveramangwana erbium zvichatiratidza padanho resainzi.
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Nguva yekutumira: Nov-21-2024