Chii chinonzi scandium uye nzira dzayo dzekuyedza dzinowanzoshandiswa

21 Scandium uye nzira dzayo dzekuyedza dzinowanzoshandiswa

Kugamuchirwa kune ino nyika yezvinhu izere nezvakavanzika uye runako. Nhasi, tichaongorora chinhu chakakosha pamwechete -scandium. Kunyangwe chinhu ichi chingave chisina kujairika muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, chinoita basa rakakosha musainzi neindasitiri.

Scandium, chinhu chinoshamisa ichi, chine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshamisa. Inhengo yerare Earth element family. Sezvimwewozvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi, chimiro cheatomu che scandium chizere nezvakavanzika. Aya akasarudzika maatomu maumbirwo anoita kuti scandium iite basa risingadzokerike mufizikisi, chemistry uye zvinhu sainzi.

Kuwanikwa kwe scandium kwakazara nekumonyoroka uye kutendeuka uye nekuomerwa. Yakatanga muna 1841, apo mugadziri wemakemikari weSweden LFNilson (1840 ~ 1899) aitarisira kuparadzanisa zvimwe zvinhu kubva kune zvakacheneswa.erbiumpasi paunenge uchidzidza simbi dzakareruka. Mushure menguva gumi nenhatu dzekuora zvishoma kwenitrate, akazowana 3.5g yehuchenaytterbiumpasi. Zvakadaro, akaona kuti huremu hweatomu hweytterbium hwaakawana hwaisaenderana nehuremu hweatomu hweytterbium hwakapihwa naMalinac kare. Nelson aive nemeso akapinza akaona kuti panogona kunge paine chinhu chakareruka. Saka akaramba achigadzirisa ytterbium yaakawana nemaitiro akafanana. Pakupedzisira, pakasara chikamu chimwe chete mugumi chesample, kuyerwa kweatomu kuyerwa kwakadzikira kusvika 167.46. Mhedzisiro iyi iri padyo nehuremu hweatomu hweyttrium, saka Nelson akaitumidza kuti "Scandium".

Kunyangwe zvazvo Nelson akanga awana scandium, haina kukwezva kutariswa kwakawanda kubva kunharaunda yesainzi nekuda kwekushaikwa kwayo uye kuomerwa kwekuparadzana. Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, apo kunzvera pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki pasi pano kwakatanga, apo scandium yakawanwazve ndokuongororwa.

Saka, ngatitangei rwendo urwu rwekuongorora scandium, kuburitsa chakavanzika chayo uye kuti tinzwisise chinhu ichi chinoita sechakajairika asi chinoyevedza.

Nzvimbo dzekushandisa dze scandium
Chiratidzo che scandium iSc, uye nhamba yeatomu inosvika 21. Chinhu chacho isimbi yakapfava, ine chena-chena. Kunyange zvazvo scandium isiri chinhu chakajairika muukuru hwepasi, ine zvakawanda zvakakosha zvekushandisa, kunyanya muzvikamu zvinotevera:

1. Indasitiri yeAerospace: Scandium aluminium isimbi isingaremi, yakasimba-yakasimba inoshandiswa muzvivako zvendege, zvikamu zveinjini, uye kugadzira zvombo muindasitiri yemuchadenga. Kuwedzerwa kwe scandium kunogona kuvandudza kusimba uye kusimba kwekudzivirira kweiyo alloy uku ichidzikisa density yealloy, ichiita kuti aerospace midziyo ireruke uye yakasimba.
2. Mabhasikoro neMitambo Yekushandisa:Scandium aluminiuminoshandiswawo kugadzira mabhasikoro, makirabhu egorofu, nemimwe midziyo yemitambo. Nekuda kwesimba rayo rakanaka uye kureruka,scandium alloyinogona kuvandudza mashandiro emidziyo yemitambo, kuderedza uremu, uye kuwedzera kusimba kwechinhu.
3. Indasitiri yekuvhenekesa:Scandium iodideinoshandiswa sechizadza mune yakakwira-intensity xenon marambi. Ma bulbs akadaro anoshandiswa mukutora mifananidzo, kugadzira mafirimu, kuvhenekesa pachikuva, uye michina yekurapa nekuti maitiro avo ekuona ari padyo nechiedza chezuva.
4. Fuel Cells:Scandium aluminiumzvakare inowana kushandiswa mune yakasimba oxide mafuta maseru (SOFCs). Mune mabhatiri aya,scandium-aluminium alloyinoshandiswa seanode material, iyo ine high conductivity uye kugadzikana, inobatsira kuvandudza kushanda uye kushanda kwemafuta emafuta.
5. Tsvakurudzo yeSainzi: Scandium inoshandiswa sechinhu che detector mukutsvakurudza kwesayenzi. Mukuedza kwenyukireya fizikisi uye particle accelerators, scandium scintillation makristasi anoshandiswa kuona radiation uye zvimedu.
6. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa: Scandium inoshandiswawo se-high-temperature superconductor uye mune mamwe alloys anokosha ekuvandudza zvinhu zvealloy. Nekuda kwekuita kwepamusoro kwe scandium muanodizing process, inoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zve electrode zvemabhatiri eti lithium uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti pasinei nekushanda kwayo kwakawanda, kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwe scandium kune zvishoma uye kunodhura zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushomeka kwayo, saka mari yayo uye dzimwe nzira dzinoda kunyatsotariswa paunenge uchiishandisa.

Zvenyama Zvimiro zveScandium Element

1. Atomic Structure: The nucleus of scandium ine 21 protons uye kazhinji ine 20 manyuturoni. Naizvozvo, huremu hwayo hweatomu (relative atomic mass) hunosvika 44.955908. Panyaya yechimiro cheatomu, maerekitironi kumisikidzwa kwe scandium i1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s².
2. Physical State: Scandium yakasimba pakupisa kwekamuri uye ine chimiro chesirivha-chena. Chimiro chayo chemuviri chinogona kuchinja zvichienderana nekushanduka kwekushisa uye kudzvinyirira.
3. Density: Kuwanda kwe scandium inenge 2.989 g / cm3. Kudzikira uku kunoita kuti ive simbi isingaremi.
4. Melting Point: Pakunyungudika kwe scandium inenge 1541 madhigirii celsius (2806 degrees Fahrenheit), izvo zvinoratidza kuti ine nzvimbo yakanyanyisa kunyungudika. 5. Boiling Point: Scandium ine painofashaira inosvika 2836 degrees celsius (5137 degrees Fahrenheit), zvichireva kuti inoda tembiricha yepamusoro kuti inyunguduke.
6. Electrical Conductivity: Scandium ndiyo yakanaka conductor yemagetsi, ine inonzwisisika conductivity yemagetsi. Kunyangwe isiri yakanaka seyakajairwa conductive zvinhu semhangura kana aluminium, ichiri kubatsira mune mamwe akakosha maapplication, senge electrolytic maseru uye aerospace application.
7. Thermal Conductivity: Scandium ine yakanyanyisa kupisa conductivity, zvichiita kuti ive yakanaka yekupisa conductor pakupisa kwepamusoro. Izvi zvinobatsira mune mamwe epamusoro-tembiricha maapplication.
8. Crystal Structure: Scandium ine hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, iyo inoreva kuti maatomu ayo akaiswa mukati-pedyo-packed hexagoni mukristaro.
9. Magnetism: Scandium is diamagnetic at room temperature, zvichireva kuti haikwekwe kana kudzingwa nemagnetic fields. Kuita kwayo magineti kune hukama neiyo yemagetsi chimiro.
10. Radioactivity: Isotopi dzose dzakagadzikana dze scandium hadzina radioactive, saka iyo isiri-radioactive element.

Scandium isimbi yakapfava, yakakwira-inonyungudika ine akati wandei akakosha maapplication, kunyanya muindasitiri yemuchadenga nesainzi yemidziyo. Kunyangwe isingawanzo kuwanikwa mumasikirwo, maitiro ayo emuviri anoita kuti ive yakasarudzika munzvimbo dzakati wandei.

Kemikari zvinhu zve scandium

Scandium chinhu chinoshandura simbi.
1. Chimiro cheatomu: Chimiro cheatomu cheScandium chine mapurotoni makumi maviri nerimwe uye kazhinji manyuturoni makumi maviri. Kugadziriswa kwayo erekitironi ndeye 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s², zvichiratidza kuti ine imwe isina kuzadzwa d orbital.
2. Chiratidzo chemakemikari nenhamba yeatomu: Kemikari yeScandium iSc, uye nhamba yeatomu yayo i21.
3. Electronegativity: Scandium ine zvishoma shoma electronegativity pamusoro 1.36 (maererano naPauro electronegativity). Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinoita kurasikirwa maerekitironi kuumba positive ions.
4. Oxidation state: Scandium inowanzovapo mu +3 oxidation state, zvinoreva kuti yarasa maerekitironi matatu kugadzira Sc³⁺ ion. Iyi ndiyo yakajairika oxidation mamiriro. Kunyangwe Sc²⁺ neSc⁴⁺ zvichigonekawo, hazvina kugadzikana uye hazvina kunyanya kuwanda.
5. Macompounds: Scandium inonyanya kuumba makomboni ane zvinhu zvakaita seokisijeni, sarufa, nitrogen, nehydrogen. Mamwe akajairika scandium makomisheni anosanganisirascandium oxide (Sc2O3) uye scandium halides (sengescandium chloride, ScCl3).
6. Reactivity: Scandium isimbi inogadziriswa, asi inokonzera oxidize nokukurumidza mumhepo, ichiita oxide film ye scandium oxide, iyo inodzivirira mamwe maitiro e oxidation. Izvi zvinoitawo kuti scandium igadzikane uye ine kumwe kuramba kwecorrosion.
7. Solubility: Scandium inonyungudika zvishoma nezvishoma mumaasidhi akawanda, asi inonyunguduka nyore nyore pasi pemamiriro e-alkaline. Haina kunyungudika mumvura nekuti iyo oxide firimu inodzivirira mamwe maitiro nemamorekuru emvura.

8. Lanthanide-like chemical properties: Scandium's chemical properties yakafanana neiyo yelanthanide series (lanthanum, gadolinium, neodymium, nezvimwewo), saka dzimwe nguva inorongedzerwa sechinhu chakaita selanthanide. Kufanana uku kunonyanya kuratidzwa muiyo ionic radius, komputa zvivakwa uye kumwe kuitazve.
9. Isotopes: Scandium ine isotopes dzakawanda, dzimwe chete dzadzo dzakagadzikana. Iyo isotopu yakagadzikana ndeye Sc-45, iyo ine hafu yehupenyu hurefu uye haina radioactive.

Scandium chinhu chisingawanzo kuwanikwa, asi nekuda kwechimwe chezvakasiyana makemikari uye emuviri zvimiro, inoita basa rakakosha munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekushandisa, kunyanya muindasitiri yezvemuchadenga, sainzi yemidziyo uye mamwe emhando yepamusoro-tech.

Biological zvimiro zve scandium

Scandium haisi chinhu chakajairika mumasikirwo. Nokudaro, haina biological properties muzvisikwa. Biological properties inowanzo sanganisira biological chiitiko, biological absorption, metabolism uye mhedzisiro yezvinhu pane zvipenyu. Sezvo scandium isiri chinhu chakakosha pahupenyu, hapana zvipenyu zvinozivikanwa zvine chinoda biological kana kushandisa scandium.
Mhedzisiro ye scandium pane zvipenyu inonyanya kuenderana neradioactivity yayo. Mamwe isotopes e scandium ane radioactive, saka kana muviri wemunhu kana zvimwe zvipenyu zvikaonekwa neradioactive scandium, zvinogona kukonzera njodzi kuratidzwa kwemwaranzi. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anowanzo kuitika mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai sekutsvaga sainzi yenyukireya, radiotherapy kana tsaona dzenyukireya.
Scandium haidyidzane zvine mutsindo nezvipenyu uye kune njodzi yemwaranzi. Nokudaro, haisi chinhu chakakosha muzvisikwa.

Scandium chinhu chisingawanzo makemikari chinhu, uye kugovera kwayo mune zvisikwa zvishoma. Heino sumo yakadzama yekugovera scandium mune zvakasikwa:

1. Zviri muzvisikwa: Scandium iripo mune zvishoma zvishoma muhukuru hwePasi. Avhareji yezviri mukati mePasi rose inosvika 0.0026 mg/kg (kana zvikamu 2.6 pamiriyoni). Izvi zvinoita kuti scandium ive imwe yezvinhu zvisingawanzo kuitika muPasi.

2. Kuwanikwa mumaminerari: Pasinei nehuwandu hwayo hushoma, scandium inogona kuwanikwa mune mamwe maminerari, kunyanya mumhando ye oxides kana silicates. Mamwe mamineral ane scandium anosanganisira scandianite uye dolomite.

3. Kubviswa kwe scandium: Pamusana pekugoverwa kwayo kushoma mumasikirwo, zvinenge zvakaoma kubvisa scandium yakachena. Kazhinji, scandium inowanikwa sechigadzirwa chealuminium smelting process, sezvinoitika nealuminium mu bauxite.

4. Geographical distribution: Scandium inoparadzirwa pasi rose, asi kwete zvakaenzana. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita seChina, Russia, Norway, Sweden neBrazil dzine hupfumi hwe scandium deposits, nepo mamwe matunhu asingawanzo kuva nazvo.

Kunyangwe scandium ine kugovera kushoma mune zvakasikwa, inoita basa rakakosha mune mamwe epamusoro-tech uye maindasitiri maapplication, saka ayo

Kubvisa uye Kunyunguduka kweScandium Element

Scandium chinhu chisingawanzo simbi, uye migodhi yayo uye maitiro ekubvisa akaomarara. Iyi inotevera sumo yakadzama kune migodhi uye yekubvisa maitiro e scandium element:

1. Kubviswa kwe scandium: Scandium haipo muchimiro chayo chekutanga muzvisikwa, asi kazhinji inowanikwa muhuwandu hwekutsvaga mu ores. Iyo huru scandium ores inosanganisira vanadium scandium ore, zircon ore, uye yttrium ore. Iyo scandium yemukati mune aya ores yakadzikira.

Maitiro ekubvisa scandium kazhinji anosanganisira anotevera matanho:

a. Kuchera: kuchera ores ine scandium.

b. Kupwanya uye kugadzirisa ore: Kupwanya uye kugadzirisa ores kuparadzanisa ores anobatsira kubva kumarara ematombo.

c. Flotation: Kuburikidza neiyo flotation process, ores ine scandium inoparadzaniswa kubva kune dzimwe tsvina.

d. Dissolution and Reduction: Scandium hydroxide inowanzonyungudutswa yobva yaderedzwa kuita metallic scandium neanoderedza agent (kazhinji aruminiyamu).

e. Electrolytic extraction: Iyo yakaderedzwa scandium inotorwa kuburikidza ne electrolytic process kuti iwane yakakwirira-kuchenascandium simbi.

3. Kucheneswa kwe scandium: Kuburikidza nekuparara kwakawanda uye crystallization maitiro, kuchena kwe scandium kunogona kuvandudzwa. Nzira yakajairika ndeyekuparadzanisa uye crystallize scandium makomisheni kuburikidza neklorini kana carbonation maitiro ekuwanahigh-purity scandium.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti nekuda kwekushaikwa kwescandium, kudhirowa uye kukwenenzverwa kwemaitiro kunoda yakanyatso hunyanzvi mainjiniya emakemikari, uye kazhinji inoburitsa huwandu hwakakura hwemarara uye ne-zvigadzirwa. Nokudaro, kuchera uye kubviswa kwe scandium element ipurojekiti yakaoma uye inodhura, inowanzobatanidzwa nemigodhi uye nzira yekuchera yezvimwe zvinhu zvekuvandudza kubudirira kwehupfumi.

Nzira dzekuona dze scandium
1. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS): Atomic absorption spectrometry inowanzoshandiswa nzira yekuongorora yehuwandu iyo inoshandisa kunwisa spectra pane chaiwo wavelengths kuti ione kuwanda kwe scandium mumuenzaniso. Inoita atomize sampuli kuti iedzwe mumurazvo, yobva yayera kunyura kwe scandium mumuenzaniso kuburikidza ne spectrometer. Iyi nzira inokodzera kucherechedzwa kwekutsvaga kwekutarisa kwe scandium.
2. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES): Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry inzira yakanyanyisa uye yakasarudzwa yekuongorora iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu-multi-element analysis. Iyo atomize sampuli uye inogadzira plasma, uye inosarudza iyo chaiyo wavelength uye kusimba kwekubuda kwe scandium mu spectrometer.
3. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS): Inductively yakabatanidzwa plasma mass spectrometry inonyatsonzwa uye yakakwirira-resolution analytical method inogona kushandiswa pakugadzirisa isotope ratio uye trace element analysis. Iyo atomize sampuli uye inogadzira plasma, uye inosarudza huwandu-kune-chaji reshiyo ye scandium mune yakawanda spectrometer. 4. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF): X-ray fluorescence spectrometry inoshandisa fluorescence spectrum inogadzirwa mushure mokunge sampuli ichifadzwa ne-X-rays kuti iongorore zvinyorwa zvezvinhu. Inogona kukurumidza uye isingaparadzi kuona zviri mukati scandium mumuenzaniso.
5. Yakananga kuverenga spectrometry: Iyo inozivikanwawo se photoelectric yakananga kuverenga spectrometry, inyanzvi yekuongorora inoshandiswa kuongorora zvinyorwa zvezvinhu mumuenzaniso.Direct reading spectrometry inobva pamusimboti weatomic emission spectrometry. Inoshandisa yakakwirira-tembiricha yemagetsi sparks kana arcs kuti inyudze zvakananga zvinhu zviri mumuenzaniso kubva kune yakasimba mamiriro uye inoburitsa hunhu hwema spectral mitsara munzvimbo yekunakidzwa. Chinhu chega chega chine yakasarudzika mutsara wekuburitsa, uye kusimba kwayo kunoenzana nezviri mukati mechinhu chiri mumuenzaniso. Nekuyera kusimba kweaya maitiro e spectral mitsara, zviri mukati mechimwe nechimwe chinhu mumuenzaniso zvinogona kutsanangurwa. Iyi nzira inonyanya kushandiswa pakuongorora kuumbwa kwesimbi uye alloys, kunyanya mune simbi, simbi processing, zvinhu sainzi uye mamwe minda.

Idzi nzira dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya murabhoritari uye indasitiri yehuwandu hwekuongorora uye kutonga kwemhando ye scandium. Kusarudzwa kwenzira yakakodzera kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakadai semhando yemuenzaniso, inodiwa yekuona muganhu uye kunyatsoona.

Kunyatsoshandiswa kwe scandium atomic absorption nzira

Mukuyera kwechinhu, atomic absorption spectroscopy ine yakanyanya kurongeka uye kunzwa, ichipa nzira inoshanda yekudzidza makemikari zvimiro, kuumbwa kwekomboni, uye zvirimo zvezvinhu.

Zvadaro, tichashandisa atomic absorption spectroscopy kuyera zviri mukati mesimbi element.

Matanho chaiwo ndeaya anotevera:

Gadzirira muenzaniso kuti uedzwe. Kuti ugadzirire mhinduro yemucherechedzo wekuyerwa, zvinowanzodikanwa kushandisa acid yakasanganiswa yekugaya kuitira kuti kuyerwa kunotevera.

Sarudza yakakodzera atomic absorption spectrometer. Sarudza yakakodzera atomic absorption spectrometer zvichibva pane zvimiro zvesample kuti iongororwe uye huwandu hwezve scandium zvinoyerwa. Gadzirisa maparameter eatomic absorption spectrometer. Gadzirisa maparamendi eatomic absorption spectrometer, kusanganisira mwenje sosi, atomizer, detector, nezvimwewo, zvichibva pane yakaedzwa chinhu uye chiridzwa modhi.

Edza kunyura kwe scandium element. Isa sampuli kuti iedzwe muatomizer uye woburitsa mwaranzi yakareruka yewavelength chaiyo kuburikidza nemwenje sosi. Iyo scandium chinhu chichayedzwa chinotora iyi mwenje mwaranzi uye kuita shanduko yesimba. Pima kunyura kwe scandium element kuburikidza ne detector.

Verenga zviri mukati me scandium element. Verenga zvirimo zve scandium element zvichibva pakunyudza uye yakajairwa curve.

Mubasa chairo, zvinodikanwa kusarudza nzira dzekuyera dzakakodzera zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvesaiti. Nzira idzi dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakuongorora uye kuona simbi mumarabhoritari nemaindasitiri.
Pakupera kwesumo yedu yakazara ye scandium, tinovimba kuti vaverengi vanogona kuve nekunzwisisa kwakadzama neruzivo rwechinhu chinoshamisa ichi. Scandium, sechinhu chakakosha mutafura yeperiodic, haingoite basa rakakosha mumunda wesainzi, asiwo ine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mamwe minda.
Nekudzidza zvivakwa, mashandisiro, maitiro ekutsvaga uye mashandisiro e scandium musainzi yemazuva ano uye tekinoroji, tinogona kuona yakasarudzika runako uye kugona kwechinhu ichi. Kubva pamidziyo yemuchadenga kusvika kune tekinoroji yebhatiri, kubva kupetrochemicals kuenda kumidziyo yekurapa, scandium inoita basa rakakosha.
Ehe, isu tinofanirwawo kuziva kuti nepo scandium ichiunza kurerukirwa kuhupenyu hwedu, inewo dzimwe njodzi dzinogona kuitika. Naizvozvo, kunyangwe isu tichida kunakidzwa nemabhenefiti escandium, isu tinofanirwa zvakare kutarisisa kune zvine musoro kushandiswa uye yakamisikidzwa mashandisirwo ekudzivirira matambudziko angangoitika.Scandium chinhu chakakodzera kudzidza kwedu kwakadzama uye kunzwisisa. Mune ramangwana rekuvandudza sainzi uye tekinoroji, isu tinotarisira kuti scandium ichatamba yakasarudzika mabhenefiti mune mamwe minda uye kuunza kurerukirwa uye zvinoshamisa kuhupenyu hwedu.