Chii chinonzi scandium uye yayo inowanzo shandiswa nzira dzekuyedza

21 Scandium uye yayo inowanzo shandiswa nzira dzekuyedza nzira

Tikugashirei kune ino nyika yezvinhu izere nechakavanzika uye charm. Nhasi, isu tichaongorora chinhu chakakosha pamwe chete -Scandium. Kunyangwe chinhu ichi chingave chisingakwanisi kuzivikanwa muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, hunoita basa rakakosha musayenzi uye indasitiri.

Scandium, ichi chinoshamisa chinhu, chine zvakawanda zvinoshamisa zvivakwa. Inhengo yeiyo nguva isingawanzo Element mhuri. Kunge zvimwezvisingawanzo zvepasi zvinhu, chimiro cheatomu cheshuwa chizere chakavanzika. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeatomiki dzinoita kuti scandium ichitamba isingaregi basa mufizikisi, chemistry uye zvinyorwa zvemidziyo.

Kuwanikwa kweScandium izere nemabhuru uye anotendeuka uye nematambudziko. Yakatanga muna 1841, apo The Sweden Chemist Lfnilson (1840 ~ 1899) inotarisira kupatsanura zvimwe zvinhu kubva kune yakanatswaerbiumPasi pavanenge vachidzidza chiedza simbi. Mushure me13 times yekusahadzika kwechiitiko cheNitrate, akazowana 3.5g yeakachenaytterbiumPasi. Nekudaro, akawana kuti atomic uremu hwe ytterbium yaakawana haina kuenderana neyetomic uremu hwe ytterbium yakapihwa naMalinac pamberi. Iyo yakakwana-eyed nelson yakaziva kuti panogona kunge paine chimwe chinhu chakareruka chinhu mairi. Saka akaramba achigadzirisa ytterbium yaawana nenzira imwecheteyo. Pakupedzisira, kana chegumi chimwe chete chemuenzaniso chakasiiwa, huremu hwakayerwa hwakadonha kusvika 167.46. Mhedzisiro iyi iri padyo neatomu kurema kweYttrium, saka Nelson akatumidza zita rekuti "Scandimu".

Kunyangwe nelson akawana scandium, haina kukwezva kutarisisa kwakawanda kubva munharaunda yesainzi nekuda kweiyo raramo uye kuomerwa mukuparadzaniswa. Yakanga isiri kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, kana kutsvagisa pazvinhu zvisingawanzo kuve kwakawanikwa, kuti scandium yakawanikwa uye yakadzidzwa.

Saka, ngatimbotanga rwendo urwu rwekuongorora scandium, kuvhura chakavanzika charo uye kuti tinzwisise izvi zvinoita kunge zvakajairika asi chaicho chinonakidza chinhu.

Minda yekushandisa ye scandium
Chiratidzo cheScandium ndeye Sc, uye iyo ATOMIC nhamba ndeye 21. Chinhu icho chakapfava, silvery-chena transition simbi. Kunyangwe Scandium haisiyo chinhu chakajairika mukuputika kwepasi, ine minda yakawanda inokosha yekushandisa, kunyanya mune zvinotevera zvinhu:

1. Aerospace indasitiri: Scandium aluminium yakareruka, yakakwira-simba-alloy inoshandiswa mune zvekugadzira ndege, zvikamu zveinjini, uye Missile Kugadzira muindasitiri yeAerospace. Kuwedzerwa kweshongi kunogona kuvandudza simba uye kupokana nehukuru hwehukama uku uchideredza kushingairira kweiyo alloy, kugadzira zvishandiso zvemhando yakareruka uye zvakanyanya kusimba.
2. Mabhasiketi nemitambo yemitambo:Scandium Aluminiuminoshandiswawo kuita mabhasikoro, gorofu makirabhu, uye mimwe michina yemitambo. Nekuda kwesimba rakanakisa uye kureruka,Scandium Alloyinogona kuvandudza mashandiro emitambo yemitambo, kuderedza uremu, uye wedzera kusimba kwezvinhu.
3. Kuvhenekera Indasitiri:Scandium Iodideinoshandiswa semuridzi wemba yakakwira-yakakwira Xenon LAMPS. Mabhawa akadaro anoshandiswa pakutora mafoto, firmmaking, nhanho mwenje, uye michina yekurapa nekuti maitiro avo ekufunga ari padyo neyakasikwa zuva.
4. Masero mafuta:Scandium aluminiumZvakare inowana application muSolid oxide mafuta masero (sofcs). Mune aya mabhatiri,Scandium-Aluminium AlloyInoshandiswa seAyode zvinhu, iyo ine yakanyanya kuitwa uye kugadzikana, ichibatsira kuvandudza kushanda uye kuita kwemasero mafuta.
5. Tsvagurudzo yesainzi: Scandium inoshandiswa seyekuongorora zvinhu mukutsvaga kwesainzi. Mune nyukireya fiziki yekuedza uye zvimedu zvakasarudzika, scandium scintillation makristasi anoshandiswa kuona radiation uye zvimedu.
6. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa: Scandium inoshandiswawo seyakawedzera-tembiricha superconuctor uye mune mamwe madhiri akakosha ekuvandudza zvivakwa zveiyo alloy. Nekuda kwekushanda kwepamusoro kwescandium muchiitiko che anozivikanwa, zvinoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvemagetsi zvevashandi veLithium uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti kunyangwe hazvo kugadzirwa kwakawanda uye kushandiswa kwemasangano

Zvivakwa zvemuviri zveScandium Element

1. Atomic chimiro: Iyo nucleus ye scandium ine 21 protsons uye kazhinji ine makumi maviri neutrons. Naizvozvo, uremu hwacho hwakaenzana (hama yeatomu) ndeye anenge 44.955908. Panyaya yeAtomic chimiro, iyo Electron Kugadziriswa kweScandium is 1s² 2S² 2P⁶ 3S² 3P⁶ 3P⁶ 3S².
2.. Nyika yaro yemuviri inogona kuchinja zvichienderana neshanduko mukushisa nekumanikidzwa.
3. Density: Iyo density ye scandium ndeye 2.989 g / cm3. Iyi density yakaderera inoita kuti ive simbi yakaremerwa.
4. 5..
6. Magetsi Under: Scandium iChinakanaka Conductor yeMagetsi, ine magetsi anonzwisisika maitiro. Nepo isina kunaka sezvinoita zvinhu zvinogadzirisa senge mhangura kana aluminium, ichiri kubatsira mune zvimwe zvakakosha zvekushandisa, senge masero eyema elekitiki uye maAerispace application.
7. Kubata kwevakabikwa: Scandium ine yakakwirira yekudanana, ichiita kuti iite citer yakanaka yekupisa pakupisa kwakanyanya. Izvi zvinobatsira mune imwe yakakwirira-tembiricha application.
8
9 Maitiro ayo emagineti ane hukama nechimiro chayo chemagetsi.
10. Radioaction: Yese yakagadzikana isooto yeScandium haina radioactive, saka ichi chisiri-chisina-radioctive chinhu.

Scanduum is a chiedza, yakakwirira-inonyungudika-poindi simbi ine zvinoverengeka zvinoshandiswa, kunyanya muAerispace Indasitiri uye Zvigadzirwa Sayenzi. Kunyangwe zvisingawanikwe mune zvakasikwa, zvivakwa zvaro zvenyama zvinoita kuti zvibatsire munzvimbo dzinoverengeka.

Chemical Properties yeScandium

Scandium ishanduro yesimbi yesimbi.
1. Atomic chimiro: Scandium's atomic chimiro chine 21 protsons uye kazhinji anenge makumi maviri ematehwe. Yayo Electron Kugadziriswa ndeye 1S² 2S² 2P⁶ 3P⁶ 3P⁶ 3P⁶ 3P⁶ 3S², zvichiratidza kuti ine imwe isina kuzere dbital.
2. Chemical Symbol uye ATOMIC Nhamba: Scandium's Chemical Symbol ndeye SC, uye nhamba yayo yeatomu ndeye 21.
3 Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinowanzoda kurasikirwa nemagetsi kuti aumbe dzakanaka ions.
4. Iyi ndiyo inowanzoitika oxidation nyika. Kunyangwe sc²⁺ uye sc⁴⁺ zvichiitikawo, ivo havana kugadzikana uye zvishoma zvakajairika.
5. Makomendi: Scandium inonyanya kuenzanisa makomputa ane zvinhu zvakadai seokisijeni, Sulfu, nitrogen, uye hydrogen. Mamwe maCandemanoganhuresheni anosanganisiraScandium oxide (SC2O3) uye scandium halside (sengeScandium chloride, scl3).
6. Kuitika: Scandium ishandare yesimbi, asi iyo oxidize nekukurumidza mumhepo, achigadzira firimu rehusiku hwezvirevo zvezvirevo, izvo zvinotadzisa dzimwe nguva oxidation maitiro. Izvi zvakare zvinoita kuti zvisungo zvakagadzikana uye zvine zvimwe zvinokanganisa.
7. Solubility: Scandium inodurura zvishoma nezvishoma mune yakawanda acids, asi inodonha zviri nyore pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ealkaline. Izvo zvinosanganisirwa mumvura nekuti firimu rayo rehope rinodzivirira mamwe maitiro nemamorekuru emvura.

8.Lanthanum, Gadolinium, neodymium, Uku kufanana kunonyanya kuratidzwa muIonic radius, kuumbwa kwenzvimbo uye kumwe kuitwa.
9 Iyo yakanyanya kugadzikana isopepe iri SC-45, iyo ine hafu refu-hupenyu uye haina radioactive.

Scanduum chinhu chisingawanzo chinhu, asi nekuda kweimwe yezvivakwa zveMakemikari zvakasarudzika zveMakemikari.

Biological Properties yeScandium

Scandium haisi chinhu chakajairika mune zvakasikwa. Naizvozvo, haina zvivakwa zvezvisikwa muzvisikwa. Zvivakwa zvezvivakwa zvinowanzo kusanganisira chiitiko chebhizimusi, biological kusora, metabolism uye mhedzisiro yezvinhu pazvinhu zvipenyu. Sezvo scandium haisiyo chinhu chakakosha kuhupenyu, hapana zvisikwa zvinozivikanwa zvine zvinodiwa zvekubereka kana kushandisa scandium.
Mhedzisiro yeScandium pane zvisikwa inonyanya kuenderana neyakaoma radio. Mamwe maOsotopes eScandium anomuka radioactive, saka kana muviri wemunhu kana zvimwe zvidimbu zvacho zvichinge zvisina kuvhenekerwa ne radioactive scandium, inogona kukonzera kuratidzwa kwakawanda kwakawanda. Iyi mamiriro anowanzoitika mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai seyako nyukireya sainzi yekutsvaga, radiotherapy kana tsaona yenyukireya.
Scandium haipindire zvakanakira nezvisikwa uye pane hazard hazard. Naizvozvo, hachisi chinhu chakakosha muzvisikwa.

Scandium chiitiko chisingawanzoitika chemakemikari, uye kugoverwa kwayo muchisikirwo kune mashoma. Heino rondedzero yakadzama yekugovera kwescandium mune zvakasikwa:

1. Zvemukati mune zvakasikwa: Scandium iripo mune zvidiki zvidiki mukusuwa kwepasi. Iyo avhareji yezvinyorwa mune yepasi crust ndeye 0.0026 mg / kg (kana 2.00 zvikamu pamamiriyoni). Izvi zvinoita kuti kabhinzi imwe yezvinhu zvisingawanzo mufambi wepasi.

2. Kuwanikwa mune zvicherwa: kunyangwe yayo yakaderera yezvinyorwa, scandium inogona kuwanikwa mune zvimwe zvicherwa, kunyanya muchimiro chemhando kana sizi. Zvimwe zvicherwa zvine zveshuwa zvinosanganisira Scandian naDholomite.

3. Kubvisa kweScanduum: Nekuda kwekugoverwa kwayo kushoma mune zvakasikwa, zvakanyanyoomera kubvisa zvakachena scandaum. Kazhinji, scandium inowanikwa seyakaitwa neyeluminium inonhuwirira maitiro, sezvazvinoitika nealuminium muBauxite.

4. Nzvimbo yekugovera: Scandium yakagoverwa pasi, asi kwete kana. Dzimwe nyika dzakadai seChina, Russia, Norway, Sweden naBrazil vane hupfu masangano, nepo dzimwe matunhu asingawanzova nazvo.

Kunyangwe scandium ine kugoverwa kusikwa mune zvakasikwa, inotora basa rakakosha mune imwe nzvimbo dzakakwirira-tech uye maindasitiri

Kurwiswa uye kuomeswa kwezvinhu zve scandium element

Scandium chisingawanzo chinhu chesimbi, uye maitiro ayo uye maitiro ekutsamwa akaomarara. Iyo inotevera inangwa yakazara kune iyo mining uye yekubvisa maitiro eiyo scandium element:

1. Kubvisa Scandium: Scandium hainavapo mune yayo elemental fomu mune zvakasikwa, asi kazhinji zviripo mune trace huwandu muzvikamu. Iyo huru Scandium Ores inosanganisira vanadium scandium ore, zircon ore, uye yttrium ore. Zvinyorwa zvezvigadzirwa mune aya maOres zvakadzika zvakaderera.

Maitiro ekubvisa Scandium anowanzo kusanganisira matanho anotevera:

a. Mining: Kuchera maOres ane Scandaum.

b. Kupwanya uye Ore Kugadzirisa: Kupwanya uye kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa maOres kupatsanura oseres oses kubva pamarara matombo.

c. Kurongeka: Kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekurima, maOres ane Scandium akapatsanurwa kubva kune kumwe kusachena.

d. Kushungurudzika uye kuderedza: Scandium Hydroxide inowanzo nyungudutswa uye yakazopfumiswa simbi scandium nekudzora mumiririri (kazhinji aluminium).

e. Electrolytic Exction: Iyo yakaderedzwa Scandium inobviswa kuburikidza neyemagetsi maitiro kuti uwane yakanyanya-yekuchenaScandium yesimbi.

3. Kunatsa kweScandium: Kuburikidza nekunyungudika uye kuchema maitiro, kuchena kwescandium kunogona kuitika kumwe kuvandudzwa. Nzira yakajairika ndeyekuparadzanisa uye kuchema scandium compound kuburikidza ne chlorination kana carbonation maitiro kuti uwaneYakakwirira-Purity Scandium.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti nekuda kwekushomeka kwescandium, iyo yekubvisa uye yekunatsa maitiro inoda chaiyo yeinjiniya yeinjiniya, uye kazhinji inoburitsa huwandu hwakakosha hwemarara uye ne-zvigadzirwa. Naizvozvo, mugodhi uye kuongororwa kweiyo scandium chirongwa chakaoma uye chinodhura, kazhinji chakabatanidzwa nemucherechedzo uye maitiro ekutsamwa ezvimwe zvinhu zvekuvandudza hupfumi hwekubudirira.

Nzira dzekuona dzeScandium
1. Atomic yekunyora spectry (AAS): Atomic yekushambadzira inowanzo svina yekuongorora maitiro anoshandisa masendimita kuti aone kusarudzika kwesangano rema scandium mumuenzaniso. Inochera muenzaniso kuti uongororwe mumurazvo, wobva wadyidzana neyakawedzera simba remagazini mumuenzaniso kuburikidza neyekufunga. Iyi nzira yakakodzera kuwanikwa kwekutsvaga kwekutarisa kwekutarisa kwe scandium.
2.. Inochera sampu uye inogadzira plasma, uye inosarudza iyo chaiyo wavelength uye kusimba kwescandium emission mune spectrometer.
3. Inochera sampu uye inoumba plasma, uye inosarudza huwandu-kune-kubhadharisa ratio ye scandium mune misa masendimita. 4 Inogona kukurumidza uye isiri-inoparadza inotaura zviri mukati me scandium mune sampuli.
5. Yakananga kuverenga SpectRometry: zvakare inozivikanwa sePhiyalectric Direct kuverenga, iyo nzira yekuongorora yaishandiswa kuongorora zvirimo.Direct kuverenga mhepo inoenderana neiyo ATOMIC EMISSION Spectrometry. Inoshandisa yakakwirira-tembiricha emagetsi spark Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine huwandu hwehurumende yakasarudzika, uye kusimba kwaro kwakabatanidzwa kune zviri mukati meiyo chinhu mune sampuli. Nekuyera kukura kweiyi nzira yekufunga kwekutarisa, zvirimo zvechinhu chimwe nechimwe chiri mumuenzaniso chinogona kutsanangurwa. Iyi nzira inonyanya kushandiswa kuongororwa kwemasimbi uye alloys, kunyanya mune metallurgy, simbi yekugadzirisa, midziyo yemidziyo uye mimwe minda.

Iyi nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muabharatory uye indasitiri yekuongorora kwehuwandu uye mhando yekutonga kweScandium. Iko kusarudzwa kwenzira yakakodzera kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakadai semhando yemuenzaniso, inodikanwa kuwanikwa muganho uye kuona chokwadi.

Chaiyo yekushandisa ye scandium atomic yekushambadzira nzira

Mukuyerwa kwelement, atomi yekunyora lectroscopy ine yakanyanya kurongeka uye kunzwa, kupa nzira inoshanda yekufunda midziyo yemakemikari, kuumbwa, uye kugutsikana kwezvinhu.

Tevere, isu tichashandisa atomi yekubatanidza yekunyudza kuwanda kuyera zvirimo mune yesimbi element.

Matanho chaiwo ari seanotevera:

Gadzirira sampuli kuti uongororwe. Kugadzirira mhinduro yeiyo sampull kuti iyero, zvinowanzo kuve madikanwa kushandisa yakasanganiswa acid yekugayera kuitira kuti ifambise zviyero zvinotevera.

Sarudza yakakodzera atomiki yekutarisa iyo spectrometer. Sarudza iyo yakakodzera atomic leatorption inoenderana nezvivakwa zvemuenzaniso kuti uongororwe uye huwandu hwezviratidzo zvemukati kuti zviyerwe. Gadzirisa paramita yematongerwo okutora leatorption spectrometer. Gadzirisa paramende yeatomu yekubuda, kusanganisira iyo yechiedza sosi, Atomizer, etomizer, etmizer, nezvimwe, zvinoenderana nechinhu chakaedzwa uye chemuenzaniso.

Kuyera iyo yekubata kweiyo scandium element. Isa iyo sampuli yekuedzwa muAtomizer uye EMA REAR REDIation yeiyo chaiyo wavelength kuburikidza neyakajeka sosi. Iyo scandium element kuti iongororwe ichatora iyi radice radiation uye izere simba rekuchinja. Kuyera kusanzwisisika kwezvinhu zvinoshamisa chinhu kuburikidza ne detector.

Verenga zvirimo zvechinhu cheScandium. Verenga zvirimo zvezvinhu zveScandium element zvichienderana neyakawana uye yakajairwa curve.

Mubasa chairo, zvinodikanwa kusarudza nzira dzakakodzera kuyerwa maererano nezvinodiwa chaizvo nezvesaiti. Idzi nzira dzakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukuongororwa uye kuwanikwa kweiyo simbi mumarabhoritari uye maindasitiri.
Pakupera kwekusunurwa kwedu kwakazara kune Scandium, isu tinovimba kuti vaverengi vanogona kuve nekunzwisisa kwakadzama uye ruzivo rweichi chinoshamisa chinhu. Scanduum, sechinhu chakakosha mufurafura yemapato, haingapi chikamu chakakosha mumunda wesainzi, asi zvakare ane huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mamwe minda.
Nekufunda zvivakwa, zvinoshandiswa, kuwanikwa kwescanduum musainzi yemazuva ano uye tekinoroji, tinogona kuona iyo yakasarudzika yakanaka uye inogona kuitika yeiyo chinhu ichi. Kubva pazvinhu zveAerospace kune tekinoroji yebhatiri, kubva kuPetrochemicals kumidziyo yekurapa, Scandium inoita basa rinokosha.
Ehezve, tinofanirawo kuziva kuti nepo scandimu inounza nyore kuhupenyu hwedu, inewo dzimwe njodzi dzingangoitika. Naizvozvo, isu tichingoda kunakidzwa nezvakanakira scandium, isu tinofanirawo kutarisisa kushandisa zvine musoro uye kushandiswa kwekushandisa kuti tidzivise matambudziko anokwanisa.Scandium chinhu chakakodzera kudzidza kwedu uye kunzwisisa. Mukukura mune ramangwana resainzi uye tekinoroji, isu tinotarisira kuti Scondiyamu ekuridza kuti zvive zvakasiyana muminda yakawanda uye kuti aunze zvakanyanya uye zvinoshamisa kuhupenyu hwedu.